Georgia's Timber Industry An Assessment of Timber Product Output and Use, 1999

Transcription

1 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Southern Research Station Resource Bulletin SRS 68 Georgia's Timber Industry An Assessment of Timber Product Output and Use, 1999 Tony G. Johnson and John L. Wells

2 The Authors: Tony G. Johnson is a Resource Analyst with the Forest Inventory and Analysis Research Work Unit, Southern Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Asheville, NC John L. Wells is a Staff Forester with the Georgia Forestry Commission, Macon, GA February 2002 Southern Research Station P.O. Box 2680 Asheville, NC 28802

3 Foreword This report contains the findings of a 1999 canvass of all primary wood-using plants in Georgia, and presents changes in product output and residue use since It complements the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) periodic inventory of volume and removals from the State s timberland. The canvass was conducted to determine the amount and source of wood receipts and annual timber product drain, by county, in 1999 and to determine interstate and cross-regional movement of industrial roundwood. Only primary wood-using mills were canvassed. Primary mills are those that process roundwood in log or bolt form or as chipped roundwood. Examples of industrial roundwood products are saw logs, pulpwood, veneer logs, poles, and logs used for composite board products. Mills producing products from residues generated at primary and secondary processors were not canvassed. Trees chipped in the woods were included in the estimate of timber drain only if they were delivered to a primary domestic manufacturer. A 100-percent canvass of all wood processors in Georgia was conducted in 2000 to obtain information for In addition, roundwood from out-of-state mills known to be using logs or bolts harvested from Georgia timberland was incorporated into Georgia production estimates. Each mill was canvassed by mail or through personal contact at plant locations. Telephone contacts followed mailed questionnaire responses when additional information or clarification of a response was necessary. In the event of a nonresponse, data collected in previous surveys were updated using current data collected for mills of similar size, product type, and location. Surveys for all timber products other than pulpwood began in 1961, and are currently conducted every 2 years. Pulpwood production data were taken from an annual canvass of all southeastern pulpmills. Medium density fiberboard, insulating board, and hardboard plants were included in this survey. Acknowledgments The authors thank Tommy Loggins for review and comments; Dale Gormanson from the North Central Research Station for the maps; Anne Jenkins, Susan Bowman, and Donna Burnett for tables, graphs, and statistical checking; and Paul Smith, Diana Corbin, and Louise Wilde for editorial review, styling, and publication of this report. The Southern Research Station gratefully acknowledges the cooperation and assistance provided by the Georgia Forestry Commission in collecting mill data. Appreciation is also extended to forest industry and mill managers for providing timber products information. i

4 Contents Page Output of Industrial Timber Products... 1 All Products... 1 Pulpwood... 4 Saw Logs... 5 Veneer Logs... 5 Composite Panels... 6 Other Industrial Products... 6 Plant Byproducts... 6 Regional Trends... 7 Southeast Region... 8 Southwest Region... 8 Central Region... 8 North Central Region... 9 Northern Region... 9 Total Roundwood Output... 9 Source... 9 Ownership... 9 Species References Definition of Terms Conversion Factors Index of Tables Tables 1-28 a a All tables in this report are available in Microsoft Excel workbook files. Upon request, these files will be supplied on 3½-inch diskettes. The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service. iii

5 RETAINED Roundwood volume harvested from and processed by mills within the same State EXPORTS Roundwood volume transported to other U.S. States IMPORTS Roundwood volume received from other U.S. States PRODUCTION Roundwood volume harvested and used within State (Retained), plus all roundwood exported to other U.S. States RECEIPTS Roundwood volume harvested within State (Retained), plus all roundwood imported from other U.S. States Production = Retained + Exports Receipts = Retained + Imports Figure 1 Movement of roundwood exports and imports within the United States. iv

6 Georgia s Timber Industry An Assessment of Timber Product Output and Use, 1999 Tony G. Johnson and John L. Wells Output of Industrial Timber Products Note: Certain terms used in this report retained, export, import, production, and receipts have specialized meanings and relationships unique to the Forest Inventory and Analysis Units across the country that deal with timber products output (fig. 1). All Products Between 1997 and 1999, the combined industrial timber products output (TPO) from roundwood and plant byproducts declined 2 percent from 1.76 to 1.72 billion cubic feet. Timber products output from roundwood was down 36 million cubic feet, or 3 percent, to 1.24 billion cubic feet, while output of plant byproducts declined 5 million cubic feet to 474 million cubic feet. Output of softwood roundwood products declined less than 1 percent, totaling 997 million cubic feet, while output of hardwood roundwood products was down 12 percent to 247 million cubic feet (fig. 2). Figures 3 and 4 display softwood and hardwood countylevel intensity of roundwood production for all industrial products across Georgia. The data are depicted in cubic feet produced per acre of census land area. Counties with the highest production intensity are depicted in the darker shades. For softwoods the darkest shade represents more than 40 cubic feet of production per acre, while for hardwoods the darkest shade represents more than 20 cubic feet per acre. Million cubic feet Softwood Hardwood Year Figure 2 Roundwood production for all products by species group and year (see page 10 for references for individual years). 1

7 Cubic feet produced per acre of census land area < < > >40 Cubic feet produced per acre of census land area Figure 3 Intensity of roundwood softwood output for all industrial products in Georgia by county,

8 Cubic feet produced per acre of census land area < > 20 Figure 4 Intensity of roundwood hardwood output for all industrial products in Georgia by county,

