I-2. Priority activities identified by your country not listed in the expanded programme of work administration, research and human resources

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1 CBD Part A: Indicators at National Level Criterion 1: Enabling Conditions for Sustainable Forest Management I. General Indicator 1 Existence of laws, policies and regulations I-1. Review expanded programme of work annexed to Decision VI/22 and identified national priorities (Paragraph 11) Indicator 2 Amount of direct investment and reinvestment of management, I-2. Priority activities identified by your country not listed in the expanded programme of work administration, research and human resources annexed to Decision VI/22 (Paragraph 11) Indicator 3 Existence of economic instruments and other incentives I-3. Incorporate priority actions identified from the expanded programme of work into national biodiversity strategy and action plan, and/or national forest programme (Paragraph 28) ITTO Criteria Cr1-1 COMMENTS Indicator 4 Institutions supporting sustainable forest management I-4. Allocation financial resources for the implementation of the priority activities identified in the Cr1-2 expanded programme of work (Paragraph 17) Indicator 5 Personnel involved in forest management I-5. Work with any regional or international organizations in the implementation of international Cr1-4 and regional actions of the expanded programme of work (Paragraph 20) Indicator 6 Existence and application of appropriate technology and efficient processing and utilisation of forest produce Indicator 7 Capacity and mechanisms for planning SFM and periodical monitoring, evaluation and feed-back I-6. I-7. Support to facilitate the international and regional actions identified in the expanded programme of work (Paragraph 15) Developing any type of collaboration with neighbouring countries for the conservation and sustainable use of transboundary forest ecosystems and/or populations (Paragraph 33) Cr Indicator 8 Public participation I-8. Fostering cooperation and synergy between the expanded programme of work under the -- Convention on Biological Diversity and the multi-year programme of work under the United Nations Forum on Forests (Paragraph 35)? Indicator 9 Adequacy and timeliness of information for public awareness I-9. Information about country's total area, total forested area, the main types of forest ecosystems, and if possible, the current area for each forest ecosystem type Cr2-1, 2 Criterion 2: Forest Resource Security II. Expanded Programme of Work on Forest Biological Diversity Indicator 1 Extent and percentage of land-use classes Programme Element 1: Conservation, Sustainable Use & Benefit-sharing Indicator 2 Extent and percentage of forest types II-10. Application of the ecosystem approach1 to forest management (Goal 1) Cr5 Indicator 3 External boundaries of permanent forest estate II-11. Indicate all guiding Principles2 that are unequivocally being considered for forest types in ecosystem approach Cr ?? Indicator 4 Conversion of permanent forest estate II-12. Identification of main threats to the conservation of forestry biodiversity. Cr3-1, 2 Indicator 5 Procedures to control encroachment, fire, grazing and illegal exploitation II-13. Reduction of threats and mitigate impacts of threatening processes on forest biodiversity (Goal 2) Cr2-5 Cr3-3, 4, 5 Cr5-6, 7, 8 Cr6-6, 7, 8 Criterion 3: Forest Ecosystem Health and Condition II-14. Identification of forest ecosystem types that merit protection based on their current Cr5-1, 2, 3, 4 extension, degree of fragmentation, or because of unique biological characteristics (Goal 3) Cr6? Principal 2: Management decentralized to the possible lowest level. Community level or forest authority level? Indicator 1 Damage by human activity in the year of reporting II-15. Country taking measures to protect forest biological diversity (Goal 3) Cr5-7, 8 Indicator 2 Forest damage from natural causes in the year of reporting II-16. Country identify forest ecosystem types that merit restoration based on their degree of Cr5-1, 2, 3, 4 current degradation and fragmentation, or because of unique biological characteristics Cr6? Indicator 3 Existence and implementation of quarantine and phytosanitary procedures II-17. Country takes measures to restore forest biological diversity (Goal3) Cr5-7, 8 Cr6-7, 8, 9 Indicator 4 Existence and implementation procedures to prevent harmful exotic plant and animal species II-18. Country identified forest ecosystem types in need for developing sustainable use practices Cr5-1, 2, 3, 4 Cr6? Indicator 5 Availability and implementation of use of chemical in forest and fire management II-19. Country promote activities leading to the sustainable use of forest biological diversity (Goal -- 4) Criterion 4: Flow of Forest Produce II-20. Country promote the access to forest genetic resources, and the sharing of benefits resulting from the utilization of forest genetic resources (Goal 5) Cr7-6? Indicator 1 Forest areas inventoried and surveyed Programme Element 2: Institutional and Socio-economic Enabling Environment

