Japan's International Relations

Transcription

1 B Japan's International Relations Politics, economics and security Glenn D. Hook, Julie Gilson, Christopher W. Hughes and Hugo Dobson London and New York

2 Contents LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS GLOSSARY ABBREVIATIONS A NOTE ON THE TEXT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PREFACE XIX xx i xxv i XXX i xxxiii xxx iv MAPS Map 1 Japan's administrative districts, US bases in Japan and basic statistics on Japan Map 2 Japan and East Asia xxxvii xxxviii PART I JAPAN'S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: WHAT, WHY AND HOW 1 1 The significance of Japan's international relations Debates on Japan's international relations i Metaphors of change ii Metaphors of challenge iii Metaphors of contradiction Why Japan matters: economics, politics and security i Economics ii Politics iii Security iv A tri-dimensional perspective Why Japan matters: regional and global perspectives i United States ii East Asia 14

3 1.3.iii Europe iv Global institutions v Balancing regional and global perspectives Paradigmatic paradoxes? i Japan's role: what, why and how ii Japan's international relations as normal Summary 21 Explaining Japan's international relations Methodology Historical overview: from the Chinese world order to the post-cold War period i Chinese world order ti Imperial world order iii Cold War order iv Post-Cold War period v Dominant historical patterns of Japan's international relations Determinants of Japan's international relations: structure, agency and norms i Theoretical approach ii International structures iii Domestic agency iv Norms Reactivity and proactivity i Reactivity and immobilism ii Proactivity iii Normal reactivity and proactivity of the Japanese state Normal modes of instrumentalization i Crisis and long-term policy-making N Formal, informal and proxy channels iii Sources of quiet diplomacy iv Cultural determinism? v Unilateral, bilateral and multilateral levels Instrumentalizing policy i Primacy of economic power Summary 78

4 PART II JAPAN-UNITED STATES RELATIONS 79 3 Introduction Changing places? Approach Historical overview i Changing international structures ii Changing domestic order iii Changing domestic society Summary 88 4 Japan-United States political relations Overview Changes in the structure of the international system i Normalization of relations with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Ii Japan's response to the Vietnam War iii Normalization of relations with China iv Opportunities of multipolarity v Opportunities and constraints of renewed bipolarity vi Opportunities and constraints of the post-cold War period Domestic society i Americanization of the academic community ii Public opinion Summary Japan-United States economic relations Overview Trade relations i Trade conflicts Investment relations i Manufacturing investment ii Finance Japan, the United States and regional projects i North American Free Trade Agreement ii Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Clash of developmental and liberal economic norms Summary 122

5 6 Japan-United States security relations Overview Interpreting the security treaty Cold War period i International setting and domestic agency ii Balancing internal and external pressures Post-Cold War period i Implications of the Cold War's ending ii 'Reaffirmation' or 'redefinition' of the security treaty? iii Revised Guidelines for United States-Japan Defence Cooperation iv 'Situations in areas surrounding Japan' v Theatre Missile Defence vi United States bases in mainland Japan vii United States bases in Okinawa Summary Conclusion The changing nature of Japan-United States relations Continuing strength of bilateralism Salience of other norms Dominant pattern of Japan-United States relations 149 PART III JAPAN-EAST ASIA RELATIONS Introduction Japan and the rejoining and remaking of East Asia: Association of Southeast Asian Nations Approach Historical overview : the origins of structural barriers to Japan-East Asia interaction i Legacy of colonialism ii National division iii Cold War bipolarity iv Fragmentation of the East Asian regional political economy v Japan's isolation from East Asia Summary 161

6 9 Japan-East Asia political relations Overview Japan and China i Japan's approach towards China: structure, agency and norms it Sino-Japanese relations and normalization in the first Cold War period iii Sino-Japanese relations in the 1980s iv Tiananmen Square incident v Sino-Japanese political relations in the post-cold War period Japan and the Korean Peninsula i Japan's approach towards North and South Korea: structure, agency and norms ii Japan-South Korea relations in the Cold War period iii Japan-North Korea relations in the Cold War period iv Japan-South Korea relations in the post-cold War period v Japan-North Korea relations in the post-cold War period Japan and Southeast Asia i Japan's approach towards Southeast Asia: structure, agency and norms ii Japan and Southeast Asia in the Cold War period iii Japan and the Vietnam War iv Japan and the emergence of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations v Japan-ASEAN relations in the post-cold War period vi East Asian Economic Caucus Summary Japan-East Asia economic relations Overview Japan's economic re-entry and presence in East Asia i Official Development Assistance ii Foreign direct investment iii Trade Japan and the economic development of the East Asia region i Developmental models ii Propagation of developmental norms iii Criticisms of the developmental state model Japan and the East Asian economic crisis 202

