THE IMPACT OF LANDCOVER CHANGES ON CARBON STOCK : A STUDY CASE IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN FOREST

Transcription

1 THE IMPACT OF LANDCOVER CHANGES ON CARBON STOCK : A STUDY CASE IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN FOREST Irmadi Nahib and Suharto Widjojo Geospatial Information Agency Jl Raya Jakarta Bogor Km 46 Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia irmadi.nahib@big.go.id, suharto.widjojo@big.go.id KEYWORDS : Deforestation, Carbon Stock, Emissions, Economic Losses ABSTRACT : Forest destruction, climate change and global warming could reduce an indirect forest benefit because forest is the largest carbon sink and it plays a very important role in global carbon cycle. To support reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD + ) program, people pay attention of forest cover changes as the basis for calculating carbon stock changes. The materials used in this study are : landcover spatial data ( ), director general of forestry planning, ministry of environment and forestry. Analysis of changes in landcover, performed by the method of comparison of landcover map. Moreover, carbon stocks and emissions assessment (tier) was done based upon an approach historical based. Calculations of the economic losses of carbon stocks and emission were done based on the benefit transfer method. Based on analysis of landcover, forest degradation happened in central kalimantan up to 3,053,778 ha and deforestation 279,938 ha during the period The average of forest degradation was 13,330 ha year -1 and deforestation 145,418 ha year -1. The impact of landcover changes was causing the loss of carbon stocks Mtons, equal carbon emission 1, Mtons carbon dioksida equal to emissions. The economic losses caused by the carbon emissions, as high as us $ 20, million. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Forest is natural resources that are very important and useful for life and living either directly or indirectly. Direct benefits from the existence of the forest are timber, non-timber products and wildlife. While the indirect benefits are environmental services, such as watersheds, aesthetic function, an oxygen supplier and carbon sink. Forest functions as a provider of environmental services landscape and global level, including the balance of the hydrological function, reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and maintaining the amount of carbon stored mainland (carbon stocks) as well as maintaining biodiversity (Hairiah et al., 2001). Indonesia has the highest deforestation rates in the world, exceeding even Brazil while having only a quarter of Brazil s forest area (Margono et.al., 2014). The average annual deforestation for the period was 671,420 hectares, accounts for 525,516 ha of deforestation in mineral land 600 and 145,904 ha of deforestation in peat land. During this period, more than 80 percent of deforestation occurred in Kalimantan and Sumatra, while Sulawesi and Papua follow with 9 percent and 6 percent, respectively (Government of Indonesia, 2014). Menawhile, refers to Sumargo, et.al (2011) the rate of deforestation in the Central Kalimantan Province for the period was 200,290.8 hectares. Global warming was hold from accumulated of green gas house (GHG) such as CO2, NO2, CH4, etc. Global warming as consequence from climate changes can be mitigated by two way, namely carbon loss reduction or emission and increasing carbon storage within vegetation s growth from photosynthetic. Forest can absorb CO2 trough photosynthesis process and sink them in biomass. Maintain and regrow the forest, not just to keep the carbon was removed or emitted, but also the function of absorbing carbon and other greenhouse gases. Forest destruction, climate change and global warming reduce the indirect benefit of forest because forest is the largest carbon sink and play a very important role in global carbon cycle and can hold carbon at least 10 times greater than other vegetations prairie grass, crops and tundra (Adiriono, 2009).