2 CBD Indicator 2 Level of sustainable harvest by forest types II-21. Country enhance institutional enabling environment for the conservation and sustainable use of forest biological diversity, including access and benefit-sharing (Goal 1) Cr1-3, 4 Indicator 3 Quantity of wood and non-wood forest products II-22. Country mitigate any existing socio-economic failures and/or distortions that may lead to Cr1-1 decisions resulting in the loss of forest biological diversity (Goal 2) Indicator 4 Forest management plans and forest harvesting plans II-23. Country increase public education, participation and awareness for the purpose of conservation and sustainable use of forest biological diversity (Goal 3) Cr1-8, 9 Indicator 5 Extent and percentage of production forest covered by management Programme Element 3: Knowledge, Assessment and Monitoring Indicator 6 Existence of long-term projections, strategies and plans for production II-24. Country develop forest classification systems and maps (by using agreed international Cr2 standards) in order to improve the assessment of the status and trends of forest biological diversity as a function of degree of forest cover and representativeness of forest ecosystem type (Goal 1) Indicator 7 Availability of historical records on the extent, nature & management of forest II-25. Country carried out assessments of the status and trends of forest biological diversity Cr5-3, 4, 5 Indicator 8 Availability and implementation of management guidelines for main & nonwood forest products to be harvested II-26. Country improve its current knowledge base for the assessment of the status and trends of Cr1-7 forest biological diversity through the development, testing, and implementation of criteria and indicators within the framework of sustainable forest management (Goal 2) Indicator 9 Availability and implementation of procedures to monitor and review management guidelines II-27. Country (including the cooperation of international research institutions) research towards the understanding of the role of forest biodiversity on ecosystem functioning11(goal 3) -- Indicator 10 Availability and implementation of guidelines for reduced/low impact logging to minimise damage II-28. Country work on developing a national infrastructure for data and information management for the assessment and monitoring of global forest biodiversity (Goal 4) Cr1-9 Indicator 11 Availability and implementation of monitor and evaluation procedures Indicator 12 Percentage of harvested area which implemented guidelines & conducted surveys Criterion 5: Biological Diversity Indicator 1 Protected Areas in IUCN Categories I-II & III-VI Indicator 2 Percentage of protected areas connected by biological corridors Indicator 3 Existence and implementation of procedures to identify endangered, rare and threatened species Indicator 4 Number of endangered forest-dependent species Indicator 5 Percentage of endangered species original range Indicator 6 Existence and implementation of strategies for in situ/ex situ conservation of genetic variation of species (commercial, endangered, rare and threatened) Indicator 7 Existence and implementation of management guidelines for protection of forests/species Indicator 8 Existence and implementation of procedures for assessing biological diversity changes of production forests Criterion 6: Soil and Water Indicator 1 Extent and percentage of total forest area managed primarily for the protection of soil and water Indicator 2 Extent and percentage of area defined, documented and protected of downstream catchment values Indicator 3 Extent and percentage of environmentally sensitive areas in forest areas to be harvested Indicator 4 Extent and percentage of drainage systems protection in forest areas to be harvested Indicator 5 Percentage of length of protective buffer strips

3 Indicator 6 Existence and implementation of procedures to identify & demarcate sensitive areas soil and water protection Indicator 7 Availability and implementation of forest road layout guidelines Indicator 8 Availability and implementation of harvesting procedures Indicator 9 Existence and implementation of water change monitor and evaluation Criterion 7: Economic, Social and Cultural Aspects Indicator 1 Value and Percentage Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Indicator 2 Quantity and value of forest products traded in the domestic and international markets Indicator 3 Quantity and value of forest products for subsistence use Indicator 4 Ratios of domestic log production to processing capacity of wood-based industries Indicator 5 Efficiency of utilisation in terms of the percentage of felled volume processed Indicator 6 Existence and implementation of mechanisms for the effective distribution of incentives and the fair equitable sharing of costs and benefits among the parties involved Indicator 7 Existence and implementation of procedures to ensure the health and safety of forest workers