9 Pulpwood and saw logs were the principal roundwood products in Combined output of these two products totaled 1.1 billion cubic feet and accounted for 89 percent of the State s total industrial roundwood output (fig. 5). Composite panels 4% Veneer logs Other 6% industrial 1% Total receipts at Georgia mills, which included roundwood harvested and retained in the State and roundwood imported from other States, declined 7 percent to 1.3 billion cubic feet. The number of primary roundwoodusing plants in Georgia increased from 186 in 1997 to 188 in Pulpwood Total pulpwood production, including chipped roundwood, declined 4 percent to 594 million cubic feet (8.1 million cords) and accounted for 48 percent of the State s total roundwood TPO. Softwood output declined 2 percent to 431 million cubic feet; hardwood output declined 9 percent to 163 million cubic feet (fig. 6). Twelve pulpmill facilities were operating and receiving roundwood in Georgia in 1999, one less than in Total pulpwood receipts for these mills declined 78 million cubic feet to 594 million cubic feet, accounting for 47 percent of total receipts for all mills. Pulpwood 48% Total 1.2 billion cubic feet Figure 5 Roundwood production by type of product, Saw logs 41% Softwood Hardwood Million cubic feet Year Figure 6 Roundwood pulpwood production by species group and year (see page 10 for references for individual years). 4

10 Seventy-seven percent of roundwood cut for pulpwood was retained for processing at Georgia pulpmills. Roundwood pulpwood accounted for 73 percent of total known exports and 66 percent of total imports. Roundwood pulpwood imports and exports were nearly in balance at 137 million cubic feet. Saw Logs Saw logs accounted for 41 percent of the State s total roundwood products. Output of softwood saw logs increased 1 percent to 447 million cubic feet (2.4 billion board feet, International ¼-inch rule), while that of hardwood saw logs declined 20 percent to 62 million cubic feet (368 million board feet, International ¼-inch rule) (fig. 7). Georgia currently has 129 sawmills, the same as in The total number of sawmills does not include the several one-man sawmills in the State. Total saw-log receipts were down 19 million cubic feet to 512 million cubic feet. Softwood saw-log receipts declined 1 percent to 453 million cubic feet, while those of hardwoods declined 18 percent to 59 million cubic feet. Of the operating mills, 26 percent had receipts of less than 1 million board feet, while 37 percent had receipts greater than 10 million board feet. These 48 mills, however, accounted for 94 percent of total saw-log receipts. Georgia retained 93 percent of its saw-log production for domestic manufacture, with saw-log imports exceeding exports by 3 million cubic feet in Veneer Logs Output of veneer logs in 1999 totaled 75 million cubic feet and accounted for 6 percent of the State s total roundwood TPO volume. Softwood veneer production declined 3 percent to 59 million cubic feet (348 million board feet, International ¼-inch rule); output of hardwood veneer logs increased 1 percent to 16 million cubic feet (98 million board feet, International ¼-inch rule) (fig. 8). The number of veneer mills operating in Georgia increased from 11 to 12 since Receipts of veneer logs increased 7 percent to 85 million cubic feet. Softwood veneer receipts were up 3 million cubic feet, to 62 million cubic feet Softwood Hardwood Million cubic feet Year Figure 7 Roundwood saw-log production by species group and year (see page 10 for references for individual years). 5

11 Softwood Hardwood Million cubic feet Year Figure 8 Roundwood veneer-log production by species group and year (see page 10 for references for individual years). Georgia retained 86 percent of its veneer-log production for processing at domestic veneer mills. Imports amounted to 20 million cubic feet, and exports totaled 10 million cubic feet, making the State a net importer of roundwood veneer logs. Composite Panels Roundwood harvested from Georgia s forests for composite panels declined 7 percent and totaled 46 million cubic feet. Softwood output was down 6 percent to 40 million cubic feet (551 thousand cords); hardwood production declined 13 percent to 6 million cubic feet (83 thousand cords) (fig. 9). Four oriented strand board (OSB) mills were operating in Georgia in Total receipts for these mills declined 10 percent to 53 million cubic feet, and accounted for 4 percent of the State s total receipts. Ninety-six percent of the roundwood production harvested for composite panels was retained for processing at Georgia s mills. Imports amounted to 9 million cubic feet, and exports totaled 2 million cubic feet, making the State a net importer of roundwood used for composite panels. Other Industrial Products Roundwood harvested for other industrial uses such as poles, posts, mulch, firewood, logs for log homes, and all other industrial products totaled 21 million cubic feet, a 24-percent increase from Softwood made up 96 percent of the other industrial products volume. The number of plants producing other industrial products increased from 28 to 31 since Combined receipts of other industrial products from softwood and hardwood increased 30 percent to 21 million cubic feet. Georgia was a net importer of roundwood used for other industrial products, but only by a small margin; nearly all of the 2 million cubic feet imported and 1.5 million cubic feet exported were softwood. Plant Byproducts In 1999, processing of primary products in Georgia mills generated 483 million cubic feet of wood and bark residues. Coarse residues from all primary products amounted to 193 million cubic feet, while bark volume totaled 145 million cubic feet. Collectively, sawdust and 6

12 Softwood Hardwood Million cubic feet Not reported Year Figure 9 Roundwood production for composite panels by species group and year (see page 10 for references for individual years). shavings made up 30 percent of total residues, or 145 million cubic feet (fig. 10). More than 474 million cubic feet, or 98 percent, of the wood and bark residues were used for a product. While 2 percent of the residues were not used for a product, 39 percent of the residues were used for industrial fuel and 35 percent were used for fiber products (fig. 11). More than 160 million cubic feet, or 83 percent, of the coarse residues were used for fiber products. Most of the bark was used for industrial fuel or other miscellaneous products, while 46 percent of the sawdust and shavings were used for industrial fuel. Sawdust 21% Shavings 9% The processing of saw logs generated 324 million cubic feet of mill residues, accounting for 67 percent of the total residues produced (fig. 12). Regional Trends Output of industrial roundwood products declined in all regions with the exception of the Northern region. The North Central region had the largest decline at 13 percent. Most regions experienced significant drops in hardwood output. Coarse 40% Total 483 million cubic feet Figure 10 Primary mill residue by residue type, Bark 30% 7

