structural and functional variety of life forms at genetic, population, community, and ecosystem levels

Transcription

1 Lecture 5, 8 Sept 2009 Biodiversity 506 meet 9am Wed in BSE129 Conservation Biology ECOL 406R/506R University of Arizona Fall 2009 Kevin Bonine Mary Jane Epps Biodiversity Readings Primack Ch2, Myers et al Primack Ch3 Costanza et al Driessen 2004 Primack Ch4 2 nd Lab Friday 11 Sept 1pm northwest corner BSE 1 Biodiversity (Biological Diversity) structural and functional variety of life forms at genetic, population, community, and ecosystem levels 3 1

2 4 Evolution of Life on Earth Miller

3 Miller 2003 Major Extinction Events 6 Groom et al

4 Adaptive Radiation Miller

5 (2003) 328 as of Sept United States Group Endangered Threatened Total Listings Mammals Birds September 2007 Reptiles Amphibians Fishes Clams Snails Insects Arachnids Crustaceans Corals Animal Subtotal Flowering Plants Conifers and Cycads Ferns and Allies Lichens Plant Subtotal Grand Total

6 Hawaiian Endangered Species Unfortunately, Hawai i has the highest number of listed threatened and endangered species in the nation. There are 394 threatened and endangered species in the State of Hawai i, of which 294 are plants, 57 invertebrates, and 43 vertebrates What is biodiversity? Primack 2006, Fig

7 most ~12-14 million total species (50-90% in tropical forests) ~1.7 identified least Scientific American November How many species on earth? Primack 2006, Fig

8 Research Focus? Primack Tara Oceans 17 8

9 Fig 2-13 Miller 2003 Biodiversity 1. Genetic (nat. sel.) 2. Species 3. Ecological forests, deserts, lakes, wetlands, reefs etc. 4. Functional energy flow nutrient cycling etc. 18 Levels of Biological Organization. Scaling. Miller,

10 Biodiversity 1. Genetic 2. Population/Species 3. Community/Ecosystem Composition Structure Function 4. Landscape Groom et al Where is biodiversity? One tree in Peru with same ant diversity as Britain Pimm and Jenkins

11 Species Richness and Latitude Primack 2006 Altitude? 22 Van Dyke

12 Tropical Rainforests Primack Coral Reefs Primack

13 Lissamphibia Urodela (salamanders) 10 families, 60 genera, 516 spp. Ambystoma tigrinum Ambystoma californiense Fig Stebbins and Cohen, 1995 Unken reflex 26 Urodela families (only 1 of 10 not found in U.S.) Pough et al Sirenidae Hynobiidae Salamandridae 27 13

14 Urodela families Pough et al Urodela families Plethodontidae Proteidae Pough et al

15 What factors correlated with high diversity? Energy Precipitation Temperature Area Habitat heterogeneity (e.g., foliage height and birds) ~Stable environment Moderate (intermediate) disturbance level (shifting mosaic, no climax) 30 Energy (one way) waste heat = entropy Everything else cycles 31 15

16 Ecosystem Integrity Resistance maintain same state despite ongoing disturbance Vs. Resilience return to original state quickly following disturbance 32 Distribution and Abundance Other Miller

17 Distribution and Abundance Miller, 2003 Range of tolerance of abiotic factor(s) 34 Terrestrial Biomes (Forest, Desert, Grassland, Tundra, etc.) Biotic (~Vegetative) Communities Climate 1. Temperature 2. Precipitation (3. Soil type) -Latitude - Altitude 35 Miller

18 Groom et al Van Dyke 2003 Species-Area Relationship 37 18

19 Van Dyke 2003 Woodlots vs. contiguous forest Myers et al. 2000, Nature 44% vascular plants, 35% tetrapods 39 19

20 25 Hotspots 40 Criteria for Hotspots? (at least 0.5% vascular plants; tetrapods; lost 70% habitat) How decide if threatened? Why so many Islands? Invertebrates? Microbes? 41 20

21 Leading Hotspots (Endemics) 42 Endemics per unit area 43 21

22 Congruence 44 Eight Hottest Hotspots Paper Parks? 45 22

23 Conservation Costs? $500 million annually to protect 25 hotspots $40+ million annually in past decade $250 million to go to Mars (biodiversity!) $1.5 trillion in anti-biodiversity subsidies $War 46 What is a species? Is species a useful designation? 47 23

24 Species =? Biological Species Concept (Mayr) a group of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups 2-morphological/typological species concept (plants) 3-evolutionary species concept 4-genetic species concept 5-paleontological species concept 6-cladistic species concept 48 Biological Species Concept 1. Testable and operational 2. Definition compatible with established legal concepts 3. Focus on level of biodiversity that agrees with tradition of conservation 49 24

25 Campbell 1993 Ernst Mayr ( ) Published papers for > 80 years Ernst Mayr interviewed in Campbell