AgroParisTech, Paris cedex 05, France 2. Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, NRCan. 3. SUNY, Syracuse

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1 The use of agroforestry principles to grow woody biomass for bioenergy in southern Ontario, Canada - A case study using tree-based intercropping as an example. Rémi Cardinael 1, Naresh Thevathasan, Andrew Gordon, Derek Sidders 2, Tim Volk 3, Indirs Mohammad and John Mann School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 2W1 1 AgroParisTech, Paris cedex 05, France 2 Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, NRCan. 3 SUNY, Syracuse

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3 Agroforestry Tree-Based Intercropping Alley 2 m 15 m 11 m 2 m Competitive Zone Complementary Zone 2 m Competitive Zone Competitive Zone Complementary Zone competition for moisture, enhanced nutrient cycling light and nutrients enhanced nitrogen mineralization larger additions of soil organic carbon increased earthworm activity improved carbon assimilation lower soil temperature lower evapotranspiration reduced wind turbulence

4 Using Marginal Land Sustainability Agroforestry Intercropping Systems 15 m 11 m Increased yields for C3 plants (soy, wheat, barley)

5 Using Marginal Land Sustainability Agroforestry Intercropping Systems 15 m 11 m Complementary Zone Competitive Zone 2 m

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7 Planting Willow SRWC Fields Salix Maskiner SRC Step Planter

8 Planting Willow SRWC Fields Salix Maskiner SRC Step Planter

9 Guelph Agroforestry Research Station 25 July weeks after planting

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12 Short Rotation Woody Crops (SRWCs) Hybrid Poplar Shrub Willow

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14 Soil parameters for both fields 2006 Field Texture Sand, silt, clay (%) Soil C total, inorganic and organic ph EC (ms.m -1 ) Agroforestry 51.1, 34.7, , 1.84, Control 53.4, 33.0, , 1.86, None of the measured soil parameters were significantly different between the two fields (t-test, p>0.05).

15 Biomass yields

16 Field and Clone Agroforestry SV1 SX67 Control SV1 SX67 Willow Biomass (odt ha -1 y -1 ) 4.86* 2.82 b 5.64 ac 6.12 a 3.02* 2.24 b 4.50 c 2.31 b

17 yield (odt/ha) date (year) Agroforestry Field Control Field

18 Willow biomass yield between an agroforestry intercropping experiment and a monocropping system in June 2009, three years after coppice mean yield (odt/ha/year) a b 0.00 Agroforestry Field Control Field

19 Belowground root biomass

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21 Below ground root biomass (0-20cm) In the top 20 cm of soil, root biomass was 3000 kg ha -1 in the agroforestry field, and 2500 kg ha -1 in the control field (planting density was about stools ha -1 ).

22 Root biomass in SRWCs kg/ha Depth (cm) Agroforestry Field Control Field

23 Belowground root biomass for the three clones root biomass (kg/ha) SV1 SX67 Clone Agroforestry Field Control Field

24 Leaf litter inputs

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26 Willow leaf inputs (mean value per trap per day) trap dm = 30 cm) Leaf input (g/day) Agroforestry C ontrol Agroforestry SV1 Control SV1 Agroforestry SX67 Control SX Jun 2- Jul 16- Jul 30- Jul 13- Aug 27- Aug 10- Sep 24- Sep 8- Oct 22- Oct 5- Nov 19- Nov Date

27 Leaf inputs by clones across both sites Leaf input (kg/ha) SV1 SX67 Clone

28 Leaf litter inputs: Agroforestry (1900 kg ha -1 ) > monocrop (1550 kg ha -1 ) Leaf input (kg/ha) a b Agroforestry Control

29 Differences in belowground root biomass, leaf litter inputs and biomass yields between clones followed the same order: SV1>SX67> grand mean from both sites

30 Soil Organic Carbon (SOC)

31 Soil parameters for both fields 2006 Field Texture Sand, silt, clay (%) Soil C total, inorganic and organic ph EC (ms.m -1 ) Agroforestry 51.1, 34.7, , 1.84, Control 53.4, 33.0, , 1.86, None of the measured soil parameters were significantly different between the two fields (t-test, p>0.05).

32 Changes in SOC by willow SOC changes between 2006 and (%) Year Agroforestry Control

33 Influence of clones on soil organic C build up across both sites Organic carbon (%) b a a SV1 SX67 Clone

34 Soil organic carbon build up in 2009 Organic Carbon (%) Agroforestry Field Control Field

35 Willow Harvest in 2009

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39 Willow harvest in 2009 Moisture content at harvest (Dec. 2009) = 41.3% Over winter drying, moisture content in June 2010 = 10.43%

40 Re-growth in 2010 after Dec harvest

41 Re-growth in 2010 after Dec harvest

42 Conclusions The complementary interactions observed in a treebased intercropping system has helped to enhance, soil organic C and biomass yields of all three tested clones It appears that a close correlation exists between belowground root biomass, litterfall and willow biomass yield. All three parameters followed: SV1>SX67> For landowners adopting agroforestry land-use systems, this study provides an option selection SRWC. Winter drying has proven effective to bring down the biomass moisture content to levels suitable for end-use processing

43 Acknowledgements Mr. Derek Sidders, Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, NRCan., for his continued support and financial assistance towards the harvest Dr. Tim Volk, SUNY, Syracuse, for his advice and assistance towards the supply of clones, step planter and establishment Funding from Canadian Biomass Innovation Network (CBIN) and Ontario Centre of Excellence (OCE)