13 Sawn products 1% Fuel 39% Particleboard 13% Total 483 million cubic feet Miscellaneous 10% Not used 2% Fiber products 35% Southeast Region Roundwood output from the Southeast Georgia region totaled 431 million cubic feet, down 2 percent since Pulpwood accounted for 53 percent of the region s TPO and 39 percent of the State s roundwood pulpwood output. The 174 million cubic feet of saw logs accounted for 40 percent of the total roundwood output for the region and 34 percent of the State s total saw-log output, the highest of any region. In the Southeast region, 51 primary wood-using plants were operating during 1999: 30 sawmills, 3 veneer or plywood mills, 5 pulpmills, and 13 other miscellaneous mills. These mills processed 35 percent of the State s total roundwood output. Southwest Region Figure 11 Disposal of residue by product, One hundred and seventy-two million cubic feet of roundwood were produced in the Southwest Georgia region, a 1-percent decline. Veneer logs 12% Pulpwood 13% Composite panels 3% Other industrial 5% Saw-log production of 83 million cubic feet accounted for 48 percent of the region s total roundwood output. Production of pulpwood increased 7 percent and accounted for 38 percent of the region s total roundwood output. This was the only region that had an increase in both softwood and hardwood production. The 27 mills operating in the Southwest Georgia region in 1999 included 15 sawmills, 3 veneer or plywood mills, 2 pulpmills, 2 composite panel mills, and 5 other miscellaneous mills. These mills accounted for 14 percent of the total roundwood output for the State. Central Region Saw logs 67% Total 483 million cubic feet Roundwood output from the Central Georgia region totaled 385 million cubic feet, down 1 percent. Roundwood production from this region accounted for 31 percent of the total roundwood TPO for the State. Pulpwood production declined by 3 percent to 189 million cubic feet, accounting for 49 percent of the region s total TPO. Saw-log production of 161 million cubic feet accounted for another 42 percent of the region s total roundwood output. Figure 12 Primary mill residue produced by roundwood type,

14 The 45 primary wood-using plants operating in Central Georgia included 4 pulpmills, 34 sawmills, 3 veneer or plywood mills, and 4 other miscellaneous mills. North Central Region Roundwood output from the North Central Georgia region totaled 178 million cubic feet, a 13-percent decline since This region accounted for 14 percent of the State s total TPO. Saw-log production was down 16 percent to 58 million cubic feet, accounting for 33 percent of the region s total roundwood output. Production of pulpwood dropped 11 percent and accounted for 39 percent of the region s total roundwood output. With 25 and 21 million cubic feet, respectively, this region accounted for 33 percent of the State s veneer output and 46 percent of the composite panel production. In the North Central region, 26 primary wood-using plants were operating during 1999: 15 sawmills, 2 veneer or plywood mills, 2 composite panel mills, and 7 other miscellaneous mills. Source In addition to the 1.2 billion cubic feet of roundwood output for industrial roundwood, an estimated 68 million cubic feet were harvested for domestic fuelwood, bringing Georgia s total roundwood output to 1.3 billion cubic feet. Ninety-five percent of total roundwood output was considered growing-stock volume (sawtimber and poletimber) from timberland sources. Other sources (such as saplings; stumps, tops, and limbs of trees on timberland; and trees on nonforest land) contributed an estimated 68 million cubic feet, or 5 percent of total roundwood output (fig. 13). Ownership An estimated 879 million cubic feet, or 67 percent, of the total roundwood output came from nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) lands. Forest industry lands contributed 382 million cubic feet, or 29 percent of the output. Public lands made up the remaining 4 percent, or 51 million cubic feet (fig. 14). Northern Region Roundwood output from the Northern Georgia region totaled 79 million cubic feet, an increase of 4 percent since Saw-log production increased 2 percent to 33 million cubic feet and accounted for 42 percent of the region s total roundwood output. Pulpwood production was down 1 percent and accounted for 49 percent of the region s total TPO. In the Northern region, 39 primary wood-using plants were operating during 1999: 35 sawmills, 1 veneer or plywood mill, 1 pulpmill, and 2 other miscellaneous mills. These mills processed 6 percent of the State s total roundwood output. Total Roundwood Output Poletimber 28% Other 5% Sawtimber 67% Using the most recent inventory data for Georgia, product output by source, ownership, and detailed species group was estimated. Total 1.3 billion cubic feet Figure 13 Roundwood output by source,

15 Forest industry 29% National forest 1% Other public 3% longleaf-slash pine type accounted for 39 percent of the softwood output. In hardwoods, the red oak and white oak groups combined accounted for 122 million cubic feet, or 40 percent of total hardwood output (fig. 16). References Nonindustrial private forest 67% Total 1.3 billion cubic feet Figure 14 Roundwood output by ownership, Longleaf slash pine 39% Cypress 1% Other yellow pines 3% Johnson, Tony G Georgia s timber industry an assessment of timber product output and use, Resour. Bull. SE-144. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 32 p. [1992]. Johnson, Tony G.; Jenkins, Anne; Wells, John L Georgia s timber industry an assessment of timber product output and use, Resour. Bull. SRS-14. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 37 p. [1995]. Johnson, Tony G.; Wells, John L Georgia s timber industry an assessment of timber product output and use, Resour. Bull. SRS- 38. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 36 p. [1997]. Tansey, John B.; Steppleton, Carolyn D Georgia s timber industry an assessment of timber product output and use, Resour. Bull. SE-126. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 23 p. [1986, 1989]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Product drain by county, product, and species. 6 p. Unpublished data. On file with: Southern Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis Research Work Unit, 4700 Old Kingston Pike, Knoxville, TN [1977, 1980, 1983]. Sweetgum 17% Yellow-poplar 9% Blackgumtupelo 13% Other softwoods <1% Loblollyshortleaf pine 57% Hickory 5% Figure 15 Roundwood output by softwood species group, Species Total 1.0 billion cubic feet The loblolly and shortleaf pine group provided the most volume of any softwood species group, accounting for 57 percent of the total softwood output (fig. 15). The Maples 6% Other hardwoods 10% Total 306 million cubic feet Figure 16 Roundwood output by hardwood species group, Oaks 40% 10

