Community Forest Management in the Heart of Borneo

Transcription

1 Community Forest Management in the Heart of Borneo Briefing Note 1: Protecting forests and improving livelihoods Effective community forest management can play an important role in preventing deforestation and forest degradation and improving the livelihoods of forest dependent communities Securing land use rights provides a strong incentive for communities to sustainably manage forests Community-led design of forest management plans can be used to incorporate activities that respond to local priorities and establish local ownership of management plans Approaches to community-led design of forest management plans were developed through two pilot projects in Kalimantan The approaches described in this briefing note can be applied by other communities in the Heart of Borneo, working to secure rights and develop community forest management plans

2 Local communities who depend on forests for their livelihoods are in a unique position to protect and sustainably manage forest resources. The forests they depend upon are often threatened by unregulated external parties such as timber, oil palm and mining companies, whose activities cause deforestation and forest degradation. For local communities to prevent deforestation and forest degradation they need secure ownership or management rights and the capacity to enforce regulations on the use of forest resources. To make the protection of forests more attractive than their destruction, the benefits from sustainable forest management (including direct benefits and government support) should exceed those from more destructive land uses. The Sustainable Forest and Biodiversity Management in Borneo (SFBMB) project, funded by the Asian Development Bank and implemented by the Republic of Indonesia s, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Directorate of Ecosystem Services on Conservation Areas (DESCA), established community forest management activities in two pilot sites Nanga Lauk Village Forest in West Kalimantan (NLVF; Figure 1), and Punan Adiu Customary Community Territory in North Kalimantan (PACT; Figure 2). Using examples from the two pilot sites, this briefing note will describe participatory approaches that were used to develop projects that will prevent deforestation and forest degradation, and benefit the local community. Full details and further information are available through the following links: Punan Adiu Customary Community Territory Nanga Lauk Village Forest 2

3 Figure 1 Location of Nanga Lauk Village Forest (Hutan Desa Nanga Lauk) within West Kalimantan Province 3

4 Figure 2 Location of Punan Adiu Community Customary Territory (Wilayah Adat Masyarakat Punan Adiu) within North Kalimantan Province 4

5 Community-led design At the SFBMB project sites, a community-led and participatory design approach was followed that involved communities at the pilot sites in: i) the identification of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation; ii) gathering information on socio-economic conditions in the villages to develop ideas for appropriate activities to address the drivers identified; and iii) planning forest protection and livelihood activities. Following this approach enabled the development of forest protection activities to address site specific drivers of deforestation and forest degradation and livelihood activities that the communities were interested in pursuing. The approach also resulted in a strong sense of community ownership of the projects. Understanding drivers of deforestation and forest degradation A problem tree analysis was used to facilitate discussion of the causes and consequences of deforestation and forest degradation in the participating communities. The development of problem trees that were agreed by the community groups enabled clear links to be made between proposed activities and their expected impacts on deforestation and forest degradation. The problem trees developed for 1,430 ha of peat swamp and riverine forest in NLVF, and 17,415 ha of dipterocarp forest in PACT, were used to identify the following priority actions to prevent deforestation and forest degradation: Punan Adiu Customary Community Territory (PACT) Further solidify the legal rights to managing their customary territory; Develop and implement village regulations and sustainable forest and biodiversity management plans for the PACT; Prevent logging, mining and oil palm expansion within the PACT; Reduce wildlife poaching and unsanctioned timber and NTFP extraction and land conversions within the PACT; and Increase income from activities that do not result in deforestation and forest degradation. Nanga Lauk Village Forest (NLVF) Negotiate with MoEF to grant permits for carbon and ecosystems services for NLVF to the community; Develop village regulations on sustainable forest resource use; Mark the boundaries of the village forest and carry out patrols to deter and detect unsanctioned use; Implement sustainable forest management plans; Plant nectar producing trees to encourage honey production, and trees that can provide timber and NTFPs within NLVF; and Increase income from activities that contribute to forest protection. 5

6 Understanding socio-economic conditions To further refine and develop the priority actions, and to ensure that proposed activities were suited to the socio-economic conditions at the pilot sites and that the communities were supportive of their implementation, a village survey was conducted at both sites. The village survey made use of a combination of individual household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews to describe: Demographics; Livelihood activities and opportunities; Income; Cultural and religious context; Assets and poverty status; and Land tenure. Analysis of remote sensing data, participatory mapping, and analysis of existing maps and data was also carried out to describe land use and land cover in the project areas. Participatory land use maps for the pilot sites are shown in Figures 3 and 4. 6

