GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2015 COUNTRY REPORT. Dominica

Transcription

1 GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2015 COUNTRY REPORT Dominica Rome, 2014

2 FAO, at the request of its member countries, regularly monitors the world s forests and their management and uses through the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA). This country report is prepared as a contribution to the FAO publication, the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 (FRA 2015). The content and the structure are in accordance with the recommendations and guidelines given by FAO in the document Guide for country reporting for FRA 2015 ( These reports were submitted to FAO as official government documents. The content and the views expressed in this report are the responsibility of the entity submitting the report to FAO. FAO may not be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained in this report.

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Report preparation and contact persons What is the area of forest and other wooded land and how has it changed over time? What is the area of natural and planted forest and how has it changed over time? What are the stocks and growth rates of the forests and how have they changed? What is the status of forest production and how has it changed over time? How much forest area is managed for protection of soil and water and ecosystem services? How much forest area is protected and designated for the conservation of biodiversity and how has it changed over time? What is the area of forest affected by woody invasive species? How much forest area is damaged each year? What is the forest area with reduced canopy cover? What forest policy and regulatory framework exists to support implementation of sustainable forest management SFM? Is there a national platform that promotes stakeholder participation in forest policy development? What is the forest area intended to be in permanent forest land use and how has it changed over time? How does your country measure and report progress towards SFM at the national level? What is the area of forest under a forest management plan and how is this monitored? How are stakeholders involved in the management decision making for publicly owned forests? What is the area of forest under an independently verified forest certification scheme? How much money do governments collect from and spend on forests? Who owns and manages the forests and how has this changed? How many people are directly employed in forestry? What is the contribution of forestry to Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? What is forest area likely to be in the future

4 Report preparation and contact persons Contact persons The present report was prepared by the following person(s) Name (FAMILY NAME, first name) Institution/address Tables Introductory Text Place an introductory text on the content of this report No report has been received from Dominica. This report is the result of a desk study prepared by the FRA secretariats in Rome, which is based on the existing available information using the established format for FRA 2015 country reports Desk Study? Check "yes" if this survey is a Desk Study, "no" otherwise Desk Study? yes 4

5 1. What is the area of forest and other wooded land and how has it changed over time? Documents for this question: Guide for country reporting FRA 2015 FRA 2015 Terms and Definitions 1.1 Categories and definitions Forest Other wooded land Other land...of which with tree cover (sub-category) Inland water bodies Forest expansion...of which afforestation (sub-category)...of which natural expansion of forest (subcategory) Deforestation...of which human induced (sub-category) Reforestation...of which artificial reforestation (subcategory) Definition Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. Land not classified as "Forest" spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of 5-10 percent or trees able to reach these thresholds ; or with a combined cover of shrubs bushes and trees above 10 percent. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. All land that is not classified as "Forest" or "Other wooded land". Land considered as "Other land", that is predominantly agricultural or urban lands use and has patches of tree cover that span more than 0.5 hectares with a canopy cover of more than 10 percent of trees able to reach a height of 5 meters at maturity. It includes bothe forest and non-forest tree species. Inland water bodies generally include major rivers, lakes and water reservoirs. Expansion of forest on land that, until then, was not defined as forest. Establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land that, until then, was not defined as forest. Expansion of forests through natural succession on land that, until then, was under another land use (e.g. forest succession on land previously used for agriculture). The conversion of forest to other land use or the longterm reduction of the tree canopy cover below the minimum 10 percent threshold. Human induced conversion of forest to other land use or the permanent reduction of the tree canopy cover below the minimum 10 percent threshold. Natural regeneration or re-establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land already in forest land use. Re-establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land already in forest land use. 1.2 National data Data sources References to sources of information Variables Years Additional comments 5

6 1 a) Wood, E Land cover map for Dominica. Caribbean Vegetation and Landcover Mapping Initiative. The Nature Conservancy, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, US Forest Service, EROS Data Center, and US Geological Service. Forest cover 2000 Data derived from the LandSat based land cover and vegetation map produced as part of the Caribbean Vegetation Mapping project. 2 b) Earth Satellite Corporation Preparation of Natural Vegetation Map for Dominica, West Indies. Vegetation map with forest cover 1984 Data from aerial photograph interpretation. Although the authors and others cite inadequacies in the aerial photographs used for the vegetation mapping and discrepancies in the forest typing, this report has been used as a source in past forest resource assessments Classification and definitions National class Dry Scrub Woodland (1984) Lowland Drought Deciduous Shrub/Semi-deciduous (2000) Elfin Woodland (1984) Montane Cloud Forest (2000) Littoral Woodland (1984) (No equivalent class in year 2000) Definition This vegetation type occurs at lower elevation on the West Coast in areas that represent the most xeric conditions of the island. Community is dominated by a shrub layer that form a closed canopy of m in height, while there is a lower stratum of small trees and shrubs below. Their crowns carry abundant epiphytes, bromeliads, orchids and ferns. Lonchocarpus benthamianus is generally dominant often with Pisonia fragrans, Chrysophyllum argenteum, Haematoxylon campechianum. The under story contains Erythroxylum ovatum, Tabernaemontana citrifolia. 6