7 10.4.i East Asian financial and economic crises ii Japan's perceived responsibility for the crises iii Japan's regional response and the Asian Monetary Fund iv New Miyazawa Initiative Summary Japan-East Asia security relations Overview The pattern of Japan's security policy in East Asia i Structure, agency and norms in Japan's security role in East Asia ii Japan's alternative security agenda Japan and East Asian security in the Cold War period i Japan and Southeast Asia ii Korean Peninsula iii China iv Japan and multilateral security in East Asia in the Cold War period Japan and East Asian security in the post-cold War period i Changes in the post-cold War international structure il Complexity of the post-cold War security agenda iii Japan's bilateral security links with East Asia in the post-cold War period iv Japan and multilateral security in East Asia in the post-cold War period v United States-Japan alliance and regional security in the post-cold War period vi Japanese economic power and security policy in the post-cold War period Summary Conclusion Association of Southeast Asian Nations + 3 revisited Japan's reconstruction of an East Asia region 226 PART IV JAPAN-EUROPE RELATIONS Introduction Obuchi calls for a new currency era 232

8 13.2 From early encounters to defeat in World War II Core states of Europe Divided continent European Economic Community Summary Japan-Europe political relations Overview Japan and the community of Europe i Fall of the Berlin Wall ii Consolidating links with the European Community Policy-making actors i Policy-making agents ii Political parties iii Business interests iv Non-governmental organizations V The European Commission Delegation in Tokyo Divide and rule? Japan and the European Union member states i Japan's promotion of shared interests with the European Union ii Japan's promotion of multilevel engagements with the European Union iii Standardized approach to the European Union Japan and peripheral Europe Expanding dialogue with Europe Cooperating in regional fora i Multilateral opportunities ii Asia-Europe Meeting Emerging norms: new trilateralism i Trilateral Commission ii New trilateralism Summary Japan-Europe economic relations Overview Economic relations with the European Union i Japan as an emerging challenge during the 1970s and 1980s 258

9 15.2.ii Responding to structural changes iii Anti-dumping iv 'Screwdriver'problems Post-Cold War economic relations Domestic actors ~ i Policy-making agents ii Other policy-making actors iii Business interests National differences of perception and reception i Types of market ii Reception by host government iii Links with the European Union Peripheral Europe Institutions Trilateralism Summary Japan-Europe security relations Overview Cold War structures Post-Cold War changes Facing a converging European security agenda Shared security interests ii Peacekeeping operations Bilateral security dialogue Peripheral Europe Multilateral cooperation i North Atlantic Treaty Organization ii Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe iii United Nations iv G7/ V ASEAN Regional Forum vi Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization Domestic actors i Policy-making agents ii Non-governmental organizations Changing security norms Summary 291

10 17 Conclusion Trilateral agenda Balancing relations Tripolar competition Triangular unity Supplemental strategy 296 PART V JAPAN-GLOBAL INSTITUTIONS Introduction Renewed internationalism From Versailles to the San Francisco peace treaty Post-war reintegration of Japan Summary Japan-United Nations Overview United Nations reform i United Nations Security Council ii Japanese initiatives Representation i Personnel it United Nations University Economics i Funding ii Development iii Environmental issues Security i Peacekeeping M Disarmament Summary Japan-economic institutions Overview Historical context Financial contributions Japanese representation 335

11 20.4.i World Bank ii International Monetary Fund iii World Trade Organization Japan as a norm entrepreneur The East Asian Miracle report Policy-making process i Ministry of Finance ii Other actors Trade conflict Summary Japan-G7/ Overview Economic issues i Management of the global economy ii Debt relief Expanding the G i Russian reconstruction ii FromG7toG Japan, East Asia and the G7/ i Japan as regional leader ii East Asian participation Promotion of security i Traditional security ii New security challenges Policy-making process i Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Finance ii Ministry of International Trade and Industry and Bank of Japan iii Big business and opposition parties iv Prime minister V Domestic issues Summary Conclusion Assuming global responsibilities Internationalist future? 365

12 PART VI JAPAN'S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: WHAT NEXT? Japan explained Japan: no longer an enigma Japan-United States relations i What? H Why? iii How? Japan-East Asia relations i What? ii Why? iii How? Japan-Europe relations i What? ii Why? iii How? Japan-global institutions i What? ii Why? iii How? Japan: the aikido state i Crisis and long-term policy-making ii Formal, informal and proxy channels iii Bilateral, regional and multilateral levels Summary Japan: the challenge of globalization Overview Globalization and the tri-dimensional approach i Political dimension ii Economic dimension iii Security dimension Globalizing agents, i Political dimension ii Economic dimension iii Security dimension Globalizing norms i Political dimension ii Economic dimension 388

13 24.4.iii Security dimension Globalization and quiet diplomacy Challenges for Japan 390 CHRONOLOGY OF JAPAN AND WORLD AFFAIRS BIBLIOGRAPHY 423 TABLES 441 APPENDICES 0.1 Internet sources Constitution of Japan - Preamble and Article Post-war prime ministers of Japan Security Treaty between the United States and Japan Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan Constitution of Japan - Article Bilateral visits between Japan and the United States Japan-US Joint Declaration on Security Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China Japan-China Joint Declaration on Building a Partnership of Friendship and Cooperation Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea Japan-Republic of Korea Joint Declaration Joint Declaration Issued by Korean Workers' Party, Liberal- Democratic Party and Japan Socialist Party Defence exchanges with East Asia Joint Declaration on Relations between the EC and Japan Meetings of heads of state and government of the G7/8 520 INDEX 521