16 Definition of Terms Board foot. Unit of measure applied to roundwood. It relates to lumber that is 1-foot long, 1-foot wide, and 1-inch thick (or its equivalent). Byproducts. Primary wood products, e.g., pulp chips, animal bedding, fuelwood, recycled from mill residues. Composite products. Roundwood products manufactured into chips, wafers, strands, flakes, shavings, or sawdust and then reconstituted into a variety of panel and engineered lumber products. Consumption. The quantity of a commodity, such as pulpwood, utilized by a particular mill or group of mills. Drain. The volume of roundwood removed from any geographic area where timber is grown. Exports. The volume of roundwood utilized by mills outside the State where timber was cut. Fiber products. Byproducts used in the manufacture of pulp, paper, paperboard, and composite products, such as waferboard or chipboard. Fuelwood production. The volume of roundwood harvested to produce some form of energy, e.g., heat, steam, in residential, industrial, or institutional settings. Growing-stock removals. The growing-stock volume removed from poletimber and sawtimber trees in the timberland inventory. (Note: Includes volume removed for roundwood products, logging residues, and other removals.) Growing-stock trees. Living trees of commercial species classified as sawtimber, poletimber, saplings, and seedlings. Growing-stock trees must contain at least one 12-foot or two 8-foot logs in the saw-log portion, currently or potentially (if too small to qualify). The log(s) must meet dimension and merchantability standards and have, currently or potentially, one-third of the gross board-foot volume in sound wood. Growing-stock volume. The cubic-foot volume of sound wood in growing-stock trees at least 5.0 inches d.b.h. from a 1-foot stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top d.o.b. of the central stem. Hardwoods. Dicotyledonous trees, usually broadleaf and deciduous. Soft hardwoods. Hardwood species with an average specific gravity of 0.50 or less, such as gums, yellowpoplar, cottonwoods, red maple, basswoods, and willows. Hard hardwoods. Hardwood species with an average specific gravity greater than 0.50, such as oaks, hard maples, hickories, and beech. Imports. The volume of roundwood delivered to a mill or group of mills in a specific State but harvested outside that State. Industrial fuelwood. A roundwood product, with or without bark, used to generate energy at a manufacturing facility such as a wood-using mill. Industrial roundwood products. Any primary use of the main stem of a tree, such as saw logs, pulpwood, veneer logs, intended to be processed into primary wood products such as lumber, wood pulp, sheathing, at primary woodusing mills. International ¼-inch rule. A log rule or formula for estimating the board-foot volume of logs, allowing ½-inch of taper for each 4-foot length. The rule appears in a number of forms that allow for kerf. In the form used by FIA, a ¼- inch of kerf is assumed. This rule is used as the USDA Forest Service standard log rule in the Eastern United States. Log. A primary forest product harvested in long, primarily 8-, 12-, and 16-foot lengths. Logging residues. The unused merchantable portion of growing-stock trees cut or destroyed during logging operations. Merchantable portion. That portion of live trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger between a 1-foot stump and a minimum 4.0-inch top d.o.b. on the central stem. That portion of primary forks from the point of occurrence to a minimum 4.0-inch top d.o.b. is included. Merchantable volume. Solid-wood volume in the merchantable portion of live trees. Noncommercial species. Tree species of typically small size, poor form, or inferior quality that normally do not develop into trees suitable for industrial wood products. 11

17 Nonforest land. Land that has never supported forests and land formerly forested where timber production is precluded by development for other uses. Nongrowing-stock sources. The net volume removed from the nongrowing-stock portions of poletimber and sawtimber trees (stumps, tops, limbs, cull sections of central stem) and from any portion of a rough, rotten, sapling, dead, or nonforest tree. Other forest land. Forest land other than timberland and productive reserved forest land. It includes available and reserved forest land that is incapable of producing annually 20 cubic feet per acre of industrial wood under natural conditions because of adverse site conditions such as sterile soils, dry climate, poor drainage, high elevation, steepness, or rockiness. Other products. A miscellaneous category of roundwood products, e.g., cooperage, excelsior, shingles, and mill residue byproducts (charcoal, bedding, mulch, etc.). Other removals. The growing-stock volume of trees removed from the inventory by cultural operations such as timber stand improvement, land clearing, and other changes in land use, resulting in the removal of the trees from timberland. Other sources. (see: Nongrowing-stock sources.) Ownership. The property owned by one ownership unit, including all parcels of land in the United States. National forest land. Federal land that has been legally designated as national forests or purchase units, and other land under the administration of the Forest Service, including experimental areas and Bankhead-Jones Title III land. Forest industry land. Land owned by companies or individuals operating primary wood-using plants. Nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) land. Privately owned land excluding forest industry land. Corporate. Owned by corporations, including incorporated farm ownerships. Individual. All lands owned by individuals, including farm operators. Other public. An ownership class that includes all public lands except national forests. Miscellaneous Federal land. Federal land other than national forests. State, county, and municipal land. Land owned by States, counties, and local public agencies or municipalities, or land leased to these governmental units for 50 years or more. Plant residues. Wood material generated in the production of timber products at primary manufacturing plants. Coarse residues. Material, such as slabs, edgings, trim, veneer cores and ends, which is suitable for chipping. Fine residues. Material, such as sawdust, shavings, and veneer chippings, which is not suitable for chipping. Plant byproducts. Residues (coarse or fine) used in the further manufacture of industrial products for consumer use or as fuel. Unused plant residues. Residues (coarse or fine) that are not used for any product, including fuel. Posts, poles, and pilings. Roundwood products milled (cut or peeled) into standard sizes (lengths and circumferences) to be put in the ground to provide vertical and lateral support in buildings, foundations, utility lines, and fences. May also include nonindustrial (unmilled) products. Poletimber-size trees. Softwoods 5.0 to 8.9 inches d.b.h. and hardwoods 5.0 to 10.9 inches d.b.h. Primary wood-using plants. Industries that convert roundwood products (saw logs, veneer logs, pulpwood, etc.) into primary wood products, such as lumber, veneer or sheathing, wood pulp. Production. The total volume of roundwood harvested from land within a State, regardless of where it is consumed. Production is the sum of timber harvested and used within a State, and all roundwood exported to other States. Pulpwood. A roundwood product that will be reduced to individual wood fibers by chemical or mechanical means. The fibers are used to make a broad generic group of pulp products that includes paper products, as well as chipboard, fiberboard, insulating board, and paperboard. 12

