Appendix Section 2: Trees and Shrubs for Agroforestry

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1 Appendix Section 2: Trees and Shrubs for Agroforestry In this chapter: Identifying the Proper Trees and/ or Shrubs Design and Management Tree and Shrub Recommendations Selection Table hat Makes a Tree Appropriate for Agroforestry? The answer is not always the same for any given situation, and will likely vary according to each landowner s specific interest. That said, many trees and shrubs can be planted in configurations and/or densities that will enable them to meet several objectives. The following pages may be used as a general reference and guide for the selection of appropriate trees and/or shrubs. Identifying the proper trees and shrubs The Center for Agroforestry is conducting research on Chinese chestnuts as a tree for profitable agroforestry plantings. Agroforestry combines trees, shrubs, forages, grasses, livestock and crops in innovative, flexible combinations tailored to the landowner s needs. However, it is the trees and shrubs that are the foundation of any of the agroforestry practices. They occupy land for many years, taking longer to produce marketable crops than other agricultural crops and, thus, require careful thought before planting and long-term care. Yet, through deliberate integration with farm practices, long lasting production and conservation benefits can occur simultaneously. hen selecting a tree species, begin by matching the species with the site. The selected species should be capable of providing the products and services desired by the landowner. Depending on the practice selected, other considerations might include: Suited to the soil and site conditions Species compatibility trees should be compatible with the companion crop High value Fast growing or of such high value that a slower growth rate is acceptable Deep-rooted so the trees do not compete with companion crops for moisture Drought-tolerant or capable of growing on a wet site Produce a light rather than a heavy shade. hat species already exist on the site? Marketability - hat products (nuts, wood, etc.) do you want to market? Do markets exist? 166 Training Manual for Applied Agroforestry Practices 2015 Edition

2 Tree and Shrub Recommendations Following is a table of tree and shrub species suitable for agroforestry practices in Missouri. Included in the table are recommended regions, agroforestry application, potential markets, typical site (upland or bottomland), soil moisture requirements, growth rate, height, light preference, and additional notes for each species. Trees and shrubs are listed in alphabetical order by common name. This list is not exhaustive, but rather a starting point. All species listed for a given region may not be suited to all sites in that region. Species not generally recommended for a given region may have application on individual sites. For more specific information on trees and shrubs for a particular site, contact the area Missouri Department of Conservation Forester or Private Lands Specialist. Mark Coggeshall, UMCA Tree Improvement Specialist, works to produce control pollinated seeds from eastern black walnut trees he is growing on a trellis system. In addition to the table, a series of crop sheets have been developed that contain a short description of each species, its habitat, management and harvesting considerations, methods of propagation and economic uses. University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry 167

3 Design and Management of Trees and Shrubs for Agroforestry Planting design and management of an agroforestry practice depends on existing site conditions and the goals of the landowner (you may also refer to the section on each specific practice for more information on design considerations). Trees can be planted in single or multiple rows, on contours or in groups. Consider the products you wish to produce, any conservation or wildlife benefits desired, on-farm equipment and the needs of companion crops when planning the planting design. As trees require some maintenance, management requirements may influence the planting design. Some important management considerations are: eed control - most important in a young trees life Fertilization - depends on species selected and production objectives Pruning - a must for timber production and recommended for nut production Thinning - timely thinnings are critical to maintaining tree growth Grafting - recommended for nut production, yet limit the number of trees requiring grafting in any given year. eed control can reduce competition for moisture, nutrients and, in some cases, for light. ptions for weed control include the use of herbicides, mulches (including living mulches such as many clovers, and fabric mulches) and cultivation. To gain the best growth from newly established trees, weed control should be maintained for a minimum of 3 years, and often for as many as 5 years. Timely fertilization may be necessary for high-yielding fruit and nut production. In fruit and nut production, having certain nutrients available to the tree at the appropriate time of year is often essential for flower and nut set. For timber production, the cost of fertilization is usually not recovered over the time it takes for a timber tree to reach maturity. Pruning allows room for equipment to pass below the branches and can be used to promote the production of desired products such as timber. Pruning is also a useful tool in management of fruit and nut trees. Through proper pruning, the shape of the crown and its density can be managed to facilitate and improve a trees productivity. Timely thinnings promote good tree growth by reducing competition for water, light and nutrients. As trees mature they grow to occupy more of the space where they are being managed. As crowns of adjacent trees begin to touch or overlap, this is also a general indicator that their root systems are overlapping. hen trees touch or overlap, competition for light, moisture and nutrients between adjacent trees may become a factor limiting tree growth. At this point, thinning can be beneficial. Grafting primarily applies to fruit and nut production. By grafting scion wood to a tree you are assured that the fruit or nut produced has the potential to exhibit the exact same characteristics as the adult tree from which the scion came. However, this does not always occur, since moisture, nutrients and management also play a significant role in fruit and nut development. Yet, it is the best way to ensure success. Spread planting over several years to limit the number of trees that will require grafting in a single year. 168 Training Manual for Applied Agroforestry Practices 2015 Edition