7 Mature Rain Forest (1984) Submontane Rain Forest (2000) Montane forest (1984) Montane Rain Forest (2000) Montane thicket (1984) Evergreen Montane Shrubland (2000) Secondary Rain Forest (1984) Disturbed Submontane Rain Forest (2000) Swamp Forest (1984) Seasonally Flooded R.F./W.L./G.L (2000) Semi-Evergreen Forest (1984) Lowland/Submontane Seasonal Evergreen Forest (2000) Other Land (1984) This vegetation type occurs toward the interior of the island, generally between elevations of 270 and 430 m and having few periods without precipitation, customarily between April and June. The forest is dense and closely ranked, with dominant trees from 27 to 33 m tall. The canopy is dominated by the typical forest alliance Dacryodes excelsa-sloanea massonii: this is mostly a submontane rain forest of the Lesser Antilles, with Dacroydes excelsa, Sloanea massonii, Licania ternatensis, Amanoa caribaea, Chimarrhis cymosa dominant in the upper canopy, and a middle story of trees usually dominated by members of Lauraceae, especially of the genera Nectandra and Ocotea; the under canopy may include also other species, e.g. Tovomita plumieri, Tapura antillana and numerous epiphytes and lianas. This vegetation type occurs approximately above 2000 feet (Beard's Lower Montane Rain Forest). Frequently covered by cloud at canopy level (fog) and with little soil on the steep slopes. The species composition is similar to the mature rain forest, but much is reduced in stature. It is characteristically covered with non-vascular epiphytes. In certain areas, disturbed by primarily logging and by shifting agriculture, it is possible to find secondary rain forest; vestigial old stands, surrounded by smaller re-growth and characterized by Miconia species (Miconia mirabilis in particular), Cecropia schreberiana, and in the smaller gaps, Simaruba amara. Canopy climax forest trees such as Sloanea exist but are not dominant. This vegetation type is restricted to an area immediately east of the Cabrits Peninsula in the North west of the islands, an area experiencing a seasonal supply of fresh water. Characteristic species are Pterocarpus officinalis, Laguncularia racemosa and Avicennia germinans. These are areas subject to drought and some of the species may loose their leaves. The height of the forest is only medium and the understory lacks epiphytes and lianas. Species include Tabebuia pallida and Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus. Non-forest land, including the 2000 national classes Fallow/ Cleared Land, Active Agriculture, Urban/Residential/Bare Soil/ Rock, Short/Medium/Tall Grassland, Fumerole, and Fumerole Sulphurous Original data Note comments related to National classes used in 1984 and 2000 were very similar. The definitions presented below were published with the 1984 data. The corresponding year 2000 national class is included below the 1984 national class. Note that there area some year 2000 non-forest national classes which appear in subsequent tables that are not defined below. 7

8 The forest area data from 1984 comes from the Earth Satellite Corporation (1986) documentation for the preparation of Natural Vegetation Map for Dominica, West Indies. Break-down of total other land by categories was not available. National Classes (1000 ha) 1 Mature Rain Forest Montane Forest 3.64 Montane Thicket 0.80 Elfin Woodland 0.17 Littoral Woodland 0.14 Dry Scrub Woodland 6.24 Secondary Rain Forest 9.09 Swamp Forest 0.03 Semi-Evergreen Forest 7.17 Total forest land Total other forest land n.a. Total other land Total land The year 2000 data comes from Wood (2000) land cover map for Dominica, produced by the Caribbean Vegetation and Landcover Mapping Initiative, The Nature Conservancy, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, US Forest Service, EROS Data Center, and US Geological Service. National Classes Montane Cloud Forest 0.25 (1000 ha) 1 8

9 Evergreen Montane Shrubland 1.07 Montane Rain Forest 3.04 Submontane Rain Forest Disturbed Submontane Rain Forest 8.40 Lowland/Submontane Seasonal Evergreen Forest 5.68 Lowland Drought Deciduous Shrub/Semi- Deciduous 5.55 Seasonally Flooded R.F./W.L./G.L 0.25 Total forest Fallow/Cleared Land 2.69 Active Agriculture Urban/Residential/Bare Soil/Rock 1.30 Short/Medium/Tall Grassland 1.68 Fumerole 0.02 Fumerole Sulphurous 0.00 Total other land Total land area Analysis and processing of national data Adjustment National data from 1984 did not need calibration because total land area was the same as FAO STAT total area. Source Total Land Area (1000 ha) National data National data

10 FAOSTAT National data for each of the national forest classes for the year 2000 (table 1.2) was multiplied by to calibrate the area of each class to the FAO STAT total area. National Classes Calibrated 2000 (1000 ha) (1000 ha) Montane Cloud Forest Evergreen Montane Shrubland Montane Rain Forest Submontane Rain Forest Disturbed Submontane Rain Forest Lowland/Submontane Seasonal Evergreen Forest Lowland Drought Deciduous Shrub/Semi- Seasonally Flooded R.F./W.L./ G.L Total forest Fallow/Cleared Land Active Agriculture Urban/Residential/Bare Soil/ Rock Short/Medium/Tall Grassland Fumerole Fumerole Sulphurous Total other land Total land area