18 Receipts. The quantity or volume of industrial roundwood received at a mill or by a group of mills in a State, regardless of the geographic source. Volume of roundwood receipts is equal to the volume of roundwood retained in a State plus roundwood imported from other States. Retained. Roundwood volume harvested from and processed by mills within the same State. Rotten trees. Live trees of commercial species not containing at least one 12-foot saw log, or two noncontiguous saw logs, each 8 feet or longer, now or prospectively, primarily because of rot or missing sections, and with less than one-third of the gross board-foot tree volume in sound material. Rough trees. Live trees of commercial species not containing at least one 12-foot saw log, or two noncontiguous saw logs, each 8 feet or longer, now or prospectively, primarily because of roughness, poor form, splits, and cracks, and with less than one-third of the gross board-foot tree volume in sound material; and live trees of noncommercial species. Roundwood (roundwood logs). Logs, bolts, or other round sections cut from trees for industrial manufacture or consumer uses. Roundwood chipped. Any timber cut primarily for industrial manufacture, delivered to nonpulpmills, chipped, and then sold to pulpmills for use as fiber. Includes tops, jump sections, whole trees, and pulpwood sticks. Roundwood products. Any primary product, such as lumber, poles, pilings, pulp, or fuelwood that is produced from roundwood. Roundwood product drain. That portion of total drain used for a product. Salvable dead trees. Standing or downed dead trees that were formerly growing stock and considered merchantable. Trees must be at least 5.0 inches d.b.h. to qualify. Saplings. Live trees 1.0 to 5.0 inches d.b.h. Saw log. A roundwood product, usually 8 feet in length or longer, processed into a variety of sawn products such as lumber, cants, pallets, railroad ties, and timbers. Saw-log portion. The part of the bole of sawtimber trees between a 1-foot stump and the saw-log top. Saw-log top. The point on the bole of sawtimber trees above which a conventional saw log cannot be produced. The minimum saw-log top is 7.0 inches d.o.b. for softwoods and 9.0 inches d.o.b. for hardwoods. Sawtimber-size trees. Softwoods 9.0 inches d.b.h. and larger and hardwoods 11.0 inches d.b.h. and larger. Sawtimber volume. Growing-stock volume in the saw-log portion of sawtimber-sized trees in board feet (International ¼-inch rule). Seedlings. Trees less than 1.0 inch d.b.h. and greater than 1 foot tall for hardwoods, greater than 6 inches tall for softwood, and greater than 0.5 inch in diameter at ground level for longleaf pine. Select red oaks. A group of several red oak species composed of cherrybark, Shumard, and northern red oaks. Other red oak species are included in the other red oaks group. Select white oaks. A group of several white oak species composed of white, swamp chestnut, swamp white, chinkapin, Durand, and bur oaks. Other white oak species are included in the other white oaks group. Softwoods. Coniferous trees, usually evergreen, having leaves that are needles or scalelike. Standard cord. A unit of measure applied to roundwood, usually bolts or split wood. It is a stack of wood 4 feet high, 4 feet wide, and 8 feet long encompassing 128 cubic feet of wood, bark, and air space. This usually translates to approximately 75.0 to 81.0 cubic feet of solid wood for pulpwood, because pulpwood is more uniform. Standard unit. A unit measure applied to roundwood timber products. Board feet (International ¼ rule) is the standard unit used for saw logs and veneer; cords are used for pulpwood, composite panel, and fuelwood; hundred pieces for poles; thousand pieces for posts; and thousand cubic feet for all other miscellaneous forest products. Timberland. Forest land capable of producing 20 cubic feet of industrial wood per acre per year and not withdrawn from timber utilization. Timber products. Roundwood products and byproducts. Timber products output. The total volume of roundwood products from all sources plus the volume of byproducts 13