4 Trees and Shrubs for Agroforestry Practices in Missouri Common Name Trees American basswood Tilia americana American holly Ilex opaca American sycamore Platanus occidentalis Austrian pine Pinus nigra Baldcypress Taxodium distichum Black cherry Prunus serotina Black locust Robinia pseudiacacia Black oak Quercus velutina Black walnut Juglans nigra Black willow Salix nigra Region Agroforestry 1-8 RB, FF HV, LV, E Markets Site Soil Moisture Region: see UMCA Region map // Agroforestry : AC-alley cropping, SP-silvopasture, B-windbreak, RB-riparian forest buffer, FF-forest farming, D-to add diversity // Markets: HV-high value wood products, LV-low value wood products, NT-non-timber forest products, F-fruit, -wildlife food or shelter, -ornamental or Christmas trees, E-environmental // Site: B- bottomland, U-upland // Soil Moisture: -wet, M-moist, D-dry, X-well-drained // Growth Rate: V-very fast, F-fast, I-intermediate, S-slow // Height: maximum range in feet under optimal site conditions // Light : -full sun, -partial shade/sun, -full shade Growth Rate Height Light B-U M F ' - 1, 3-7 B NT, B -M, X S 40-50' 1-8 RB LV, B M- F 100' , 8 B, NT B M, X F-I ' Notes Sprouting habit High tolerance to flooding Coppice regeneration Disease prone Diseases: foliar fungus/blight 1-8 B, B-U -M S-I 100'+ - 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 RB LV, HV D-M I ' RB, AC, SP, B LV U M-D F 40-60' 1-8 AC, B LV, U D-M I 50-60' 1-8 RB, AC, SP, B HV, LV, F 1-8 RB LV, E, n MDC noxious plant list Nitrogen fixing B M I 70-90'+ Very site sensitive Allelopathic (chemical growth inhibitor) B M- V 30-60' Blackgum 7, 8 RB LV B-U -D, X I ' - Nyssa sylvatica Blue spruce 1-6, 8 B, U M-, D I ' - Disease & insect problems Picea pungens Bur oak 2-8 RB, AC, SP, LV, HV, B-U M-D, X S 70-80' - Commonly used in CRP Quercus macrocarpa B Cherrybark oak 6-8 AC, RB HV,, B M, X I-F 100'+ - Quercus pagoda Chinkapin oak 1-5, B LV, HV, U D-M S 60-80' Quercus muehlenbergii 7, 8 Common hackberry 1-8 RB, B LV, NT B-U -D S-F 100' - Celtis occidentalis Eastern cottonwood 1-8 RB, AC, SP,, LV B M-D V ' Populus deltoides B Excellent market Lumped with white oak for sale Can be hard to sell Eastern redbud 1-8 B,, U M I <45' - Easily transplanted Cercis canadensis NT University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry 169