2 Sustainable forest management, will be able to maintain and even increase its role as a carbon sink or carbon storage. Instead, forest management resulted in degradation of forests, will make forest and peat as carbon sources or major source of carbon release into the air as one of the causes of greenhouse gases. Central Kalimantan province has forest and peat relatively very large (about 12.7 million ha), which is the third largest in Indonesia so as to have a strategic role in the implementation of REDD +. Forest and peat is a major carbon sink in the world. In addition, the forest is also a carbon sequestration, is able to prevent the release of CO 2 into the air and store it in the form of biomass ((Jagau, Yusurum; 2012). Application of remote sensing and SIG was used to estimate land cover changes from multi temporally information, both from field survey either Landsat satellite imaginary. Integration from carbon factor was taken from secondary data (previous studies) and land cover changes data highly expected to give information about carbon stocks changes in landscape in Central Kalimatan 1.2 Objective The study aimed to determine the impact of land use changes on carbon stocks in various land cover in Kalimantan in MATERIALS AND METHOD 2.1 Data Used: Indonesian Topographic Map, Scale 1: 250,000, Geospatial Information Agency (BIG) Forest Area, Inland Water, Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Map of Central Kalimantan, Scale 1: 250,000 Directorate General of Forestry Planning Ministry of Forestry. Closure and Land Use Map of Central Kalimaantan, Scale 1: 250,000 (1990, 2000,and 2011), Directorate General of Forestry Planning Ministry of Forestry Central Kalimaantan Administrative Area Map, Planning and Regional Ddevelopment Agencies of Central Kalimantan 2.2 Landcover Change Analysis Analysis of changes in landcover, performed by the method of comparison of landcover map produced by Directorate General of Forestry Planning Ministry of Forestry. The landcover map was produced by means of Landsat satellite images 324 interpretation. The determination of land cover area used the spatial analysis which is done by overlaying process of the these map of Central Kalimantan in 1990, 2000 and Flowchart stage research activities are presented Figure 1. Figure 1. Flowchart Stage Research Activities

3 2.3 The Changes of Carbon Stocks and Emissions Past emission was calculated based on activity data and emission factor. Represent those data, various time series of land cover; year 1990, 2000, and 2011 as well as emission factor was taken from Jagau, Yusurum et. al. (2012) used as an input. Scooping of this paper is focusing on historical emission caused by deforestation and forest degradation. Table 1. Emission Factor for Landcover class in Central Kalimantan No LandCover Carbon stock (tc year -1 ) Emissions Mineral Land Peat Land (tc0 2 eq) 1 Primary dryland forest (PF) Secondary dryland forest (SF) Primary mangrove forest(pmf) Secondary mangrove forest (SMF) Primary swamp forest (PSF) Secondary swamp forest (SSF) Plantation forest (TP) Estate crop (EP) Pure dry agriculture (AUA) Mixed dry agriculture (MxUA) Dry shrub (Sr) Wet shrub (SSr ) Savanna and Grasses (Sv) Paddy Field (Rc ) Open swamp (Sw ) Fish pond/aquaculture (Po) Transmigration areas (Tr) Settlement areas (Se ) Port and harbor (Ai ) Mining areas (Mn ) Bare ground (Br ) Open water (WB ) Clouds and no-data (Ot) Source : Jagau, Yusurum et. al Calculation of emissions using the stock changes approach (stock difference) which was measured at two different time points using two factors, namely: activity data and emission factors. The main data of carbon stocks changes was derived from the data of the land cover change. The emissions and carbon sequestration were calculated by carbon stock extrapolation activity (the change of land area) through GIS analysis. The calculation of C carbon stock of each land cover for each year, refers to table of emission factor for various forms of land cover, Central Kalimantan (Jagau, Yusurum. 2012). Annual emissions is obtained by calculating the difference between the carbon stocks and multiplied by a conversion factor of C into CO 2 equivalent; with the formula E t - t +1 = [(C t - t + 1 ) x 3.67]. The amount of loss caused by the emissions of C carbon = E tn - t n + 1 x P C (USD)

