Nuevos sistemas de conducción y fruticultura de precisión en Europa

Transcription

1 Nuevos sistemas de conducción y fruticultura de precisión en Europa Alberto Dorigoni, Fondation Edmund Mach, Italy alberto.dorigoni@fmach.it

2 Main apple growing regions

3 STUDYING TREE ARCHITECTURE Multi-leader FRUIT WALL TRADITIONAL 2.5 m 2.5 m 2.5 m 2.5 m 4.0 m 4.0 m 4.0 m

4 Starting from the Netherlands in 1968 there was in Europe the first major shift in tree architecture from: 3D giants to spindle/m9

5 In the last 40 years, thanks to this change in architecture to spindle yields have grown from 30 to about 70 tons/ha Now the main goal is to increase economic and ecologic sustainability of the apple industry by: 1. Cutting down costs (input of chemicals and labour) while keeping these high yelds 2. Moving towards more environmental benign techniques (less chemicals) More yield with less input Can this be achieved by just changing again tree architecture?

6 Tree architecture today in a standard orchard in S. Tyrol (Italy) Nothing has changed in almost 50 years!

7 Second shift: the fruit walls ( )? Need for great control of vigour and plasticity Multi-leader training is a strong tool to achieve vigour control

8 The first attempt to form a fruiting wall occurred in France around 1990 Minimal hand pruning Cahotic structure

9 Scheme of tree architecture Spindle canopy secondary structure fruiting wood (spurs, brindilla, etc.) Ideal Fruit wall P R I M A R Y S. T R P R I M A R Y S T R P R I M A R Y S T R P R I M A R Y S T R Progressive (quantitative)

10 CENTRIFUGAL CENTRIPETAL Two opposite schools of thought Secondary structure Primary structure

11 CENTRIFUGAL effect of long pruning

12 CENTRIFUGAL effect of long pruning (Chile) 200cm 150cm 100cm 50cm

13 In both training systems the structural wood is absent. CENTRIPETAL VERTICAL HORIZONTAL Fuji ML trained (IT) Photo Craig Hornblow New Zealand

14 Apple tree plasticity Shape and size of propagated trees are both under major control of the environment (cultural techniques) How can we build a short fruit wall and get rid of structural wood (secondary structure)? There are several tools that can be used: 1) Increasing the number of leaders from 1 to 2 or more 2) Short pruning instead of long pruning (not alone!) 3) Replacing dormant pruning with Lorette and postharvest cuts 4) Make use of mechanical pruning to shape trees 5) Standard growth control (root pruning, PGRs, etc.)

15 1)Increasing the number of leaders (Bibaum and multi-leader trees)

16 Multi-leader trees are receiving positive evaluation all over the World China Catalunya Morocco Australia Chile U.S.A. (West) U.S.A. (East) New Zealand

17 Spindle Bibaum (2-stemmed trees) Bibaum planting tend to form naturally a Fruiting wall

18 A 4 leader Pink Lady at 2.0 m between trees

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20 Shoot number distribution at different tree heights (Gala - V. Adige, 2012) a 120 a b a b b ab 20 0 c b a a c 1 leader 2 leaders 3 leaders 4 leaders n. of branches (2-3m) n. of branches (1-2m) n. of branches (0-1m)

21 Branch length distribution at different tree heights (Golden - V. Adige) 4 leaders 3 leaders 2 leaders 1 leader leader 2 leaders 3 leaders 4 leaders branch length at 2-3 m branch length at 1-2 m branch length at 0-1 m branch length (cm)

22 TSA of each leader in spindle and multi-leader trees after 7 years Fuji trained with 1-6 leaders 120,0 100,0 80,0 TSA (cm 2 ) 60,0 40,0 y = 139,19e -0,3361x R 2 = 0, ,0 0,0 1 leader 2 leaders 3 leader 4 leaders 6 leader 8 leaders

23 Increasing the n. of leaders is a powerful tool for building a fruit wall 1) By building more than 1 central leader as the only structural wood, vigour is diverted to form a more compex primary structure (more leaders = more dwarfing) 2) Bibaum and ML trees tend to form naturally a fruit wall, with little or no secondary structure, flat and with no gaps Vigour-wise, increasing the n. of axes looks like shifting progressively to more dwarfing rootstocks N. of leaders: additional variable for chosing the right system in new plantings (beside cv, rootstock and spacing)

24 Standard free-standing MM 106 at 4 m between rows 4.5m 2.5m 4.0m

25 Golden / MM106 at the end of 6 th leaf spindle 2 leaders (Bibaum) 4.0 m

26 A 3 and 4 leader tree of Golden / MM106 at the end of 6 th leaf

27 A 6 leader tree of Golden / MM106 at the end of 6 th leaf 2.4 m

28 8 leader MM 106 at 3 m between rows 3.4 m 0.8m 3.0 m

29 Fuji trained with Spindle / long pruning secondary structure + bearing wood 1.25m 1.5m 1.25m 4.0m

30 Multi-leader fruit wall of Gala bearing wood 0.4m 0.4m 1.7m 2.5m

31 Yield of a spindle and of a 2 leader tree spindle height 2 leader tree 2-3 m 1-2 m 0-1 m

32 Yield of Fuji spindle trained and 2 leader trained Fruit color distribution in 2 orchards trained spindle and Bibaum % fruits in color classes % 20-50% 50-80% % FERRARA Bibaum FERRARA Spindle LUGO Bibaum LUGO Spindle