5 Notes Region Agroforestry Markets Site Soil Growth Height Light Moisture Rate 1-8 B, LV, U-B D-M,X S <50' - HV Common Name Some disease and insect problems Spreads/naturalizes easily Disease and insect problems Preferred deer browse Problem with Armillaria root rot Invader or pest species Commonly used in CRP Subject to borers and anthracnose nly thornless varieties recommended Pods can be used for cattle feed Very hard wood Ring shake can be a problem Does not produce seed this far north Susceptible to ice damage Susceptible to oak wilt & chlorosis ood is resistant to decay Eastern redcedar Juniperus virginiana 1-8 B, AC, NT U D-, X I-F <80' Eastern white pine Pinus strobus 2-8 D, U M, X I-F 10-30' - Flowering dogwood Cornus florida LV, NT B-U -M, D I 30-50' RB, AC, SP, B, FF Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 1 -, 8 AC, SP, B LV B-U M-D F 70-80' 1, 3, 8 D, LV U M-D S <30' - B M I-F 100' - LV, HV, 1-8 RB, AC, SP, B B-U -D F-V ' 3-8 SP, AC NT, LV, 1-8 AC, SP, B, HV, LV U M-D, X I-S 60-80' - FF B U D- S-I 40-50' 1, 4, 5, 7 Good B substitute for other conifers Disease & insect problems Self prunes better than pin oak High flood tolerance Sometimes a pest tree 170 Training Manual for Applied Agroforestry Practices 2015 Edition 1-8 B B-U M I-F 60-90' - B -M F 100' - 8 RB LV, HV, B-U -D I-F 10-40' B LV, HV, High flood tolerance Site specific Use proper cultivars for nut production. 8 RB LV, B S 100' 3 FF, F B M F-I 15-30' - - B M, X I-F ' 1-8 AC, RB, SP, LV, HV, F, F, LV, HV 1-8 AC, SP, B, FF Honeylocust (thornless) Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis Ironwood (Hophornbeam) strya virginiana Kentucky coffeetree Gymnocladus dioicus Loblolly pine Pinus taeda Northern red oak Quercus rubra Northern white-cedar Thuja occidentalis Norway spruce Picea abies Nuttall oak Quercus texana sage-orange Maclura pomifera vercup oak Quercus lyrata Pawpaw Asimina triloba Pecan Carya illinoensis Persimmon Diospyros virginiana U-B D-M, X S 30-50' - B-U -M I-S 70-80' Not tolerant of growing season floods Susceptible to oak wilt & chlorosis 1-8 AC, RB LV,, Pin oak Quercus palustris Region: see UMCA Region map // Agroforestry : AC-alley cropping, SP-silvopasture, B-windbreak, RB-riparian forest buffer, FF-forest farming, D-to add diversity // Markets: HV-high value wood products, LV-low value wood products, NT-non-timber forest products, F-fruit, -wildlife food or shelter, -ornamental or Christmas trees, E-environmental // Site: B- bottomland, U-upland // Soil Moisture: -wet, M-moist, D-dry, X-well-drained // Growth Rate: V-very fast, F-fast, I-intermediate, S-slow // Height: maximum range in feet under optimal site conditions // Light : -full sun, -partial shade/sun, -full shade