19 recovered from mill residues (equals roundwood product drain). Timber removals. The total volume of trees removed from the timberland inventory by harvesting, cultural operations such as stand improvement, land clearing, or changes in land use. (Note: Includes roundwood products, logging residues, and other removals.) Tree. Woody plants having one erect perennial stem or trunk at least 3 inches d.b.h., a more or less definitely formed crown of foliage, and a height of at least 13 feet (at maturity). Upper-stem portion. The part of the main stem of sawtimber trees above the saw-log top and the minimum top diameter of 4.0 inches outside bark, or to the point where the main stem breaks into limbs. Utilization studies. Studies conducted on active logging operations to develop factors for merchantable portions of trees left in the woods (logging residues), logging damage, and utilization of the unmerchantable portion of growingstock trees and nongrowing stock trees. Veneer log. A roundwood product either rotary cut, sliced, stamped, or sawn into a variety of veneer products such as plywood, finished panels, veneer sheets, or sheathing. Weight. A unit of measure for mill residues, expressed as oven-dry tons (2,000 oven-dry pounds). Conversion Factors a Saw logs Softwood Hardwood cubic foot = 1 board foot 5.45 board feet = 1 cubic foot cubic foot = 1 board foot 5.95 board feet = 1 cubic foot Veneer logs Softwood Hardwood Pulpwood b Softwood Hardwood cubic foot = 1 board foot 5.85 board feet = 1 cubic foot cubic foot = 1 board foot 6.15 board feet = 1 cubic foot 72.6 cubic feet per cord 75.0 cubic feet per cord a Conversion factors vary with stem size (d.b.h.) and species. The factors shown are for trees of average diameters removed in Georgia during the most recent survey period. b Cubic feet of solid wood per cord. 14

20 Index of Tables 1. Output of industrial products by product and species group, Georgia, 1997 and Roundwood receipts by product and species group, Georgia, 1997 and Number of primary wood-using plants by industry, Georgia, Roundwood receipts by sawmill size, Georgia, 1997 and Roundwood receipts by species and type of mill, Georgia, Industrial roundwood movement by year and species group, Georgia, 1997 and Industrial roundwood movement by product and species group, Georgia, Saw-log volume by destination, source, and species group, Georgia, Veneer volume by destination, source, and species group, Georgia, Pulpwood volume by destination, source, and species group, Georgia, Composite panel volume by destination, source, and species group, Georgia, Other industrial volume by destination, source, and species group, Georgia, Roundwood timber products output by product and species group, Southwest Georgia, 1997 and Roundwood timber products output by county, product, and species group, Southwest Georgia, Roundwood timber products output by product and species group, Central Georgia, 1997 and Roundwood timber products output by county, product, and species group, Central Georgia, Roundwood timber products output by product and species group, North Central Georgia, 1997 and Roundwood timber products output by county, product, and species group, North Central Georgia, Roundwood timber products output by product and species group, North Georgia, 1997 and Roundwood timber products output by county, product, and species group, North Georgia, Total roundwood output by product, species group, and source of material, Georgia, Total roundwood output by species group, survey unit, and ownership class, Georgia, Total roundwood output by species group, detailed species group, and product, Georgia, Total roundwood output by species group, detailed species group, and ownership class, Georgia, Primary mill residue volume by roundwood type, species group, and residue type, Georgia, Disposal of residue at primary wood-using plants by product, species group, and type of residue, Georgia, 1997 and Roundwood timber products output by product and species group, Southeast Georgia, 1997 and Roundwood timber products output by county, product, and species group, Southeast Georgia,

21 16

22 Table 1 Output of industrial products by product and species group, Georgia, 1997 and 1999 Product and Year Percent species group Change change Saw logs Softwood 442, ,881 4, Hardwood 77,028 61,768-15, Total 519, ,649-10, Veneer logs Softwood 61,469 59,547-1, Hardwood 15,649 15, Total 77,118 75,405-1, Pulpwood a Softwood 437, ,017-6, Hardwood 179, ,535-16, Total 617, ,552-23, Composite panels Softwood 42,653 39,996-2, Hardwood 7,134 6, Total 49,787 46,172-3, Other industrial Softwood 16,234 20,005 3, Hardwood Total 16,771 20,763 3, All industrial Softwood 1,000, ,446-3, Hardwood 279, ,095-32, Total 1,280,581 1,244,541-36, Byproduct output Softwood 394, ,075 1, Hardwood 84,568 78,014-6, Total 478, ,089-4, Total output Softwood 1,395,014 1,393,521-1, Hardwood 364, ,109-39, Total 1,759,266 1,718,630-40, a Includes roundwood delivered to nonpulpmills, then chipped and sold to pulpmills (23,958,000 cubic feet in 1997 and 15,947,000 cubic feet in 1999). 17

23 Table 2 Roundwood receipts by product and species group, Georgia, 1997 and 1999 Product and Year Percent species group Change change Saw logs Softwood 458, ,118-5, Hardwood 71,837 58,957-12, Total 530, ,075-18, Veneer logs Softwood 59,219 62,058 2, Hardwood 20,741 23,289 2, Total 79,960 85,347 5, Pulpwood a Softwood 480, ,830-62, Hardwood 191, ,900-15, Total 671, ,730-78, Composite panels Softwood 44,837 39,957-4, Hardwood 14,222 13, Total 59,059 53,387-5, Other industrial Softwood 15,840 20,543 4, Hardwood Total 16,399 21,349 4, Total output Softwood 1,058, ,506-65, Hardwood 299, ,382-26, Total 1,358,020 1,265,888-92, a Includes roundwood delivered to nonpulpmills, then chipped and sold to pulpmills (26,658,000 cubic feet in 1997 and 18,615,000 cubic feet in 1999). 18

24 Table 3 Number of primary wood-using plants by industry, Georgia, Year Industry Sawmills Veneer mills Pulpmills Composite panel mills Other mills All plants Table 4 Roundwood receipts by sawmill size, Georgia, 1997 and Sawmill Number Thousand Percent Number Thousand Percent size class a of mills board feet of volume of mills board feet of volume Million board feet < , , , , , , , , > ,038, ,028, Total 129 2,901, ,826, a Based on volume received as opposed to actual capacity. 19