4 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Landcover Changes Landcover change analysis was done for Central Kalimantan compared time series data from 1990 until Picture 2 and Table 2 show the changes of land cover Central Kalimantan in from 1990 to Table 2. Recapitulation of Central Kalimantan s Landcover from 1990 to 2011 No. Initial State Map End State Map Type of Land Use ( 1990 ) ( 2011 ) Changed in Ha % Ha % Ha % 1 PF 1,525, ,236, , SF 5,682, ,578, ,104, PMF 3, , SMF 98, , , PSF 70, , , SSF 3,621, ,078, ,542, TP 27, , (90,379) (324.17) 8 Sub Total Forest 11,029, ,072, ,957, Non Forest 4,338, ,295, (2,957,012) (68.15) 10 Total 15,368, ,368, Source : Result of Analysis of Landcover Map in The area of forest cover in Central Kalimantan in 2011 was 8,072,510 ha or approximately 52.53% of the total area. It has been decreased by 2,957,012 ha (26.81%) compared to The forest degradation was 13,330 ha year -1 and deforestation 145,418 ha year -1. Meanwhile, according to Abood et.al (in UNORCID (2015), Kalimantan suffered from extensive forest loss in the period , with 4.9 million hectare of forest lost. This condition shows deforestation in Central Kalimantan to contribute accounted for about 60% of all deforestation in Kalimantan Island. Primary dryland forest conditions in Central Kalimantan in 1990 covered ha and in 2011 reduced into 1,236,473 ha. A reduction was 288,752 ha or approximately % over the 21 years. The average deforestation of primary dryland forest occurred in Central Kalimatan was 0.90 % per year or about ha per year. The reduction was caused by deforestation which has changed primary dryland forest into a secondary dryland forest. The reduction of primary dryland forest caused an additional extensive secondary dry forest directly, because deforestation in Indonesia is the selective cutting of trees which had 50 cm and up diameter of the tress. In 1990 the secondary dry forest area in Central Kalimantan was 5,682,723 ha and in 2011 decreased to 4,578,051 ha. The reduction of secondary dryland forest area was 1,104,672 ha, or approximately % over the 21 years. The decreasing average of secondary dryland forest was 6.19% per year, or about 3,194 ha per year. The reduction of secondry dryland forest was caused by the deforestation, which has changed the secondary dryland forest into non forest. Over the 21 years ( ) the increase of non-forest area was 2,957,012 ha or % compared to the condition of the land cover in The rate of change was 140,810 ha per year or the reduction was 3.24 % per year compared to non-forest areas condition in The increase of non-forest areas was caused by the activity of forest land conversion into non-forest areas (other uses). The changes of forest cover was caused by the deforestation, either planned or not. Planned deforestation is usually in the form of changes planned by the government for the benefit of forest land for plantations, agricultural or residential development, which is carried out lawfully in accordance with the legislation. Unplanned deforestation is a deforestation through illegal activities. The forest degradation can be caused by illegal or unauthorized activities, such as harvesting and illegal logging.

5 a b c Figure 2. Central Kaminatan s Landcover Map (a : Year 1990, b : Year 2000 and c : Year 2011) Matrix (Table 3) below describe the landcover change transition during this period. Red shadow indicate deforestation, meanwhile the yellow one indicated the forest degradation which are caused during this period. Summary of deforestation and forest degradation in Central Kalimantan shown on Table 4 below. Table 3. Landcover Transition Method during 1990 until 2011 Year 2011 Year 1990 PF SF PMF PSF PF SMF SSF Non Forest Total PF 1,236, ,172 19,580 1,525,222 SF 4,306,410 48,851 1,376,315 5,731,576 PMF 2, ,165 PSF 37,619 10,518 21,968 70,105 PF 27, ,880 SMF 19,761 79,224 98,985 SSP 2,065,080 1,556,367 3,621,447 Total 1,236,470 4,575,582 2,886 37,619 76,438 20,009 2,075,598 3,053,778 11,078,380 Source : Result of Analysis of Landcover Map in