Indicator 8 Employment in forestry sector Indicator 9 Number and extent of forest sites available primarily for research, education, community-use and recreation Indicator 10 Number of people dependent on the forest for subsistence, traditional and customary lifestyles Indicator 11 Area of forest upon which people are dependent for subsistence, traditional and customary lifestyles Indicator 12 Number of visitors to forest for recreational purposes Indicator 13 Total amount of carbon stored in forest stands Indicator 14 Number of important archaeological and cultural sites identified, mapped and protected Indicator 15 Extent to which tenure and user rights over the forest are documented and recognised Indicator 16 Extent to which forest planning and management practices and processes consider and recognise legal or customary rights (local communities) CBD Indicator 17 Extent of participation by local communities in forest-based economic activities Indicator 18 Number of agreements involving local communities in co-management responsibility

4 FAO Part A: Indicators at National Level ITTO Criterion 1: Enabling Conditions for Sustainable Forest Management Rationale Criteria Indicator 1 Existence of laws, policies and regulations Common Common data items to be included for each global variable -- Indicator 2 Amount of direct investment and reinvestment of management, administration, research and human resources Land use Fundamental classification of land use, on which many of the other variables are based. Data reported also provides time series of area changes (cf Land use change variable) Cr2-1, 2, 3, 4 Indicator 3 Existence of economic instruments and other incentives Land use change matrix This is a further specification of the time series data provided Cr2-4 in the "Land use" variable - for the period Indicator 4 Institutions supporting sustainable forest management Ownership The proportion of forest under private and public ownership is important in policy contexts as they Cr4-1 often fall under different legislation. Indicator 5 Personnel involved in forest management Designation (i.e. area by -- Cr2-1, 2 management objective) COMMENTS Indicator 6 Existence and application of appropriate technology and efficient processing and utilisation of forest produce Forest Characteristics Forest characteristics is used to describe the biophysical properties of the forests, in relation to thecr2-4 "original" condition, ranging from near "natural" condition to intensively managed cultures of introduced species. Data reported also provides time series of area changes (cf Forest characteristics change variable) Indicator 7 Capacity and mechanisms for planning SFM and periodical monitoring, Further specification of time series data under "Forest characteristics" Cr2-4 evaluation and feed-back Indicator 8 Public participation Growing stock Growing stock is relevant primarily for evaluating productive functions of the forest, to determine Cr4-3 wood production potential. Indicator 9 Adequacy and timeliness of information for public awareness Biomass Changes in forest biomass is critical for reporting on climate change mitigation. Data items and methods for this variable should be harmonized with the requirements of the climate convention. Cr7-13 Criterion 2: Forest Resource Security Carbon stock Changes in carbon stock is critical for reporting on climate change mitigation. Data items and methods for this variable should be harmonized with the requirements of the climate convention. Variable is closely related to Biomass variable. Cr7-13 Indicator 1 Extent and percentage of land-use classes Fires and Pests Area damaged by fire/pest Cr3-2 Indicator 2 Extent and percentage of forest types Species occurrence The criterion on biological diversity is the most difficult to report on as very little comparable and systematic information is available. The number of species existing in different contexts are the only data items for which a wide coverage of data exists. Other variables related to biological diversity, such as within-species variation or landscape integrity, cannot be comprehensively reported at this time. Cr5-4, 5 Indicator 3 External boundaries of permanent forest estate Tree species abundance (exclude this due to lack of data?) Indicator 4 Conversion of permanent forest estate Wood supply balance -- Cr7-2, 3, 4, 5 Indicator 5 Procedures to control encroachment, fire, grazing and illegal exploitationnon-wood forest products supply Trends in delivery of NWFP are important to understand impact of land use changes for local populations. Qualitative classification is used because quantifications are scarce and difficult. Cr4-2, 3, Cr7-2, 3