11 1.3.2 Estimation and forecasting Data for the years 1990, 2005 and 2010 were forecast using linear interpolation and extrapolation of the data from 1984 and 2000 (total annual forest loss of 260 ha/yr). Estimation and forecasting were done by national forest classes, and then the classes were summed for a total forest cover estimate. Annual rates of change were calculated for each national forest class using the 1984 and 2000 data. National Classes 2000 Montane Cloud Forest Evergreen Montane Shrubland Montane Rain Forest Submontane Rain Forest Disturbed Submontane Rain Forest Lowland/ Submontane Seasonal Evergreen Forest Lowland Drought Deciduous Shrub/ Semi- Seasonally Flooded R.F./ W.L./G.L 1984 (1000 ha) 2000 (1000 ha) Change Annual rate Total forest Total other land Total land area

12 Estimations and forecasted forest cover for Dominica appears below. National Classes 2000 Montane Cloud Forest Evergreen Montane Shrubland Montane Rain Forest Submontane Rain Forest Disturbed Submontane Rain Forest Lowland/ Submontane Seasonal Evergreen Forest Lowland Drought Deciduous Shrub/ Semi- Seasonally Flooded R.F./ W.L./G.L 1990 (1000 ha) 2000 (1000 ha) 2005 (1000 ha) 2010 (1000 ha) Total forest Total other land Total land area

13 1.3.3 Reclassification FRA Categories National Classes 2000 Montane Cloud Forest Evergreen Montane Shrubland Montane Rain Forest Submontane Rain Forest Disturbed Submontane Rain Forest Lowland/ Submontane Seasonal Evergreen Forest Lowland Drought Deciduous Shrub/ Semideciduous Seasonally Flooded R.F./W.L./ G.L Forest OWL Other land Total OLWTC 100% 100% NDA 100% 100% NDA 100% 100% NDA 100% 100% NDA 100% 100% NDA 100% 100% NDA 100% 100% NDA 100% 100% NDA Non forest 100% 100% NDA 1.4 Data 13

14 Table 1a Categories Area (000 hectares) Forest Other wooded land Other land of which with tree cover Inland water bodies TOTAL Table 1b Categories Annual forest establishment / loss (000 hectares per year)...of which of introduced species (000 hectares per year) Forest expansion... of which afforestation... of which natural expansion of forest Deforestation... of which human induced Reforestation... of which artificial Tiers Tier for status Tier for reported trend Forest Tier 1 Tier 1 Other wooded land Tier 1 Tier 1 Forest expansion Deforestation Reforestation Tier criteria 14

15 Tier for status Tier for reported trend Forest Other wooded land Afforestation Reforestation Natural expansion of forest Deforestation Tier 3 : Data sources: Either recent (less than 10 years ago) National Forest Inventory or remote sensing, with ground truthing, or programme for repeated compatible NFIs Tier 2 : Data sources: Full cover mapping / remote sensing or old NFI (more than 10 years ago) Tier 1 : Other Tier 3 : Estimate based on repeated compatible tiers 3 (tier for status) Tier 2 : Estimate based on repeated compatible tier 2 or combination tier 3 and 2 or 1 (tier for status) Tier 1 : Other 1.5 Comments Comments related to data definitions etc Forest All of the 2000 national forest classes were considered forest according to the FRA 2010 definitions except Montane Cloud Forest. Other wooded land Only the 2000 class Montane Cloud Forest was considered Other Wooded Land. Other land Comments on the reported trends Data for the years 1990, 2005 and 2010 were forecast using linear interpolation and extrapolation of the data from 1984 and 2000 (total annual forest loss of 260 ha/yr).data for 2015 were forecasted using the same trend as estimated for the period Estimation and forecasting were done by national forest classes, and then the classes were summed for a total forest cover estimate. Annual rates of change were calculated for each national forest class using the 1984 and 2000 data. Other land with tree cover No data available for other land with tree cover. Inland water bodies Forest expansion Deforestation Reforestation Other general comments to the table Montane cloud forest, which was called elfin woodland in 1984, was considered a shrub category in FRA 2000 and not included in the forest cover estimate. This forest type is considered Other Wooded Land for FRA

16 2. What is the area of natural and planted forest and how has it changed over time? Documents for this question: Guide for country reporting FRA 2015 FRA 2015 Terms and Definitions 2.1 Categories and definitions Term Naturally regenerated forest Naturalized introduced species Introduced species Primary forest Other naturally regenerated forest...of which of introduced species (sub-category)...of which naturalized (sub-sub category) Planted forest...of which of introduced species (sub-category) Mangroves...of which planted (subcategory) Definition Forest predominantly composed of trees established through natural regeneration. Other naturally regenerated forest where the tree species are predominantly non-native and do not need human help to reproduce/maintain populations over time. A species, subspecies or lower taxon occurring outside its natural range (past or present) and dispersal potential (i.e. outside the range it occupies naturally or could occupy without direct or indirect introduction or care by humans). Definition Naturally regenerated forest of native species where there are no clearly visible indications of human activities and the ecological processes are not significantly disturbed. Naturally regenerated forest where there are clearly visible indications of human activities. Other naturally regenerated forest where the trees are predominantly of introduced species. Other naturally regenerated forest where the trees are predominantly of naturalized introduced species. Forest predominantly composed of trees established through planting and/or deliberate seeding. Planted forest where the planted/seeded trees are predominantly of introduced species. Area of forest and other wooded land with mangrove vegetation. Mangroves predominantly composed of trees established through planting. 2.2 National data Data sources References to sources of information 1 a) Charles, Ronald Dominica Country Report. EC-FAO Workshop on data collection and outlook effort for forestry in the Caribbean. Trinidad and Tobago, February Variables Years Additional comments Plantation area estimate 2000 Estimate made without presenting data or citing source of information. 16

