A Case of Agroforestry Practices in Indonesia: Watershed Management using Payments for Environmental Services

Transcription

1 A Case of Agroforestry Practices in Indonesia: Watershed Management using Payments for Environmental Services Fahmuddin Agus 1) and Suyanto 2) 1) Indonesian Soil Research Institute & ASB Indonesia, 2) World Agroforestry Centre, SE Asia, Bogor Indonesia Symposium on Agroforestry: Its Relevance and Potential in Promoting Local and Global Sustainable Development United Nations University, Tokyo, 16 Dec MoA

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3 Land Use Change in Sumberjaya land use (%) year Permukiman Settlement Saw Paddy ahfield Kopi Multistrata multistrata coffee Sun coffee Kopi mono kultur Young coffee Kopi muda Savanna Padang rumput Shifting cultivation Perladangan Cleared forest berpind Hutan Bush baru dibuka Belukar Forest Hutan

4 Research Site Lubuk Beringin Sumberjaya Subdistrict

5 Way Besai Watershed/Sumberjaya Sub-district 55,000 ha area with a 40,000 ha upper watershed Land status: about 40% protection forest and 10% national park, but only about 10% primary forest cover Population density: 161 people/km 2 (87,000 people in 2004) Main land use: Coffee based systems (mono culture/sun coffee, shade coffee, multistrata coffee)

6 At the downstream there is a 90 MW Hydro Electric Power Plant that depends on high enough quantity and good quality river water flow The watershed There was a Mythunderstanding regarding watershed functions that led to violent evictions of thousands of people in early 1990s

7 Myth-understanding and scientific evidence about coffee farming on steep slope Myth-understanding Scientific evidence/observation Deforestation causes a reduction in water yield for running the HEPP turbine Coffee farming systems causes an increases in soil loss There is a loss of biodiversity and C stock under coffee systems Eviction of the people and replacing coffee with Caliandra calothirsus can restore some of the watershed problems Deforestation increases the total annual water yield, but it also increase the peak flow that may cause flood Yes, but as the coffee canopy develops and the litter layer get thicker, the effectiveness of coffee trees in controlling erosion increases True in general, but there are practices of multistrata coffee with a relatively high biodiversity and high C stock Eviction severely affects livelihoods and creates conflicts between the community and the local government. Removal of coffee causes land denudation and thus increases erosion temporarily. Caliandra is not much better in restoring environmental services

8 In mid 90s, coffee plants were uprooted and replaced with Calliandra calothirsus CONFLICT: FARMERS VS GOVERMENT 1997: Famers Cleared the Caliandra, replanted coffee trees

9 Benefits C Soil loss Forest -- Degradation ---- Restoration--- (Agro)forest Climax

10 Negotiation Support System Stakeholders Perceptions Watershed Responses Biophysical: Multi Strata, Litter, Cover crops, micro relief, etc Research Soil fertility Soil Structure Erosion Runoff, water qual. Soc-econ, Delineation Intstitutional (priority map) Refined practices Negotiated intervention Spontaneous intervention

11 The negotiation - Community forest (HKm) provides a win-win solution in which the communities are entitled for rewards, provided that they conserve the watershed - Ministry of Forestry decree no 31/Kpts-II/2001 provides a legal basis for the Hkm

12 Sediment pits Conservation practices Graded terrace Rorak NVS Multistrata Trash grass strips Multistrata coffee system

13 Arachis pintoi cover crop

14 Environmental Services produced (with deforested land as the initial condition) Erosion control and decreased sediment, thus lower dredging cost Increased biodiversity Increased C stock Water regulation Protection of the remaining forest area

15 Run off and soil loss (Bodong( sites) RunOff Erosion Run Off (mm/year) Soil loss (mm/year) NF Multi Gliri Paras Agroforestry Coffee Monoculture, years 0.0

16 Variation in soil loss/soil properties across sites depends on soil properties Location/ Rain fall slope/ Altitude Soil Family Soil loss (t/ha) Bodong*/ 458 mm 60-70% 830 m Typic Paleudults, clayey, kaolinitic, isohiperthermic Tepus/ 434 mm % 820 m Oxic Dystrudept, very fine, kaolinitic, isohiperthermic 0.42 Laksana/ 571 mm % 820 m Oxic Dystrudept, very fine, kaolinitic, isohiperthermic 0.02

17 Rewards to farmers Semi permanent (secure) tenure, subject to 5 year probation period. Around 18,500 ha degraded protection forest is eligible for HKm in Way Besai Waterhed Opportunity to continue farming Access to public services /infrastructure Access to improved technologies Cash payment Micro hydro facility

18 River Care Group of about 20 members

19 Between RUPES (Rewarding the Upland Poor for Environmental Services that they provide) project as a stand-in buyer and the River care group the agreement (a one time payment) is: $1,000 for a sedimentation reduction of 30% or more $700 for a 20 to 30% reduction $500 for a 10 to 20% reduction $250 for a less than 10% reduction Recently the HEPP also subsidized the farmer group at a remote Gunung Sari village a micro hydro-electric power plant facilities for their service in reducing sedimentation in the river

20 Another example, rubber-based Agroforestry System in Lubuk Beringin, Jambi provides services in terms of C stock, biodiversity, water regulation, and sediment reduction. The community was rewarded micro-hydro electric plant for the services

21 Achievement of RUPES in Sumberjaya : 5 farmer groups obtained 5 yr (temporary) HKm permit, covering 1,359 ha area. July 20, 2006: 18 farmer groups (involving 6,400 members) obtained temporary HKm permits, covering 11,633 ha area Dec. 2007: the Minister of Forestry rewarded semi permanent (35 yr) tenure right to 5 farmer groups covering 1,367 ha area. More entitlements are expected in the future

22 Lessons Forceful intervention by eviction of the farmers and replacement of coffee to Calliandra callothirsus, such as that in early 90s has harmed the farmers, but did not guarantee an improvement to the environment Various conservation techniques including multistrata, sedimet pit, cover crops and grass strips are adaptable for the early stage farms planted to tree crops The reward system through NSS scheme exemplifies land tenure conflict resolution as well as solving the livelihood and the environmental problems