5 Criterion 3: Forest Ecosystem Health and Condition Sites managed for social or cultural purposes (POSSIBLE??) FAO -- Cr7-9, 11, 14 Indicator 1 Damage by human activity in the year of reporting Indicator 2 Forest damage from natural causes in the year of reporting Indicator 3 Existence and implementation of quarantine and phytosanitary procedures Indicator 4 Existence and implementation procedures to prevent harmful exotic plant and animal species Indicator 5 Availability and implementation of use of chemical in forest and fire management Criterion 4: Flow of Forest Produce Indicator 1 Forest areas inventoried and surveyed Indicator 2 Level of sustainable harvest by forest types Indicator 3 Quantity of wood and non-wood forest products Indicator 4 Forest management plans and forest harvesting plans Indicator 5 Extent and percentage of production forest covered by management Indicator 6 Existence of long-term projections, strategies and plans for production Indicator 7 Availability of historical records on the extent, nature & management of forest Indicator 8 Availability and implementation of management guidelines for main & non-wood forest products to be harvested Indicator 9 Availability and implementation of procedures to monitor and review management guidelines Indicator 10 Availability and implementation of guidelines for reduced/low impact logging to minimise damage Indicator 11 Availability and implementation of monitor and evaluation procedures Value of primary production of wood Non-wood forest products supply Employment through primary activities in forests Illegal harvesting Value of primary production of wood (i.e. Value at "roadside") is essential to estimate the Cr7-2, 3, 4, contribution of forestry to the economy, and also to evaluate the productive function criterion. 5 Value of NWFP is often difficult to estimate as they are not always openly marketed, but for certaincr7-2, 3 products, the value is known and significant. It is important to include these in the estimations of forest products values. Cf also the NWFP supply variable. Employment related to productive/protective/recreational functions, other employment Cr7-8 The issue of illegal activities in the forest sector has been highlighted in recent years. Information is for obvious reasons scarce. However, with this first attempt to include "illegal harvests" in the global assessments, some steps may be taken towards more knowledge of the extent of the problem. It is expected that reported numbers will mainly be qualified guesses. Cr2-5 Cr3-1 Cr7-14 Indicator 12 Percentage of harvested area which implemented guidelines & conducted surveys Criterion 5: Biological Diversity Indicator 1 Protected Areas in IUCN Categories I-II & III-VI Indicator 2 Percentage of protected areas connected by biological corridors Indicator 3 Existence and implementation of procedures to identify endangered, rare and threatened species Indicator 4 Number of endangered forest-dependent species Indicator 5 Percentage of endangered species original range Indicator 6 Existence and implementation of strategies for in situ/ex situ conservation of genetic variation of species (commercial, endangered, rare and threatened) Indicator 7 Existence and implementation of management guidelines for protection of forests/species Indicator 8 Existence and implementation of procedures for assessing biological diversity changes of production forests

6 Criterion 6: Soil and Water Indicator 1 Extent and percentage of total forest area managed primarily for the protection of soil and water Indicator 2 Extent and percentage of area defined, documented and protected of downstream catchment values Indicator 3 Extent and percentage of environmentally sensitive areas in forest areas to be harvested Indicator 4 Extent and percentage of drainage systems protection in forest areas to be harvested Indicator 5 Percentage of length of protective buffer strips Indicator 6 Existence and implementation of procedures to identify & demarcate sensitive areas soil and water protection Indicator 7 Availability and implementation of forest road layout guidelines Indicator 8 Availability and implementation of harvesting procedures Indicator 9 Existence and implementation of water change monitor and evaluation FAO Criterion 7: Economic, Social and Cultural Aspects Indicator 1 Value and Percentage Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Indicator 2 Quantity and value of forest products traded in the domestic and international markets Indicator 3 Quantity and value of forest products for subsistence use Indicator 4 Ratios of domestic log production to processing capacity of wood-based industries Indicator 5 Efficiency of utilisation in terms of the percentage of felled volume processed Indicator 6 Existence and implementation of mechanisms for the effective distribution of incentives and the fair equitable sharing of costs and benefits among the parties involved Indicator 7 Existence and implementation of procedures to ensure the health and safety of forest workers Indicator 8 Employment in forestry sector Indicator 9 Number and extent of forest sites available primarily for research, education, community-use and recreation Indicator 10 Number of people dependent on the forest for subsistence, traditional and customary lifestyles Indicator 11 Area of forest upon which people are dependent for subsistence, traditional and customary lifestyles Indicator 12 Number of visitors to forest for recreational purposes Indicator 13 Total amount of carbon stored in forest stands Indicator 14 Number of important archaeological and cultural sites identified, mapped and protected Indicator 15 Extent to which tenure and user rights over the forest are documented and recognised Indicator 16 Extent to which forest planning and management practices and processes consider and recognise legal or customary rights (local communities) Indicator 17 Extent of participation by local communities in forest-based economic activities Indicator 18 Number of agreements involving local communities in co-management responsibility