25 Table 5 Roundwood receipts by species and type of mill, Georgia, 1999 Type of mill All Veneer mills OSB a and Species mills Sawmills Pine plywood Other veneer panels Pulpmills b Other mills Softwood Yellow pine 567, ,774 52,471 9,587 39,957 NA 17,777 Eastern white pine 1,740 1, NA 0 Cedar NA 177 Cypress 5,959 3, NA 2,589 Other softwood NA 0 Unclassified 417, ,830 0 Total softwoods 993, ,118 52,471 9,587 39, ,830 20,543 Hardwood Blackgum and tupelo 8,738 1,671 1,032 1,240 4,795 NA 0 Soft maple 2,920 1, ,117 NA 0 Sweetgum 13,408 8, ,353 2,712 NA 0 Yellow-poplar 28,260 9,748 12,411 4,658 1,275 NA 168 Other soft hardwood 4,436 1, ,813 NA 0 Hickory 3,177 2, NA 400 Red oak 20,838 19, NA 86 White oak 10,214 9, NA 86 Other hard hardwood 4,491 4, NA 66 Unclassified 175, ,900 0 Total hardwoods 272,382 58,957 14,001 9,288 13, , All species 1,265, ,075 66,472 18,875 53, ,730 21,349 NA = not applicable. a OSB = oriented strand board. b Collected only by softwood and hardwood and includes roundwood chipped. Table 6 Industrial roundwood movement by year and species group, Georgia, 1997 and 1999 Exported to Imported from Year Production other States Retained other States Receipts Softwood ,000, , , ,600 1,058, , , , , ,506 Hardwood ,684 44, ,142 64, , ,095 42, ,141 68, ,382 All species ,280, ,201 1,117, ,640 1,358, ,244, ,828 1,056, ,175 1,265,888 20

26 Table 7 Industrial roundwood movement by product and species group, Georgia, 1999 Product and Exported to Imported from species group Production other States Retained other States Receipts Saw logs Softwood 446,881 33, ,646 39, ,118 Hardwood 61,768 4,204 57,564 1,393 58,957 Total 508,649 37, ,210 40, ,075 Veneer logs Softwood 59,547 9,119 50,428 11,630 62,058 Hardwood 15,858 1,105 14,753 8,536 23,289 Total 75,405 10,224 65,181 20,166 85,347 Pulpwood a Softwood 431,017 99, ,520 86, ,830 Hardwood 162,535 37, ,122 50, ,900 Total 593, , , , ,730 Composite panels Softwood 39,996 1,514 38,482 1,475 39,957 Hardwood 6, ,944 7,486 13,430 Total 46,172 1,746 44,426 8,961 53,387 Other industrial Softwood 20,005 1,509 18,496 2,047 20,543 Hardwood Total 20,763 1,509 19,254 2,095 21,349 All products Softwood 997, , , , ,506 Hardwood 247,095 42, ,141 68, ,382 Total 1,244, ,828 1,056, ,175 1,265,888 a Includes roundwood chipped. 21

27 Table 8 Saw-log volume by destination, source, and species group, Georgia, 1999 Species group Destination All and source species Softwood Hardwood Georgia (retained) 471, ,646 57,564 Exports to: Alabama 25,321 23,698 1,623 Florida 6,508 5, North Carolina 1, ,679 South Carolina 3,676 3, Tennessee Total 37,439 33,235 4,204 Imports from: Alabama 1, Florida 20,334 20, North Carolina South Carolina 16,562 15, Tennessee 2,058 2, Total 40,865 39,472 1,393 Table 9 Veneer volume by destination, source, and species group, Georgia, 1999 Species group Destination All and source species Softwood Hardwood Georgia (retained) 65,181 50,428 14,753 Exports to: Alabama 3,595 3, Florida 5,976 5,976 0 North Carolina South Carolina Total 10,224 9,119 1,105 Imports from: Alabama 5,225 2,307 2,918 Florida 4,796 4, Kentucky 2, ,042 North Carolina South Carolina Ohio Tennessee 4,328 3, Virginia 1, ,833 Total 20,166 11,630 8,536 22

28 Table 10 Pulpwood volume by destination, source, and species group, Georgia, 1999 a Species group Destination All and source species Softwood Hardwood Georgia (retained) 456, , ,122 Exports to: Alabama 68,066 51,362 16,704 Florida 50,711 35,759 14,952 Kentucky 2, ,761 Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee 14,999 12,030 2,969 Virginia Total 136,910 99,497 37,413 Imports from: Alabama 35,173 30,561 4,612 Florida 42,090 32,990 9,100 North Carolina South Carolina 58,924 21,985 36,939 Tennessee Total 137,088 86,310 50,778 a Includes roundwood chipped delivered to nonpulpmills, then chipped and sold to pulpmills. 23

29 Table 11 Composite panel volume by destination, source, and species group, Georgia, 1999 Species group Destination All and source species Softwood Hardwood Georgia (retained) 44,426 38,482 5,944 Exports to: Alabama Tennessee 1,473 1, Total 1,746 1, Imports from: Florida 7, ,406 South Carolina 1,555 1, Total 8,961 1,475 7,486 Table 12 Other industrial volume by destination, source, and species group, Georgia, 1999 a Species group Destination All and source species Softwood Hardwood Georgia (retained) 19,254 18, Exports to: Alabama Florida 1,199 1,199 0 South Carolina Virginia Total 1,509 1,509 0 Imports from: Alabama Florida 1,543 1,543 0 Mississippi South Carolina Total 2,095 2, a Includes poles, posts, mulch, firewood, log homes, charcoal, and all other industrial mills. 24