7 Briefing Note 1: Protecting forests and improving livelihoods Figure 3 Participatory land use map produced by members of Nanga Lauk Community. Key: Tikung, Lalau = Accessible forest areas used for honey production (tikung) and harvesting (lalau), harvesting timber for tikung production, and rattan; Hutan Sekunder, Lalau, Rotan = Forest previously logged by timber company, now used for timber harvesting for local use, and rattan harvesting; Ladang, Kebun, Pemuda = Areas close to rivers and streams used for food production, rubber plantations, timber harvesting and NTFP collection; Keringu, Ikan = Small lakes used for fishing; Danau = Lake used for fishing and honey production (tikung) in submerged trees. 7

8 Figure 4 Participatory land use map produced by members of Punan Adiu community. Key: Ladang, Kebun dan Jakau = Area used for shifting cultivation comprised of a mosaic of open fields, fallow areas, and tree plantations; Melu' Tanoq dan Gaharu = Investment forest and Agarwood Tano Jakah = Degraded forest used for hunting, fishing and NTFP collection; Tano Legaman = Primary forest used for hunting fishing and NTFP collection. 8

9 Participatory planning Using the priority actions identified from the problem tree analysis, and drawing on information from the village survey and mapping activities, lists of potential forest protection and livelihood activities were developed with input from forest management and livelihood specialists and the communities themselves. These activity lists were discussed and refined over a period of months of working with the community groups to produce a suite of activities that would work in combination to: Reduce deforestation and forest degradation; and Improve community livelihoods These activities were developed into management plans and financial plans for each of the pilot sites. Organisational structures for forest management groups within each of the villages were also developed (see Figures 5 and 6). Naga Lauk Village Government Advisory Body Naga Lauk Village Forest Management Institution (LPHD-NL) Chairperson Secretary Treasurer Institution and Human Resources Strengthening Protection and Monitoring Forest Utilization and Business Development Patrol Group Forest Rehabilitation Group Rattan & Bamboo Group Ecotourism Group Honey Group Rubber Group Figure 5 Organisational structure for Nanga Lauk Village Forest Management Institution 9

10 Briefing Note 1: Protecting forests and improving livelihoods Oversight Body Punan Long Adiu Customary Institution Punan Long Adiu Customary Teritory Management Body (BPWA-PLA) Chairperson Secretary Patrol Water Treasurer Rattan Fish Farming Timber & NTFP Cultivation Ecotourism Development Figure 6 Organisational structure for Punan Long Adiu Customary Territory Management Body 10

11 Forest protection activities The activities designed by communities at the pilot sites, that were needed to secure management rights and effectively protect the forest from deforestation and forest degradation, are summarised below. It is expected that if all of these activities are effectively implemented, they will enable the communities to prevent deforestation and forest degradation within the project areas. Project activity Securing rights and strengthening the forest management institutions Punan Adiu Customary Community Territory (PACT) Obtain legal stipulation of customary territory as customary forest and inclusion into forest area map Obtain permits/licenses for forest utilization Nanga Lauk Village Forest (NLVF) Extend the area of the village forest Obtain permits and licenses for forest utilization and business operations Elaborate management plans Equip LPHD office and learning centre Train LPHD members on business management Monitor and evaluate LPHD functioning Forest protection and monitoring Customary territory boundary marking and installation of information boards Training on forest patrol and monitoring Forest patrol and monitoring activities Develop village regulations Protected forest boundary marking Training on forest patrol and monitoring Forest patrol and monitoring activities 11