7 UNFF Part A: Indicators at National Level Criterion 1: Enabling Conditions for Sustainable Forest Management Indicator 1 Existence of laws, policies and regulations 1. Please provide additional or new information on initiatives taken or lessons learned further to the information on forests included in your national reports to the Commission on Sustainable Development on the following points: ITTO Criteria Cr1-1 COMMENTS Indicator 2 Amount of direct investment and reinvestment of management, 1-1 assessment (including of the relevance, priority, status of implementation, planned actions) of the IPF/IFF proposals Cr1-1 administration, research and human resources for action in the national context Indicator 3 Existence of economic instruments and other incentives 1-2 development and implementation of your national forest programme or similar national policy framework for forests, Cr1-1 and Indicator 4 Institutions supporting sustainable forest management 1-3 mechanisms or initiatives to facilitate stakeholder participation in forest sector planning, decision-making and/or Cr7-6 forest management. Indicator 5 Personnel involved in forest management 2. Please provide information on: i) activities undertaken in your country, ii) progress made, iii) lessons learned, iv) constraints encountered (including those related to financing, transfer of environmentally sound technologies, and needs for capacity-building) and v) initiatives planned and vi) the role of enhanced cooperation and policy and programme coordination to facilitate progress in: Cr1 Indicator 6 Existence and application of appropriate technology and efficient processing and utilisation of forest produce Indicator 7 Capacity and mechanisms for planning SFM and periodical monitoring, evaluation and feed-back Indicator 8 Public participation 2-1 valuation of forest goods and services (this may include, among other things, the development and use of new valuation methodologies, valuation of a wider range of goods and services, and policy decisions that reflect a more comprehensive assessment of forest values) 2-2 the amount, scope, or quality of market data and information for wood and non-wood forest products and their substitutes 2-3 use of economic and policy instruments to facilitate progress toward sustainable forest management (these may include improved tax policies and forest revenue collection systems) Indicator 9 Adequacy and timeliness of information for public awareness 3. Please provide information on i) initiatives taken, ii) progress made, iii) lessons learned, iv) constraints encountered (including those related to financing, transfer of environmentally sound technologies, and needs for capacity-building) and v) initiatives planned, and vi) the role of enhanced cooperation and policy and programme coordination to facilitate progress Criterion 2: Forest Resource Security 3-1 efforts to reduce negative impacts of trade -- Indicator 1 Extent and percentage of land-use classes 3-2 participation in forest certification and labeling schemes and work toward mutual recognition and comparability of -- such schemes Indicator 2 Extent and percentage of forest types 3-3 efforts to reduce illegal trade (exports from or imports into your country) in wood or non-wood forest products -- Cr7-2 Cr7-3 Cr1-3 Indicator 3 External boundaries of permanent forest estate 4. If damage to forests from air pollution is a significant problem in your country, please provide information on recent national strategies or programmes to minimize damaging air pollution. Please indicate if your country is involved in any international cooperation efforts aimed at strengthening scientific knowledge, increasing information access or Cr3-1 reducing the impacts of long-range air pollution on forests, as well as your views on the role of enhanced cooperation at the regional and international levels to facilitate such work. Indicator 4 Conversion of permanent forest estate 5. Please indicate progress made and lessons learned in efforts to harmonize or to make compatible policy frameworkscr1-1 in your country (e.g. national forest programme or a similar policy framework for forests, biodiversity strategies and action plans, national action plans to combat desertification, etc.) that collectively address the full range of forest values.