17 2 b) International Institute of Tropical Forestry Dominica. The 2000 FAO Forest Resource Assessment for the Caribbean. IITF, USDA Forest Service. 3 c) Wood, E Land cover map for Dominica. Caribbean Vegetation and Landcover Mapping Initiative. The Nature Conservancy, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, US Forest Service, EROS Data Center, and US Geological Service. Plantation area estimate 2000 Estimate based on personal communications without presenting data. Forest cover 2000 Data derived from the LandSat based land cover and vegetation map produced as part of the Caribbean Vegetation Mapping project. 4 d) Earth Satellite Corporation Preparation of Natural Vegetation Map for Dominica, West Indies. Vegetation map with forest cover 1984 Data from aerial photograph interpretation Classification and definitions Plantation National class Dry Scrub Woodland (1984) Lowland Drought Deciduous Shrub/Semi-deciduous (2000) Elfin Woodland (1984) Montane Cloud Forest (2000) Littoral Woodland (1984) (No equivalent class in year 2000) Definition Forest / Other wooded land of introduced species, and in some cases native species, established through planting or seeding mainly for production of wood or non wood goods. This vegetation type occurs at lower elevation on the West Coast in areas that represent the most xeric conditions of the island. Community is dominated by a shrub layer that form a closed canopy of m in height, while there is a lower stratum of small trees and shrubs below. Their crowns carry abundant epiphytes, bromeliads, orchids and ferns. Lonchocarpus benthamianus is generally dominant often with Pisonia fragrans, Chrysophyllum argenteum, Haematoxylon campechianum. The under story contains Erythroxylum ovatum, Tabernaemontana citrifolia. 17

18 Mature Rain Forest (1984) Submontane Rain Forest (2000) Montane forest (1984) Montane Rain Forest (2000) Montane thicket (1984) Evergreen Montane Shrubland (2000) Secondary Rain Forest (1984) Disturbed Submontane Rain Forest (2000) Swamp Forest (1984) Seasonally Flooded R.F./W.L./G.L (2000) Semi-Evergreen Forest (1984) Lowland/Submontane Seasonal Evergreen Forest (2000) Other Land (1984) This vegetation type occurs toward the interior of the island, generally between elevations of 270 and 430 m and having few periods without precipitation, customarily between April and June. The forest is dense and closely ranked, with dominant trees from 27 to 33 m tall. The canopy is dominated by the typical forest alliance Dacryodes excelsa-sloanea massonii: this is mostly a submontane rain forest of the Lesser Antilles, with Dacroydes excelsa, Sloanea massonii, Licania ternatensis, Amanoa caribaea, Chimarrhis cymosa dominant in the upper canopy, and a middle story of trees usually dominated by members of Lauraceae, especially of the genera Nectandra and Ocotea; the under canopy may include also other species, e.g. Tovomita plumieri, Tapura antillana and numerous epiphytes and lianas. This vegetation type occurs approximately above 2000 feet (Beard's Lower Montane Rain Forest). Frequently covered by cloud at canopy level (fog) and with little soil on the steep slopes. The species composition is similar to the mature rain forest, but much is reduced in stature. It is characteristically covered with non-vascular epiphytes. In certain areas, disturbed by primarily logging and by shifting agriculture, it is possible to find secondary rain forest; vestigial old stands, surrounded by smaller re-growth and characterized by Miconia species (Miconia mirabilis in particular), Cecropia schreberiana, and in the smaller gaps, Simaruba amara. Canopy climax forest trees such as Sloanea exist but are not dominant. This vegetation type is restricted to an area immediately east of the Cabrits Peninsula in the North west of the islands, an area experiencing a seasonal supply of fresh water. Characteristic species are Pterocarpus officinalis, Laguncularia racemosa and Avicennia germinans. These are areas subject to drought and some of the species may loose their leaves. The height of the forest is only medium and the understory lacks epiphytes and lianas. Species include Tabebuia pallida and Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus. Non-forest land, including the 2000 national classes Fallow/ Cleared Land, Active Agriculture, Urban/Residential/Bare Soil/ Rock, Short/Medium/Tall Grassland, Fumerole, and Fumerole Sulphurous Original data For estimation of primary and naturally regenerated forest, the forest area data from 1984 comes from the Earth Satellite Corporation (1986) documentation for the preparation of Natural Vegetation Map for Dominica, West Indies. Break-down of total other land by categories was not available. 18