6 Common Name Red (slippery) elm Ulmus rubra Red maple Acer rubrum Red mulberry Morus rubrum Red pine Pinus resinosa River birch Betula nigra Sassafras Sassafras albidum Scarlet oak Quercus coccinea Scotch (Scot's) pine Pinus sylvestris Shagbark hickory Carya ovata Shellbark hickory Carya laciniosa Shingle oak Quercus imbricaria Shortleaf pine Pinus echinata Shumard oak Quercus shumardii Silver maple Acer saccharinum Sugar maple Acer saccharum Swamp chestnut oak Quercus michauxii Swamp white oak Quercus bicolor Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua Tulip-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera Virginia pine Pinus virginiana Region Agroforestry Markets Site Soil Growth Height Light Notes Moisture Rate 3, 4 RB LV, NT B M-D I 40-70' 1-8 RB, AC, B, FF LV, B-U -D F 50-70' 3, 5 RB F B M, X I 40-50' - 1-5, 8 B, NT, U M-D, X S <50' - Short-lived 1, 3, 8 RB LV,, E B M I 50' - 2-4, 8 D, NT U D-M, X I 30-50' 3, 5, 7, 8 AC, SP, B, FF LV, HV U D-M I-F 70-80' 7 B, AC B-U M-D S-I 35-60' RB, B, LV, F 1, 3, 8 RB, LV, F 1-8 B LV, HV, 2-8 B, SP, AC HV, LV,, NT U-B D-M S 70-80' - B -M S ' - U-B M-D S 50-60' - U D-M, X F-I ' 3, 7 AC, SP LV, HV B-U M, X I 100' 1-8 RB, B LV, B -M, D F-V 60-80' - 1, 3 FF NT, LV U M, X F 60-80' - 7, 8 AC, RB LV, HV, 1-6, 8 AC, RB LV, HV,, NT 1-8 RB, B LV, HV,, NT 2-8 AC, B LV, HV, B M-, X S 60-80' B -M S 60-70' - B-U M, X I ' B -M F 100' 2-8 B, SP, B-U D-M, X I 40' Fastest growing oak Many disease and insect problems Short-lived Susceptible to oak wilt & insects Susceptible to oak wilt & insects Prone to ice and wind damage Syrup ration - 80:1 Best white oak for bottom areas Common in CRP Recommended for southern areas Site-sensitive Suffers some wind damage Tolerant of a variety of soils Prefers clay, loam, or sandy loam ften used in land reclamation Region: see UMCA Region map // Agroforestry : AC-alley cropping, SP-silvopasture, B-windbreak, RB-riparian forest buffer, FF-forest farming, D-to add diversity // Markets: HV-high value wood products, LV-low value wood products, NT-non-timber forest products, F-fruit, -wildlife food or shelter, -ornamental or Christmas trees, E-environmental // Site: B- bottomland, U-upland // Soil Moisture: -wet, M-moist, D-dry, X-well-drained // Growth Rate: V-very fast, F-fast, I-intermediate, S-slow // Height: maximum range in feet under optimal site conditions // Light : -full sun, -partial shade/sun, -full shade University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry 171