8 UNFF Indicator 5 Procedures to control encroachment, fire, grazing and illegal exploitation 6. Please provide information on recent efforts to assess long-term trends in national supply and demand for wood, noncr4-6 wood forest products and services and whether your country's national forest programme or similar policy framework for forests takes into consideration future needs for forest goods and services. Please provide views on how enhanced cooperation at the regional and international levels, including through UNFF, could further facilitate implementation of the IPF/IFF proposals for action. Criterion 3: Forest Ecosystem Health and Condition 7. Please provide any additional relevant information on the implementation of proposals for action or emerging issues Cr3 related to: i) economic aspects of forests, ii) forest health and productivity, or iii) maintaining forest cover to meet Cr7 present and future needs. Indicator 1 Damage by human activity in the year of reporting 8. Describe the process of preparing this report, including which government agencies and stakeholder groups were -- involved, and the extent to which they contributed. Provide information on challenges encountered and lessons learned in the preparation of this report. Indicator 2 Forest damage from natural causes in the year of reporting Indicator 3 Existence and implementation of quarantine and phytosanitary procedures Indicator 4 Existence and implementation procedures to prevent harmful exotic plant and animal species Indicator 5 Availability and implementation of use of chemical in forest and fire management Criterion 4: Flow of Forest Produce Indicator 1 Forest areas inventoried and surveyed Indicator 2 Level of sustainable harvest by forest types Indicator 3 Quantity of wood and non-wood forest products Indicator 4 Forest management plans and forest harvesting plans Indicator 5 Extent and percentage of production forest covered by management Indicator 6 Existence of long-term projections, strategies and plans for production Indicator 7 Availability of historical records on the extent, nature & management of forest Indicator 8 Availability and implementation of management guidelines for main & nonwood forest products to be harvested Indicator 9 Availability and implementation of procedures to monitor and review management guidelines Indicator 10 Availability and implementation of guidelines for reduced/low impact logging to minimise damage Indicator 11 Availability and implementation of monitor and evaluation procedures Indicator 12 Percentage of harvested area which implemented guidelines & conducted surveys

9 Criterion 5: Biological Diversity Indicator 1 Protected Areas in IUCN Categories I-II & III-VI Indicator 2 Percentage of protected areas connected by biological corridors Indicator 3 Existence and implementation of procedures to identify endangered, rare and threatened species Indicator 4 Number of endangered forest-dependent species Indicator 5 Percentage of endangered species original range Indicator 6 Existence and implementation of strategies for in situ/ex situ conservation of genetic variation of species (commercial, endangered, rare and threatened) Indicator 7 Existence and implementation of management guidelines for protection of forests/species Indicator 8 Existence and implementation of procedures for assessing biological diversity changes of production forests Criterion 6: Soil and Water Indicator 1 Extent and percentage of total forest area managed primarily for the protection of soil and water Indicator 2 Extent and percentage of area defined, documented and protected of downstream catchment values Indicator 3 Extent and percentage of environmentally sensitive areas in forest areas to be harvested Indicator 4 Extent and percentage of drainage systems protection in forest areas to be harvested Indicator 5 Percentage of length of protective buffer strips Indicator 6 Existence and implementation of procedures to identify & demarcate sensitive areas soil and water protection Indicator 7 Availability and implementation of forest road layout guidelines Indicator 8 Availability and implementation of harvesting procedures Indicator 9 Existence and implementation of water change monitor and evaluation UNFF Criterion 7: Economic, Social and Cultural Aspects Indicator 1 Value and Percentage Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Indicator 2 Quantity and value of forest products traded in the domestic and international markets Indicator 3 Quantity and value of forest products for subsistence use Indicator 4 Ratios of domestic log production to processing capacity of wood-based industries Indicator 5 Efficiency of utilisation in terms of the percentage of felled volume processed Indicator 6 Existence and implementation of mechanisms for the effective distribution of incentives and the fair equitable sharing of costs and benefits among the parties involved Indicator 7 Existence and implementation of procedures to ensure the health and safety of forest workers Indicator 8 Employment in forestry sector Indicator 9 Number and extent of forest sites available primarily for research, education, community-use and recreation Indicator 10 Number of people dependent on the forest for subsistence, traditional and customary lifestyles Indicator 11 Area of forest upon which people are dependent for subsistence, traditiona and customary lifestyles Indicator 12 Number of visitors to forest for recreational purposes Indicator 13 Total amount of carbon stored in forest stands

10 Indicator 14 Number of important archaeological and cultural sites identified, mapped and protected Indicator 15 Extent to which tenure and user rights over the forest are documented and recognised Indicator 16 Extent to which forest planning and management practices and processes consider and recognise legal or customary rights (local communities) UNFF Indicator 17 Extent of participation by local communities in forest-based economic activities Indicator 18 Number of agreements involving local communities in co-management responsibility