12 Livelihood activities Activities designed to increase income from sustainable forest management at the two pilot sites are summarised below. If these activities are successfully implemented, they are expected to provide sustainable sources of income that will help to incentivise the long-term protection and management of forest in the project areas. Punan Adiu Customary Community Territory (PACT) Support for accessing clean drinking water and establishment of fish farming Construction of buildings for use as patrol houses and homestays, including improvement to kitchen and sanitary facilities Support of ecotourism business Development of plantations, including agarwood (Gaharu), and ironwood (Ulin) Support to timber and non-timber forest product businesses Nanga Lauk Village Forest (NLVF) General business skills development and support to business development in timber and non-timber forest products, including rubber, honey, rattan and bamboo Renovation of library facilities and development of activities such as children s competitions Improvement of community houses for use as homestays for tourists, including improvement to kitchen and sanitary facilities Development of wildlife observation tracks, and provision of ecotourism facilities (wildlife observation kits, canoe, life jackets, shelter area) Support, training and exchange visits with Tanjan Puting National Park to facilitate development of ecotourism businesses Benefit sharing Management plans for the pilot sites include full costing of the forest protection and livelihood activities over an initial 5-year project period. These financial plans were used to describe how any income received for the project from the sale of emission reductions certificates, payments for ecosystem services, or from donor finance, would be divided among the different activity groups. In the development of activities, efforts were made to include activities that appealed to as many different socio-economic groups present within the villages as possible, and to make sure that women and marginalised groups would benefit from the activities. A proportion of the management costs at each site is also allocated to a project coordinator organisation that will have responsibility for facilitating all project activities. The project coordinator for Punan Long Adiu is the Malinau based NGO Lembaga Pemerhati dan Pemberdayaan Dayak Punan Malinau (LP3M), and for Nanga Lauk is PRCF-Indonesia ( 12

13 The distribution of management costs among the different groups in the two villages is described in Figures 7 and 8. It was agreed at both sites, that any income generated that exceeded that needed to cover the management costs would be held in a fund managed by the forest management institution, to be used to support long-term forest protection and village development activities. 5% Project coordinator 5% Forest patrol group 10% 5% 40% Forest rehabilitation group LPHD Forest honey group Rattan and bamboo group Ecotourism group 15% Rubber group 15% Figure 7 Approximate allocation of project implementation and management costs for Nanga Lauk Village Forest 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% Project coordinator Forest patrol group Fish farming group 40% BPWA 9% Rattan group NTFP cultivation group Ecotourism group Water group 30% Figure 8 Approximate allocation of project implementation and management costs for Punan Long Adiu Customary Territory 13

14 Expected livelihood benefits The expected livelihood benefits from the projects are summarised below. Benefits Punan Adiu Customary Community Territory Nanga Lauk Village Forest Food and agriculture Reduced pressure on wild pig populations and nontimber forest products through planned quotas and harvests. Continued availability of fishing through establishment of no-catch zones during breeding times. Incomes Additional household incomes from: - payments for forest patrolling. - participation in cultivation groups and ecotourism activities. Ecosystem services Stream flow regulation, soil and water conservation, and habitat and biodiversity safeguarded by extraction quotas. Energy Supply of fuel wood is maintained through planting small, short-rotation woodlots. Timber & NTFPs A sustainable supply of non-timber forest products, and wood for building materials and tikung construction is maintained. In Punan Adiu, the village will also have access to timber, resin and fruits both for their own consumption and to sell. Tenure security and use rights Now recognised as Customary Forest (hutan adat). Community is in the process of securing secured full management right and licenses to ecosystem services, for a renewable period of 30 years. Management rights maintained through recognition as a hutan desa. Community secured licenses to utilise ecosystem services derived from the village forest for a renewable period of 35 years. 14

15 Briefing Note 1: Protecting forests and improving livelihoods Conclusion Experience at the pilot sites demonstrated the importance of securing management rights for communities to fully engage in, and benefit from, sustainable forest management activities. The community led-design approaches and benefit sharing mechanisms developed at these sites can be adapted and applied by communities throughout the Heart of Borneo, helping to realise the potential for effective community forest management to contribute to efforts to reduce deforestation and forest degradation. 15

16 The SFBMB project ran from September 2015 to February These briefing notes and an overall summary have been produced to celebrate the achievements of and share lessons from the project: Briefing Note 1: Protecting forests and improving livelihoods Briefing Note 2: Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation Briefing Note 3: Conserving Biodiversity Sustainable forest and biodiversity management in Borneo - a summary Photograph Credits: Photos used within this document are SFBMB project photographs unless otherwise stated. SFBMB project team members and SFBMB project photographer Reza Marlon are credited for project photographs. LTS Limited International (UK) Pentlands Science Park Bush Loan. Penicuik. Nr. Edinburgh EH26 0PL Scotland Tel: (+44) Fax: (+44) mail@ltsi.co.uk Daemeter Consulting Jl. Tangkuban Perahu 1 Taman Kencana Bogor, Jawa Barat Tel./Fax: info@daemeter.org