7 Common Name ashington hawthorn Crataegus phaenopyrum ater oak Quercus nigra hite ash Fraxinus americana hite oak Quercus alba hite spruce Picea glauca Region Agroforestry Markets Site Soil Moisture Growth Rate Height Light 1-8 D, U M-D I-S 15-25' 1, 4, 7 RB, B LV B-U M- I 60-70' - 1, 3, 4 7 AC, RB, B LV U-B M, X I ' AC, SP, B, FF HV,, LV B-U D-M S ' - 1-5, 8 B, B M- S 50-80' - illow oak 3, 7, 8 AC, SP, RB, LV, Quercus phellos HV Common Name Region Agroforestry Notes B-U M S 80' - Markets Site Soil Moisture Growth Rate Height Light Susceptible to rust diseases Thorns Poorer quality than other red oaks Disease problems Can be hard to regenerate/establish Not drought tolerant Notes Shrubs American cranberrybush Viburnum trilobum American plum Prunus americana Arrowwood Viburnum dentatum Blackberry, raspberry Rubus spp. Blackhaw Viburnum prunifolium Buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis Common chokecherry Prunus virginiana Common elderberry Sambucus canadensis Coralberry (Buckbrush) Symphorocarpus orbiculatus Cornelian cherry dogwood Cornus mas Deciduous holly Ilex decidua Fragrant sumac Rhus aromatica 6, 8 D B-U M-, X F-I 8-12' - Minimum root depth 14" 1-8 RB, B, FF, F B M S-I <15' 1-4, 6, 8 D B-U M-D, X I-F <8' - 1-3, 8 AC, RB, B, F B-U D-M, X F 6-10' - Thicket former 1-8 D B-U M-D I 12' - 5 RB, B, D B-U -D F 10-20' RB, E B -D F 6-10' 1-8 RB, D, F, E B M F 3-20' 2, 5 RB, D, F B-U M-D F <10' - 1, 3,5, 8 D U M-D I 4-10' - 1, 4, 8 D, U M, X I 10-20' - Thicket forming Adaptable to varying site conditions Alternate host for ak Rust Can be invasive etland invasive problem Foliage toxic to livestock Natural wetland species Edible Good wildlife food source Holds berries late in the season Few disease or insect problems 1-8 D, B-U M- S-I <20' - Adaptable to varying site conditions 1-8 D U D F-I <10' - Region: see UMCA Region map // Agroforestry : AC-alley cropping, SP-silvopasture, B-windbreak, RB-riparian forest buffer, FF-forest farming, D-to add diversity // Markets: HV-high value wood products, LV-low value wood products, NT-non-timber forest products, F-fruit, -wildlife food or shelter, -ornamental or Christmas trees, E-environmental // Site: B- bottomland, U-upland // Soil Moisture: -wet, M-moist, D-dry, X-well-drained // Growth Rate: V-very fast, F-fast, I-intermediate, S-slow // Height: maximum range in feet under optimal site conditions // Light : -full sun, -partial shade/sun, -full shade 172 Training Manual for Applied Agroforestry Practices 2015 Edition

8 Common Name Gray dogwood Cornus racemosa Gooseberry Ribes spp. Hazelnut Corylus americana Nannyberry viburnum Viburnum lentago Ninebark Physocarpus opulifolius Pussy willow Salix discolor Redosier dogwood Cornus stolonifera Rusty blackhaw Viburnum rufidulum Serviceberry Amelanchier spp. Shrub lespedeza Lespedeza bicolor Silky dogwood Cornus amomum ahoo Euonymus atropropureus inged sumac Rhus copallina itch-hazel Hamamalis virginiana Region Agroforestry Markets Site Soil Moisture Growth Rate Height Light Notes 1-8 D, B-U -M,X I-F 10-15' Thicket forming Can be invasive 1-3, 8 AC, RB, D, F B-U M F 3' AC, FF, RB, F, B-U M F 7-15' - 1-6, 8 D B-U M F 10-15' Thicket forming Difficult to establish from seed Thicket forming 1-8 RB, E B-U -D F 10' - 1, 3-7 RB, D, NT, E B-U -D I <15' May be propagated by cuttings 1, 3 - RB, B,, B M I 6-10' - Thicket forming 6, 8 NT 3, 7 D B-U M-D S <30' - 3, 7, 8 FF, U M-D I-F <30' 3 RB, SP, B, E M-D F 4-6' - 1-4, 6 B, RB, NT,, E B-U M F-I 6-10' 1-8 D B-U M I <25' - 5, 7, 8 D, U D-M F 5-10' Good cover and food for game birds and small mammals Thicket forming Susceptible to foliar diseases 1, 3, 8 AC, FF, B, D, NT B-U M-D I 5-15' Can be hard to establish University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry 173

9 Additional Resources nline: USDA NRCS Plant Database: Plant Resource Guide: Materials and Management: University of Connecticut Plant Database of Trees, Shrubs and Vines: Grow Native: Native Plant Information: Silvics of North American Trees: MDC Private Lands Division: Missouri Flora Database: Arkansas Home and Garden Plant Database: Native Prairie Plants of Iowa: Kansas ildflowers and Grasses: USDA Forest Service Plant Database: Nebraska Forest Service Tree Selection: Training Manual for Applied Agroforestry Practices 2015 Edition

10 Notes University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry 175