19 National Classes (1000 ha) 1 Mature Rain Forest Montane Forest 3.64 Montane Thicket 0.80 Elfin Woodland 0.17 Littoral Woodland 0.14 Dry Scrub Woodland 6.24 Secondary Rain Forest 9.09 Swamp Forest 0.03 Semi-Evergreen Forest 7.17 Total forest land Total other forest land NDA Total other land Total land The year 2000 data comes from Wood (2000) land cover map for Dominica, produced by the Caribbean Vegetation and Landcover Mapping Initiative, The Nature Conservancy, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, US Forest Service, EROS Data Center, and US Geological Service. National Classes (1000 ha) 1 Montane Cloud Forest 0.25 Evergreen Montane Shrubland 1.07 Montane Rain Forest 3.04 Submontane Rain Forest Disturbed Submontane Rain Forest

20 Lowland/Submontane Seasonal Evergreen Forest 5.68 Lowland Drought Deciduous Shrub/Semi- Deciduous 5.55 Seasonally Flooded R.F./W.L./G.L 0.25 Total forest Fallow/Cleared Land 2.69 Active Agriculture Urban/Residential/Bare Soil/Rock 1.30 Short/Medium/Tall Grassland 1.68 Fumerole 0.02 Fumerole Sulphurous 0.00 Total other land Total land area No data was presented in either of the sources of information. Figures for plantation area cited in the information sources came from personal communications. 2.3 Analysis and processing of national data Adjustment National data from 1984 did not need calibration because total land area was the same as FAO STAT total area. Source Total Land Area (1000 ha) National data National data FAOSTAT

21 National data for each of the national forest classes for the year 2000 (table 1.2) was multiplied by to calibrate the area of each class to the FAO STAT total area. National Classes Calibrated 2000 (1000 ha) (1000 ha) Montane Cloud Forest Evergreen Montane Shrubland Montane Rain Forest Submontane Rain Forest Disturbed Submontane Rain Forest Lowland/Submontane Seasonal Evergreen Forest Lowland Drought Deciduous Shrub/Semi- Seasonally Flooded R.F./W.L./ G.L Total forest Fallow/Cleared Land Active Agriculture Urban/Residential/Bare Soil/ Rock Short/Medium/Tall Grassland Fumerole Fumerole Sulphurous Total other land Total land area

22 2.3.2 Estimation and forecasting Overall forest area estimation and forecasting is described in section Data for the years 1990, 2005 and 2010 were forecast using linear interpolation and extrapolation of the data from 1984 and 2000 (total annual forest loss of 260 ha/yr). Estimation and forecasting were done by national forest classes, and then the classes were summed for a total forest cover estimate. Annual rates of change were calculated for each national forest class using the 1984 and 2000 data. National Classes 2000 Montane Cloud Forest Evergreen Montane Shrubland Montane Rain Forest Submontane Rain Forest Disturbed Submontane Rain Forest Lowland/ Submontane Seasonal Evergreen Forest Lowland Drought Deciduous Shrub/ Semi- Seasonally Flooded R.F./ W.L./G.L 1984 (1000 ha) 2000 (1000 ha) Change Annual rate Total forest Total other land

23 Total land area Estimations and forecasted forest cover for Dominica appears below. National Classes 2000 Montane Cloud Forest Evergreen Montane Shrubland Montane Rain Forest Submontane Rain Forest Disturbed Submontane Rain Forest Lowland/ Submontane Seasonal Evergreen Forest Lowland Drought Deciduous Shrub/ Semi- Seasonally Flooded R.F./ W.L./G.L 1990 (1000 ha) 2000 (1000 ha) 2005 (1000 ha) 2010 (1000 ha) Total forest Total other land Total land area

24 No estimation or forecasting was done for forest plantations. The IITF (2000) report states that the annual rate of planting was negligible. Estimates of productive forest plantation were not made for No change in the area of productive forest plantation was assumed between the years 2000 to Reclassification The following table from section shows which national classes correspond to the FRA 2010 forest categories. FRA 2010 Categories National Classes 2000 Montane Cloud Forest Evergreen Montane Shrubland Montane Rain Forest Submontane Rain Forest Disturbed Submontane Rain Forest Lowland/ Submontane Seasonal Evergreen Forest Lowland Drought Deciduous Shrub/ Semideciduous Forest OWL Other land Total OLWTC 100% 100% NDA 100% 100% NDA 100% 100% NDA 100% 100% NDA 100% 100% NDA 100% 100% NDA 100% 100% NDA 24

25 Seasonally Flooded R.F./W.L./ G.L 100% 100% NDA Non forest 100% 100% NDA The following national classes from the year 2000 were assumed to be primary (relatively undisturbed) forest; Evergreen Montane Shrubland, Montane Rain Forest, and Submontane Rain Forest. Disturbed Submontane Rain Forest, Lowland/Submontane Seasonal Evergreen Forest, Lowland Drought Deciduous Shrub/Semi- and Seasonally Flooded R.F./W.L./G.L were considered to be other naturally regenerating forests. 2.4 Data Table 2a Categories Forest area (000 hectares) Primary forest Other naturally regenerated forest... of which of introduced species of which naturalized Planted forest of which of introduced species TOTAL Table 2b Primary forest converted to (000 ha) Other natural regeneration Planted Other land Other natural regeneration Planted Other land Other natural regeneration Planted Other land 25