33 Yield of a semi-pedestrian 8-leader Fuji orchard at 2.75 m between rows (52 kg from 238 apples in the 6 leaf)

34 Tall fruit wall of Golden Delicious (4 leaders) n. trees/ha 1800 fruits/tree 248 kg/tree 64 tons/ha 122 fruit weight (g) 261

35 Tall fruit wall of Bibaum of Gala n. trees/ha 2600 fruits/tree 196 kg/tree 39 tons/ha 103 fruit weight (g) 202 red overcolor % 95

36 Tall fruit wall of Pink Lady n. trees/ha 3070 fruits/tree 294 kg/tree 61 fruit weight (g) 211 red overcolor % 74

37 80 Yield of semi-pedestrian Gala planted in leaders at 2.5x1.2m - 4 leaders at 2.5x1.6m (3333 trees/ha) (2500 trees/ha) a 70 b 60 a yield (tons/ha) a a b b 20 b leaders leaders

38 Yield of semi-pedestrian Fuji planted in leaders at 2.5x1.2m - 4 leaders at 2.5x1.6m 120 n.s. 100 yield (tons/ha) a n.s. a b 20 b leaders leaders

39 2 and 4 leader semi-pedestrian Fuji at 2.5 m between rows, 5 leaf Treatm. tons/ha kg/tree fruit/tr ee fruit weight (g) fruit size (mm) 2 leaders leaders

40 4 leaders Gala 3 years old - Spacing: 2.25 m between rows

41 2 and 4 leader semi-pedestrian Golden Delicious at 2.5 m between rows, 5 leaf Treatm. tons/ha kg/tree fruit/tree fruit weight (g) fruit size (mm) 2 leaders leaders

42 4 leaders Fuji 3 years old - Spacing: 2.25 m between rows

43 Harvest hourly output with long and short pruning S. Giusto farm - Friuli kg harvested / hour August September October 2005 long pruning conversion short pruning

44 Hand labour needed to fill the allotted space (year 1-3) and to manage the trees when fully grown pre-formed trees completed in the field trees Year spindle trees 2560 Bibaum trees axes trees axes trees (=2860 leaders) (=5120 leaders) (=5550 leaders (=7280 leaders Tree spacing 3,5 x 1,0 m 3,25 x 1,2 3,0 x 1,8 m 2,75 x 2,0 N. of wires Binding of leaders Limb bending Summer pruning Total (3 years) Adult trees 2860 spindle trees 2560 Bibaum trees axes trees axes trees (=2860 leaders) (=5120 leaders) (=5550 leaders (=7280 leaders Pruning % Hand thinning % Harvest (70 tons) % %

45 Pruning pedestrian ML fruit walls of Gala compared to standard Pedestrian (2.5 x 1.6 m) Date Intervention hours/ha % 22/05/2015 mech. Pruning 3 22/05/2015 hand pruning 15 30/06/2015 hand pruning summer 07/09/2015 mech. Pruning 3 07/09/2015 hand pruning 11 25/01/2016 hand pruning winter Total 65 Standard (3.5 x 1 m) Date Intervention hours/ha 22/01/2016 hand pruning winter Total 85

46 Shaping the tree

47 Fuji, November 2007, Latisana

48 Fuji, November 2007, Latisana Before pruning After pruning

49 Fuji, September 2011, Latisana

50 Rosy Glow triasse, 1/1/2008, Latisana

51 Rosy Glow triasse in sesta foglia, potato a macchina (3.3x1.8m - Friuli)

52 3 and 4 leader Golden / M9 at the end of 6 th leaf 4 leader 3 leader

53 A 4 leader tree of Fuji at the end of 3 rd leaf

54 A 6 leader tree of Fuji at the end of 3 rd leaf

55 A 8 leader tree of Fuji at the end of 3 rd leaf

56 A 6 leader tree of Fuji at the end of 7 th leaf

57 A 8 leader tree of Fuji at the end of 7 th leaf

58 2) Short pruning

59 CENTRIFUGAL effect of long pruning (Chile) 200cm 150cm 100cm 50cm

60 CENTRIFUGAL effect of long pruning (II leaf) (flower buds at cm) 20cm 40cm 60cm 80cm 100cm 120cm

61 CENTRIPETAL effect of short summer pruning (I leaf, Fuji) 1 year old Fuji pruned in June (V. Non, Italy 27/9/13) Flower buds a 15-40cm 40cm 30cm 20cm 10cm June cut Flower buds

62 3) Replacing winter pruning with summer pruning

63 Lorette pear trees (1919) S. Maria pear reaction after June cut (2013)

64 De-constructing effect of early June pruning Principle: divert sap towards fruits and buds at the expense of new unnecessary growth and direct light into the canopy Pruning can be done by hand or by machine Lorette as well as other forms of non-dormant pruning helps de-structuring canopies: getting rid of old structural wood and turning it back into bearing wood

