The GMES Forest Monitoring REDD Services Preparation of Sentinel 2 Applications

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1 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop 21 May 2014, Frasacti The GMES Forest Monitoring REDD Services Preparation of Sentinel 2 Applications T. Haeusler, S.Gomez, G.Ramminger, R. Siwe Consortium led by: Project supported by: Project Part of

2 GSE FM REDD Consortium Partners Page 3

3 Poland: GMES Service Element Forest Monitoring GSE Forest Monitoring active since 2003 Services are driven by policy and user demands: Service Sectors PAN European Forest Monitoring Climate Change Mitigation Support to UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol Reporting Forest and Environment Forest Information Up-date Sustainable Forest Management Support to Environmental Monitoring Monitoring of Forest Operations and Disturbances Support to Clean Development Mechanism Projects Service Users Pan-European: Germany: EEA BMVEL, TLWJF, UBA-G, Global Woods, LANU, LFG Sweden: NBF Latvia: SFS Russia: FS-I The Netherlands: LNV ME France: AFOCEL, CAFSA, CFBL Austria: UBA-A Became involved in REDD in 2006 Spain: MMA, SBO-ME French Guiana: CITEPA, MAAPAR Switzerland: SAEFL Italy: MATT Greece: NOA Indonesia: BPPT South Africa: CSIR

4 REDD - Reducing Emissions from Deforestation & Degradation in Developing Countries REDD has emerged within the UNFCCC process as a post-kyoto mechanism Developing countries can claim financial compensation from redeucing emmission from deforestation and degradation REDD requires National Forest Monitoring Systems Remote Sensing is a key contributor for Activity Data (AD) assessment

5 REDD Experiences Africa 1. REDD Pilot Cameroon GSE REDD Extension in Rep. of Congo and Gabon REDD+ MRV for SADC R&D REDD for Africa Cameroon and CAR GSE REDD Dry Forest Mapping Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe Page 6

6 Project Components User and Stakeholder Analysis To identiy capacities and gaps for national MRV Activity Data Assessment based on EO methods Development of EO based methods for historical and current forest cover mapping ( ; ), MMU ha, Acc. >90% Classification of deforested areas into IPCC compliant Land cover/use categories: Cropland, Wetland, Settlement, Grassland, Other land Development of methods for degradation mapping User Engagement Utility assessments Validation of services Capacity Building Training on EO and GIS Technolgy transfer of developed methods Page 7

7 Service in Republic of Congo Forest cover and forest cover change maps for Republic of Congo Page 8

8 Expansion of the class settlement into forest land between 1990 and 2010 (Refugee camp near the border to the Democratic Republic of Congo) Page 9

9 Service in Gabon Forest cover change map between 2000 and 2010 for Gabon Page 10

10 Developments for Degradation Monitoring Workflow based on analysis of dense time series: Requirements: High frequency of cloud free, multi-temporal data coverages Radiometric calibration of critical importance Page 11

11 Monitoring Degradation Page 12

12 Challenges for Monitoring Degradation Page 13

13 Challenge: Heterogeneity of National EO Data Coverages Temporal Variations EO Data for 2010 National coverage: temporal variabilty of +/- 3 years Sensor Variations EO Data for 2010 National coverage: spectral and spatial variability due to multi-sensor coverages Acquisition Coverage [%] Sensor Coverage [%] ,95% +/- 1 year 54,60% +/- 2 years 9,12% +/- 3 years 4,33% SPOT 4 26,84 % SPOT 5 29,78% Landsat 7 8,86% Landsat 8 1,90% RapidEye 22,62% DMC 10,00% Page 14

14 Impacts of Challenges on Tropical FM These challenges lead to the following impacts: Higher processing effort and higher costs Multi-sensor adjustments Radiometric calibrations Number of residual spectral strata to be treated separately Thematic quality Potential for having a robust and repeatable monitoring system (REDD requirement) Page 15

15 Roll-out of GSE FM: Regional REDD+ MRV for SADC SADC - Southern African Development Community, 15 Member States, 5,5 mio km² Dry Forest Ecosystems cover 2.7 million sq.km in Africa and these countries have some of the highest deforestation rates SADC is interested in a regional, ecosystem based REDD+ MRV system Thus there is a GSE FM service roll-out to support SADC However: Current GSE FM processing chains are optimized for humid tropical forest and not for dry tropical forest Page 16

16 Forest Change in Malawi Landsat images on Zambia Malawi border Changes in Forest Cover due to agricultural expansion Area enlarged in Miombo study area

17 Challenges of Accurate Forest Mapping in Dry Forests Phenology of the tree species and stand sites: low tree height of mature trees (7-15m), low canopy closure on large areas bare soils, shrubs and thickets interspersed in varying intensity Forest, i.e. areas ranging from 10% to 100% tree cover Non-Forest causing spectral confusion leading to higher uncertainty of the area assessments.

18 Challenges of Accurate Forest Mapping in Dry Forests Seasonality: Deciduous tree species with leaf fall in dry season Only small time windows between the seasons provide optimal forest detectability Example of Phenolgy difference between seasons: Test site in North Botswana Baikieae Forest Woodland Baikieae Forest Woodland Landsat-5 TM courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey. Landsat-5 TM courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey. End of Rainy Season: Landsat Dry Season: Landsat Seasonality effects lead to higher area uncertainties. Dense time series needed!

19 The Potential of S2 for REDD Sentinel 2 addresses the various challenges in tropical and dry forest mapping by offering: high repetition rates to acquire large data coverage in short time periods, 5 day repetition cycle (with 2 satellites), 290 km swath width! high spatial resolution to assess also forest stands with low canopy closure, 10, 20 and 60 m high spectral resolution to discriminate between forest and spectrally similar vegetation types, 13 spectral bands (VIS, NIR & SWIR) Page 20

20 Landsat / Sentinel 2 Coverages in Cameroon (10 days Simulation) Landsat Landsat & Sentinel 2A Landsat & Sentinel 2A & Sentinel 2B Courtesy ESA

21 Conclusions and Outlook National Forest Monitoring Systems are obligatory requirements in the REDD policy process. Countries moving towards results-based payments need to document data and methods used to achieve repeatable, accurate, consistent, and complete FM systems (required for international review process) GSEFM REDD has set the foundations to meet these requirements in an operational manner. However, the Sentinel-2 data will have an enhanced and possitive impact to address the rigorous requirements of regular and near real time monitoning Page 22

22 Thank you very much! Contact: Page 23 SADC-GIZ