26 Table 2c Categories Area (000 hectares) Mangroves (forest and OWL)... of which planted Tiers Tier for status Tier for reported trend Primary forest Tier 1 Tier 1 Other naturally regenerated forest Tier 1 Tier 1 Planted forest Tier 1 Tier 1 Mangroves Tier Criteria Tier for status Tier for reported trend Primary forest/other naturally regenerated forest/planted forest Tier 3 : Data sources: Recent (less than 10 years) National Forest Inventory or remote sensing with ground truthing or data provided by official agencies or programme for repeated compatible NFIs Tier 2 : Data sources: Full cover mapping/ remote sensing or old NFI (more than 10 years) Tier 1 : Other Tier 3 : Estimate based on repeated compatible tiers 3 (tier for status) Tier 2 : Estimate based on repeated compatible tier 2 or combination tier 3 and 2 or 1 (tier for status) Tier 1 : Other 2.5 Comments Comments related to data definitions etc Primary forest The following national classes from the year 2000 were assumed to be primary (relatively undisturbed) forest; Evergreen Montane Shrubland, Montane Rain Forest, and Submontane Rain Forest. Comments on reported trend Overall forest area estimation and forecasting is described in section Data for the years 1990, 2005 and 2010 were forecast using linear interpolation and extrapolation of the data from 1984 and 2000 (total annual forest loss of 260 ha/yr).same trend was applied to estimate 2015 data. Estimation and forecasting were done by national forest classes, and then the classes were summed for a total forest cover estimate. Annual rates of change were calculated for each national forest class using the 1984 and 2000 data. 26

27 Other naturally regenerating forest The national classes from the year 2000 Disturbed Submontane Rain Forest, Lowland/Submontane Seasonal Evergreen Forest, Lowland Drought Deciduous Shrub/Semi- and Seasonally Flooded R.F./ W.L./G.L were considered to be other naturally regenerating forests. Planted forest Estimates of forest plantation were entirely based on personal communications and no actual data were presented by either of the information sources. All forest plantations were assumed to be closed forest, and none were placed in the FRA 2010 Other Wooded Land category. Mangroves Overall forest area estimation and forecasting is described in section Data for the years 1990, 2005 and 2010 were forecast using linear interpolation and extrapolation of the data from 1984 and 2000 (total annual forest loss of 260 ha/yr). Estimation and forecasting were done by national forest classes, and then the classes were summed for a total forest cover estimate. Annual rates of change were calculated for each national forest class using the 1984 and 2000 data. No forecasting of plantation area was done because annual planting was considered negligible and there was no information on plantation loss. Plantation estimates were not made for 1990 because there was no information regarding plantation area prior to Other general comments to the table 27

28 3. What are the stocks and growth rates of the forests and how have they changed? Documents for this question: Guide for country reporting FRA 2015 FRA 2015 Terms and Definitions 3.1 Categories and definitions Growing stock Net Annual Increment (NAI) Above-ground biomass Below-ground biomass Dead wood Carbon in above-ground biomass Carbon in below-ground biomass Carbon in dead wood Carbon in litter Soil carbon Definition Volume over bark of all living trees with a minimum diameter of 10 cm at breast height (or above buttress if these are higher). Includes the stem from ground level up to a top diameter of 0 cm, excluding branches. Average annual volume of gross increment over the given reference period less that of natural losses on all trees, measured to minimum diameters as defined for "Growing stock". All living biomass above the soil including stem stump branches bark seeds and foliage. All biomass of live roots. Fine roots of less than 2 mm diameter are excluded because these often cannot be distinguished empirically from soil organic matter or litter. All non-living woody biomass not contained in the litter either standing lying on the ground or in the soil. Dead wood includes wood lying on the surface dead roots and stumps larger than or equal to 10 cm in diameter or any other diameter used by the country. Carbon in all living biomass above the soil including stem stump branches bark seeds and foliage. Carbon in all biomass of live roots. Fine roots of less than 2 mm diameter are excluded because these often cannot be distinguished empirically from soil organic matter or litter. Carbon in all non-living woody biomass not contained in the litter, either standing, lying on the ground, or in the soil. Dead wood includes wood lying on the surface, dead roots and stumps larger than or equal to 10 cm in diameter or any other diameter used by the country. Carbon in all non-living biomass with a diameter less than the minimum diameter for dead wood (e.g. 10 cm ) lying dead in various states of decomposition above the mineral or organic soil. Organic carbon in mineral and organic soils (including peat) to a soil depth of 30 cm. 3.2 National data Data sources References to sources of information Variables Years Additional comments

29 3.2.2 Classification and definitions National class Definition Original data 3.3 Analysis and processing of national data Adjustment Estimation and forecasting Reclassification 3.4 Data Table 3a Growing stock volume (million m 3 over bark) Forest Other wooded land Total growing stock... of which coniferous... of which broadleaved Table 3b 29

30 /Species name Growing stock in forest (million cubic meters) Rank Scientific name Common name st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 th 7 th 8 th 9 th 10 th Remaining TOTAL THE PRE-FILLED VALUES FOR GROWING STOCK REFER TO THE FOLLOWING THRESHOLD VALUES (SEE TABLE BELOW) Item Value Complementary information Minimum diameter (cm) at breast height of trees included in growing stock (X) Minimum diameter (cm) at the top end of stem for calculation of growing stock (Y) Minimum diameter (cm) of branches included in growing stock (W) Volume refers to above ground (AG) or above stump (AS) PLEASE NOTE THAT THE DEFINITION OF GROWING STOCK HAS CHANGED AND SHOULD BE REPORTED AS GROWING STOCK DBH 10 CM INCLUDING THE STEM FROM GROUND LEVEL UP TO A DIAMETER OF 0 CM, EXCLUDING BRANCHES. Table 3c Net annual increment (m 3 per hectare and year) Forest 30