65 MECHANICAL PRUNING of 4 leader pedestrian orchard at 2.5 m between rows (May 22/2015)

66 Ultra-narrow training: From multi-leaders to Guyot

67 Who needs big trees? Bonsai training: small tree & Big apple(s)

68 Guyot training: beyond the permanent multi-leader The geometry of trees is rotated of 90 Secondary structure: upright semi-permanent branches (suckers/leaders) primary structure: 1 or 2 semi-horizontal stems 2 year old double Guyot of Gala

69 In spindle training we have tools for controlling vigour Heading back the top Snake shaping Scaffold (robust basal branches) Side effects: Widening of tree canopy Shading of the lower part and poor light interception Complex and messy structure Note: These are tools not goals!

70 The standard tools for controlling vigour (basal branches, S shape and heading back the top) are useless in Guyot training n. trees/ha 2000 fruits/tree 50 kg/tree 12 tons/ha 24 fruit weight (g) 243 red overcolor % 96

71 April 2015 Planting at 2m between rows (2000 Bibaum /ha) April 2015: Bending the main stems to the horizontal

72 Same trees of Fuji. Weed control: only mechanical n. trees/ha 1792 fruits/tree 33 kg/tree 11.2 tons/ha 19.5 fruit weight (g) 336 red overcolor % 79

73 Short trees of double Guyot of Golden at 2.2 m between rows Weed control: only mechanical

74 Machines can pass even with 2 meters between the rows. In Europe bins are square 114cm wide

75 Precision horticulture (P.H.) P.H. (Pierce and Nowak, 1999): The application of technologies and principles to manage spatial and temporal variability associated with all aspects of agricultural production for the purpose of improving crop performance and environmental quality. In a standard system, the ample orchard variability in the parts of the canopy and in the distribution of the fruit load requires monitoring, analysing orchard information (georeferencing and geostatistical analysis) and decision support system (DSS) to reduce input of chemicals and labour.

76 Precision Horticulture and Variable Rate Technology (VRT) 5 fruits*5 wires*8 leaders* 1850 trees*0.19kg= 70 tons

77 Tree training and P.H. It is more simple to adapt (shape) trees to mechanization than to adapt machines to trees provided the adaptation process does not contrast to plant physiology (is vertical 2D multi-leader physiologically sustainable?).

78 Precision horticulture and multi-leader training ML trees are suitable to segmentation (examples of how to achieve 70 tons/ha) n. leaders distance between leaders row spacing n. leaders/ ha n. trees /ha tree height (m) height /row spacing n. apples /ha n. apples /leader n. apples /leader /m n. apples /leader /wire 1 0,70 3, ,50 1, ,0 2 0,50 3, ,50 1, ,6 3 0,50 3, ,25 1, ,5 4 0,40 2, ,00 1, ,7 6 0,35 2, ,00 1, ,8 8 0,30 2, ,00 1, ,0 12 0,25 2, ,50 1, ,2

79 Precision horticulture: multi-leader trees are suitable to segmentation height (m) 3,0 5 fruits*5 wires*8 leaders* 1543 trees*0.19kg= 70 tons/ha wire 5 2,5 wire 4 2,0 wire 3 1,5 wire 2 1,0 wire 1 0,5 0,0

80 Crop control Before pruning: 16 clusters After pruning: 8 clusters 0.5 m

81 Crop control Before thinning: 30 apples After thinning: 7 apples 0.5 m

82 Before and after thinning to 8 fruits/ml

83 Pedestrian multi-leader Fuji orchard at 1 m from Davor Baum (3 leaf)

84 Double rows of double Guyot in the second leaf ( m btw. rows)

85 Guyot in the first leaf near General Rocha (2.35m between rows)

86 Conclusions After 50 years of single leader training (spindle, solaxe) preformed MLT is an option that can alter fruit tree architecture. MLT productivity and quality is as good or better than the best spindle trained orchards. Its management is much simpler for the grower and projected toward the future. Multi-leader requires more care in the training phase, but much less labour for the entire life of the orchard. New techniques are made possible by pedestrian fruit walls, including mechanization, microclimatic modification trough anti-rain nets and multi-task microsprayers on the canopy.

87 Thanks to: Franco Micheli and Piero Malfatti, who run the 2 experimental farms (Maso Part in valle dell Adige and Maso Maiano in valle di Non), the staff of the two Masi Daniel Bondesan and Claudio Rizzi for the efficacy study on tunnels and fixed spraying systems Luisa Mattedi for the pest control in the new orchard system The meteo staff for the microclimatic data Boscato Reti s.r.l. and Keep In Touch system for the AltCarpò and the anti-rain nets Bertoni and Lochman for the tunnel sprayers Poppi and Netafim for the fixed spraying systems on the canopy FAMA for the window pruning machine Agri Com for the support in any mechanization Anselmi Brothers for the AltCarpò net movimentation Agricenter for the tools for alternative weed control Mingozzi for the support in the alternative weed control trough fire

88 Thank you for your attention!