6 Table 4. Deforestation and Forest Degradation of Central Kalimantan during 1990 until 2011 No Period Deforestation Forest Degradation Ha Ha / yr Ha Ha / yr ,129 1,313 2,072, , ,257 24, ,004 89,909 3 Total ,938 13,330 3,053, ,418 Based on the analysis which presented on above series of deforestation and forest degradation maps, period 1990 to 2000 has higher forest degradation, meanwhile period 2000 to 2011 has hingger deforestation rate during last decade in Central Kalimantan. Period 1990 to 2000 where virgin forests are still a lot. Forest management activities resulted in a change of virgin forests into secondary forests, meanwhile in the period , forest concession is increasing, and forest area has many become secondary forest, so it resulted in changes in forest areas to non-forest areas, causing the rate of deforestation is increasing. a. During b. During d. During Figure 3. Deforestation and forest degradation (a. During ; b. During ; c. During ) Loss of forest cover in Central Kalimantan province, causing an increase in not productive land, while the productive area (the cultivation of crops ) was increased only slightly. During the period forest loss (deforestation) is generally only become not productive area in the form of bush / shrub (71%) and open land (22%). Loss of forests into productive land in the form of plantations only reached 17%.

7 3.2 The Changes of Carbon Stocks and Emissions The reduction of CO 2 in the air by the plants was called sequestration process ( C sequestration ). This C sequestration process occurs for the survival of plants which need sunlight, carbon dioxide gas (CO 2 ) is absorbed from the air and water as well as nutrients absorbed from the soil. Through the photosynthesis process, the CO 2 in the air is absorbed by plants and converted into carbohydrates, afterwards they are distributed throughout the body of the plants and eventually are dumped throughout the plant body. Thus, measuring the amount of C stored in the body of living plants (biomass) in a field can describe the amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere absorbed by plants (Hairiah et al ). By measuring the amount of C stored in the bodies of living plants (biomass) in the landscape, can calculate the amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere is absorbed by plants. In a 21-year period ( years) a reduction in the forest area of 2,957,012 ha, or approximately 26,81 %. This condition leads to decreased carbon stocks 583,64 Mton for 21 years. The reduction of carbon stocks caused carbon emissions in Table 5. Table 5. Carbon Stocks in Central Kalimantan in 1990 and 2011 Type of Initial State Map 1990 End State Map 2011 Changed in Average per year No Landcover ( MTons C) ( %) ( MTons C) ( %) ( MTons C) ( %) (MTons C) ( %) 1 PF SF PMF SMF PSF SSF TP (9.21) (324.17) (0.44) (15.44) 8 Total Forest 2, , Non Forest (123.07) (130.21) (5.86) (6.20) 10 Total 2, , Source : Calculation Result : Area x Carbon Factor Figure 4. Carbon Stock Map, Central Kalimantan Year 2011