31 Net annual increment... of which coniferous... of which broadleaved Table 3d Biomass (million metric tonnes oven-dry weight) Forest Other wooded land Above ground biomass Below ground biomass Dead wood TOTAL Table 3e Carbon (Million metric tonnes) Forest Other wooded land Carbon in above ground biomass Carbon in below ground biomass Subtotal Living biomass Carbon in dead wood Carbon in litter 31

32 Subtotal Dead wood and litter Soil carbon TOTAL Tiers Variable/category Tier for status Tier for trend Total growing stock Net annual increment Above ground biomass Below ground biomass Dead wood Carbon in above-ground biomass Carbon in below ground biomass Carbon in dead wood and litter Soil carbon Tier criteria Tier for status Tier for reported trend Total growing stock Net annual increment Tier 3: Data sources Recent 10 years National Forest Inventory or remote sensing with ground truthing or programme for repeated compatible NFI 10 years Domestic volume functions Tier 2: Data sources/registers and statistics modelling or old NFI 10 years or partial field inventory Tier 1: Other data sources Tier 3: Scientifically tested national volume and growth functions Tier 2: Selection of volume and growth functions as relevant as possible Tier 1: Other Tier 3: Estimate based on repeated compatible tiers 3 (tier for status) Domestic growth functions Tier 2: Estimate based on repeated compatible tier 2 or combination tier 3 and 2 or 1 tier for status Tier 1: Other Tier 3: Confirmation/adjustment of functions used through scientific work Tier 2: Review work done to seek alternative functions Tier: 1 Other 32

33 Biomass Carbon in above ground biomass Carbon in below ground biomass Carbon in dead wood and litter Soil carbon Tier 3: Country-specific national or subnational biomass conversion expansion factors applied or other domestic or otherwise nationally relevant biomass studies Tier 2: Application of country specific national or sub-national biomass conversion factors from other country with similar climatic conditions and forest types Tier 1: International/regional default biomass expansion factors applied Tier 3: Country-specific national or subnational biomass conversion expansion factors applied Tier 2: Application of country specific national or subnational biomass conversion factors form from other country with similar climatic conditions and forest types Tier 1: International/regional default biomass expansion factors applied Tier 3 : Estimate based on repeated compatible tiers 3 (tier for status) Tier 2 : Estimate based on repeated compatible tier 2 or combination tier 3 and 2 or 1 (tier for status) Tier 1 : Other Tier 3 : Estimate based on repeated compatible tiers 3 (tier for status) Tier 2 : Estimate based on repeated compatible tier 2 or combination tier 3 and 2 or 1 (tier for status) Tier 1 : Other 3.5 Comments on growing stock biomass and carbon Comments related to data definitions etc Total growing stock Growing stock of broadleaved coniferous Growing stock composition Net annual increment Above-ground biomass Below-ground biomass Dead wood Carbon in above-ground biomass Carbon in below-ground biomass Carbon in dead wood Carbon in litter Soil carbon Comments on the reported trend Other general comments to the table 33

34 4. What is the status of forest production and how has it changed over time? Documents for this question: Guide for country reporting FRA 2015 FRA 2015 Terms and Definitions 4.1 Categories and definitions Term Primary designated function Non wood forest product (NWFP) Commercial value of NWFP Production forest Multiple use forest Total wood removals...of which woodfuel Definition The primary function or management objective assigned to a management unit either by legal prescription documented decision of the landowner/manager or evidence provided by documented studies of forest management practices and customary use. Goods derived from forests that are tangible and physical objects of biological origin other than wood. For the purpose of this table, value is defined as the commercial market value at the forest gate. Definition Forest area designated primarily for production of wood, fibre, bio-energy and/or non-wood forest products. Forest area designated for more than one purpose and where none of these alone is considered as the predominant designated function. The total of industrial round wood removals and woodfuel removals. The wood removed for energy production purposes, regardless whether for industrial, commercial or domestic use. 4.2 National data Data sources References to sources of information Variables Years Additional comments Classification and definitions National class Definition 34

35 4.2.3 Original data 4.3 Analysis and processing of national data Adjustment Estimation and forecasting Reclassification 4.4 Data Table 4a Categories Forest area (000 hectares) Production forest Multiple use forest Table 4b Rank Name of product Key species Commercial value of NWFP removals 2010 (value 1000 local currency) 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 th NWFP category 35

36 7 th 8 th 9 th 10 th TOTAL Name of local currency Plant products / raw material 1 Food 2 Fodder 3 Raw material for medicine and aromatic products 4 Raw material for colorants and dyes 5 Raw material for utensils handicrafts construction 6 Ornamental plants 7 Exudates 8 Other plant products Animal products / raw material 9 Living animals 10 Hides skins and trophies 11 Wild honey and beewax 12 Wild meat 13 Raw material for medicine 14 Raw material for colorants 15 Other edible animal products 36