30 Table 13 Primary mill residue volume by roundwood type, species group, and residue type, Georgia, 1999 Residue type Roundwood type All and species group types Bark Coarse Sawdust Shavings Saw logs Softwood 287,995 40, ,567 66,734 41,547 Hardwood 35,634 6,682 16,380 12, Total 323,629 46, ,947 79,005 41,848 Veneer logs Softwood 41,430 5,885 19,507 16,038 0 Hardwood 17,157 2,742 7,330 7,085 0 Total 58,587 8,627 26,837 23,123 0 Pulpwood Softwood 41,722 41, Hardwood 21,918 21, Total 63,640 63, Composite panels Softwood 8,925 8, Hardwood 3,436 3, Total 12,361 12, Other industrial a Softwood 24,364 13,567 10, Hardwood Total 24,814 13,667 10, Total Softwood 404, , ,110 83,533 41,547 Hardwood 78,595 34,878 23,962 19, Total 483, , , ,987 41,848 a Includes poles, pilings, posts, and other industrial products. 25

31 Table 14 Disposal of residue at primary wood-using plants by product, species group, and type of residue, Georgia, 1997 and 1999 Product and All types Bark Coarse Sawdust Shavings species group Fiber products Softwood 154, ,119 2, , ,489 6,783 3,701 1,351 6,929 Hardwood 21,596 16,772 1, ,876 16,762 2, Total 176, ,891 3, , ,251 9,456 3,708 1,354 6,932 Particleboard Softwood 57,338 62, ,627 10,652 25,879 26,056 27,457 26,222 Hardwood 1, Total 58,457 63, ,306 11,213 26,279 26,449 27,497 26,222 Sawn products Softwood 3,630 3, ,630 3, Hardwood 1,535 1, ,535 1, Total 5,165 5, ,165 5, Fuel Softwood 142, ,973 86,699 81,848 6,397 6,774 42,872 42,769 6,750 4,582 Hardwood 55,355 52,289 33,888 30,251 3,960 3,404 17,118 18, Total 198, , , ,099 10,357 10,178 59,990 61,121 7,139 4,864 Miscellaneous Softwood 35,511 39,327 25,089 25,118 1,943 3,505 6,082 6,891 2,397 3,813 Hardwood 4,963 6,421 3,109 4,253 1,104 1, Total 40,474 45,748 28,198 29,371 3,047 5,106 6,804 7,442 2,425 3,829 Not used Softwood 4,166 8, , ,172 4, Hardwood Total 4,587 8, , ,020 2,353 4, All products Softwood 398, , , , , ,110 83,788 83,533 38,605 41,547 Hardwood 84,989 78,595 38,128 34,878 25,307 23,962 21,094 19, Total 483, , , , , , , ,987 39,065 41,848 26

32 Table 15 Roundwood timber products output by product and species group, Southeast Georgia, 1997 and 1999 Product and Year Percent species group Change change Saw logs Softwood 152, ,085 8, Hardwood 14,716 12,669-2, Total 167, ,754 6, Veneer logs Softwood 12,640 8,767-3, Hardwood 2,345 2, Total 14,985 10,983-4, Pulpwood a Softwood 185, ,758-7, Hardwood 57,936 52,019-5, Total 243, ,777-13, Composite panels Softwood 1,946 2, Hardwood 1,112 1, Total 3,058 3, Other industrial Softwood 10,091 12,804 2, Hardwood Total 10,091 12,804 2, All industrial Softwood 362, , Hardwood 76,109 68,226-7, Total 438, ,646-7, = negligible. a Includes roundwood delivered to nonpulpmills, then chipped and sold to pulpmills (10,943,000 cubic feet in 1997 and 6,258,000 cubic feet in 1999). 27

33 Table 16 Roundwood timber products output by county, product, and species group, Southeast Georgia, 1999 All products Saw logs Veneer logs Pulpwood a Composite panels Other industrial Soft- Hard- Soft- Hard- Soft- Hard- Soft- Hard- Soft- Hard- Soft- Hard- County wood wood wood wood wood wood wood wood wood wood wood wood Appling 14,093 1,426 4, , ,871 1, Atkinson 5, , , Bacon 6,843 1,150 3, ,721 1, Brantley 18,917 1,407 8, ,813 1, ,115 0 Bryan 4, , , Bulloch 9,454 1,169 5, ,160 1, Camden 15,333 3,101 4, ,350 3, Candler 8,143 1,201 4, ,331 1, Charlton 19, , , Chatham 1, , Clinch 29,560 1,978 12, , ,083 1, Coffee 8,094 1,610 3, , ,751 1, Dodge 6,683 3,413 3, ,830 2, Echols 18, , , Effingham 10,425 3,326 5, ,464 3, Emanuel 13,375 2,815 7, ,508 1, Evans 3,437 1,085 2, ,005 1, Glynn 13,356 1,447 5, ,865 1, ,074 0 Jeff Davis 9,562 2,369 4, ,139 2, Jenkins 5,945 1,030 3, , Johnson 4,023 2,861 1,884 2, , Laurens 8,798 3,933 4,312 2, ,688 1, Liberty 10,671 3,567 4, ,016 3, Long 11,806 5,485 6, ,931 4, McIntosh 9,690 3,438 3, ,720 3, Montgomery 3,757 1,895 2, , Pierce 9,071 1,218 4, ,172 1, ,145 0 Screven 10,437 3,785 6, ,897 2, Tattnall 9,812 1,109 6, ,309 1, Telfair 7,987 2,246 2,118 1, , Toombs 7,004 1,710 3, , Treutlen 2, , Ware 21, , , ,212 0 Wayne 18,827 2,297 4, ,882 2, Wheeler 3,769 1,892 1, , All counties 362,420 68, ,085 12,669 8,767 2, ,758 52,019 2,006 1,322 12,804 0 a Includes roundwood delivered to nonpulpmills, then chipped and sold to pulpmills (6,258,000 cubic feet in 1999). 28