8 Table 5 showed the total carbon stocks (excluding soil carbon stocks) throughout the land cover in Central Kalimantan in 2011 reached 1.745,99 Mton C, where the contribution of forest about %, and the closing of non-forest land was 12.46%. The carbon stocks has been decrease by Mton or the average was Mt C year -1, compared to the carbon stocks in Beside the decreased of carbon stocks, there was also the increase of carbon stocks in closing the area in the forms of : a) Plantaion forest, the increase of carbon stocks was 9.21 Mton or % compared to the condition in The increasing average of carbon stocks was 0.44 Mton year -1 or % year -1. b). Non-Forest, the increase of carbon stocks was Mton or % compared to non-forest condition in The increasing average of carbon stocks was 5.86 Mton year -1 or 6.20 % year -1. The increase of carbon stocks mainly happened in the closing of non-forest land in form of shrub swamp. Tabel 6. Historical Emission of Central Kalimnatan during (ton CO2-eq, U$ milllion) No Period Total Gross Emission 1, , Total Sequestration Net Emission 1, , Emission Rate Economic Loss (US$ Million) 14, , , Economic Loss Rate (US $ Million) 1.439, Initial emission during 1900 until 2011 are 2, Mtons CO 2 -eq, meanwhile the initial sequestration are Mtons CO 2 -eq. Hence, net historic emission during 1990 until 2011 in Central Kalimantan are 1, Mtons CO 2 -eq. This condition is equivalent to the average of the emissions that occur in Central Kalimantan during the period was Mtons CO 2 -eq year -1. Referring to Pirard (2005) price of carbon (hypothetical price) is $ 12 tons CO 2 eq, then the emissions occured caused the economic loss of US $ 20, million during 1990 until The average annual economic loss in central kalimantan was US $ million per year, equal to 24 % Gross Domestic Product (GDP) US$ 4,069. Compared with the results of research (UNORCID, 2015), the average annual economic value of carbon sequestration and storage in Indonesia ranged from USD 17 million ( NTT Province) to 97 million (Central Kalimantan Province), so that economic value of carbon USD 1.2 billion (Central Kalimantan Province ) to 19.5 billion Central (Kalimantan Province) per year. 4. CONCLUSION The area of forest cover in Central Kalimantan in 2011 was 8,072,510 ha or approximately 52.53% of the total area. It has been decreased by 2,957,012 ha (26.81%) compared to The forest degradation was 13,330 ha year -1 and deforestation 145,418 ha year -1 Total carbon stocks (not including soil carbon stocks) throughout the land cover in Central Kalimantan in 2011 reached 1, Mtons C. The carbon stocks has been decreased by Mton C or the average was Mtons C year -1 compared to the carbon stocks in The impact of land cover changes caused decreased carbon stocks, especially in the forest area. In 1990 the forest area is 11,029,522 ha, equivalent to the carbon stocks of 2, Mton. In 2011, decline in forest area of by 2,957,012 ha, resulted in a decrease of carbon Mtons, meanwhile total emission during 1990 until 2011 in Central Kalimantan are 1, Mtons CO 2 -eq. The economic losses caused by the carbon emissions, referring to Pirard D (2005) is a US $ 20, million during 1990 until ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Centers For Research, Promotion And Cooperation, Geospasial Information Agency (BIG) for the data and financial support.

9 REFERENCES Adiriono T Method of Measuring Carbon (Carbon Stock) on Industrial Plantation Forest Crassicarpa Acasia Type. Thesis. Faculty of Forestry Programs Graduate. University of Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta. not published Government of Indonesia National Forest Reference Emission Le,el for Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Context of the Acti,ities Referred to Decision 1/CP.16. Paragraph 70 (REDD+) Under the UNFCCC. Submission by Indonesia. Hairiah K.. SM Sitompul. M V,an Noordwijk. C. Palm Sampling Method For Carbon Stocks Above and Below Ground. ASB Lecture Note 4B. ICRAF. Bogor. 23 pp. Jagau, Yusurum; Ferry, B; Aguswan, Y; Jaya, A Provisional Reference Emission Levels (TER) of Central Kalimantan Province. Palangkaraya University - Central Sulawesi of Provincial Forestry Office - MRV REDD Task Force of Central Sulawesi Province. Palangkaraya Margono. B. A. et al Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over Nature Climate Change. volume 4. pp Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia Forestry Outlook Study. Working Paper No.APFSOS II/WP/2009/13,Bangkok : FAO Regional Office For Asia And The Pacific. Pirard R Pulpwood Plantations As Carbon Sinks In Indonesia: Methodological Challenge And Impact On Livelihoods. Inside: Murdiyarso D. Herath H. editors. Carbon Forestry: Who Will Benefit? Proceedings of Workshop on Carbon Sequestration and Sustainable Livelihoods. Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research. Bogor. Sumargo W. Nanggara SG. Nainggolan. FA dan Apriani. I Potret Keadaan Hutan Indonesia (The state of Indonesia's Forests ) Edisi I. Forest Watch Indonesia 2011 Tomich TP. M,an Noordwijk. S Budisudarsono. A Gillison. T Kusumanto. Murdiyarso D. F Stolle and AM Fagi Alternatives to Slash and Burn in Indonesia: Summary Report and Synthesis of Phase II. ICRAF South East Asia. Bogor United Nations Office for REDD Coordination in Indonesia (UNORCID), Forest Ecosystem Valuation Study : Indonesia.