37 16 Other non-edible animal products Table 4c Pre-filled data from FAOSTAT Year Total wood removals FRA 2015 category (1000 m 3 u.b.)...of which woodfuel Tiers 37

38 Tier for status Tier for reported trend Production forest Multiple use forest Tier Criteria Tier for status Tier for reported trend Production forest Multiple use forest Tier 3: Updated including field verifications national forest maps including functions Tier 2: Forest maps older than 6 years including forest functions Tier 1: Other Tier 3 : Estimate based on repeated compatible tiers 3 (tier for status) Tier 2 : Estimate based on repeated compatible tier 2 or combination tier 3 and 2 or 1 (tier for status) Tier 1 : Other 4.5 Comments Comments related to data definitions etc Production forest Multiple use forest Total wood removals Commercial value of NWFP Comments on the reported trend Other general comments to the table 38

39 5. How much forest area is managed for protection of soil and water and ecosystem services? Documents for this question: Guide for country reporting FRA 2015 FRA 2015 Terms and Definitions 5.1 Categories and definitions Protection of soil and water...of which production of clean water (subcategory)...of which coastal stabilization (subcategory)...of which desertification control (sub-category)...of which avalanche control (sub-category)...of which erosion, flood protection or reducing flood risk (sub-category)...of which other (subcategory) Ecosystem services, cultural or spiritual values...of which public recreation (sub-category)...of which carbon storage or sequestration (subcategory)...of which spiritual or cultural services (subcategory)...of which other (subcategory) Definition Forest area designated or managed for protection of soil and water Forest area primarily designated or managed for water production, where most human uses are excluded or heavily modified to protect water quality. Forest area primarily designated or managed for coastal stabilization. Forest area primarily designated or managed for desertification control. Forest area primarily designated or managed to prevent the development or impact of avalanches on human life assets or infrastructure. Forest area primarily designated or managed for protecting communities or assets from the impacts of erosion riparian floods and landslides or for providing flood plain services. Forest area primarily designated or managed for other protective functions. Forest area primarily designated or managed for selected ecosystem services or cultural or spiritual values. Forest area designated or managed for public recreation. Forest area designated or managed for carbon storage or sequestration. Forest area designated or managed for spiritual or cultural services. Forest area designated or managed for other ecosystem services. 5.2 National data Data sources References to sources of information Variables Years Additional comments

40 Classification and definitions National class Definition Original data 5.3 Analysis and processing of national data Adjustment Estimation and forecasting Reclassification 5.4 Data Table 5a Categories Protection of soil and water... of which production of clean water... of which coastal stabilization Forest area (1000 hectares)

41 ... of which desertification control... of which avalanche control... of which erosion, flood protection or reducing flood risk... of which other (please specify in comments below the table) Other Table 5b Categories Ecosystem services, cultural or spiritual values...of which public recreation...of which carbon storage or sequestration...of which spiritual or cultural services...of which other (please specify in comments below the table) Forest area (1000 hectares) Tiers Tier for reported trend Tier for status Protection of soil and water Ecosystem services, cultural or spiritual values Tier criteria Tier for status Tier for reported trend 41

42 Protection of soil and water Cultural or spiritual values Public recreation Spiritual or cultural services Other Tier 3: High reliability data derived either from high intensity sample survey or data obtained from national or state agencies responsible for regulations or legislation relating to soil and water protection. Tier 2: Approaches based on low intensity or incomplete sample-based surveys or studies that provide data for specific areas that is extrapolated through statistical analysis to national level estimates. Tier 1: Other Tier 3: High reliability data derived either from high intensity sample survey or data obtained from national or state agencies responsible for regulations. Tier 2: Approaches based on low intensity or incomplete sample-based surveys or studies that provide data for specific areas that is extrapolated through statistical analysis to national level estimates. Tier 1: Other Tier 3 : Estimate based on repeated compatible tiers 3 (tier for status) Tier 2 : Estimate based on repeated compatible tier 2 or combination tier 3 and 2 or 1 (tier for status) Tier 1 : Other Tier 3 : Estimate based on repeated compatible tiers 3 (tier for status) Tier 2 : Estimate based on repeated compatible tier 2 or combination tier 3 and 2 or 1 (tier for status) Tier 1 : Other 5.5 Comments Comments related to data definitions etc Protection of soil and water Production of clean water Coastal stabilization Desertification control Avalanche control Comments on the reported trend Erosion, flood protection or reducing flood risk Other protective functions Ecosystem services, cultural or spiritual values Public recreation Carbon storage or sequestration Spiritual or cultural services Other ecosystem services Other general comments to the table 42

43 43

44 6. How much forest area is protected and designated for the conservation of biodiversity and how has it changed over time? Documents for this question: Guide for country reporting FRA 2015 FRA 2015 Terms and Definitions 6.1 Categories and definitions Conservation of biodiversity Forest area within protected areas Definition Forest area designated primarily for conservation of biological diversity. Includes but is not limited to areas designated for biodiversity conservation within the protected areas. Forest area within formally established protected areas independently of the purpose for which the protected areas were established. 6.2 National data Data sources References to sources of information Variables Years Additional comments Classification and definitions National class Definition Original data 6.3 Analysis and processing of national data 44