University of Groningen. Navigating waterway renewal Willems, Jannes

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1 University of Groningen Navigating waterway renewal Willems, Jannes IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2018 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Willems, J. (2018). Navigating waterway renewal: Actor-centred institutional perspectives on the planning of ageing waterways in the Netherlands [Groningen]: University of Groningen Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date:

2 Navigating waterway renewal Actor-centred institutional perspectives on the planning of ageing waterways in the Netherlands Jannes J. Willems

3 J.J. Willems, 2018 This research was conducted at the Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, and funded by the Dutch waterway authority Rijkswaterstaat, as part of the cooperation programme Sustainable Networks between the University of Groningen and Rijkswaterstaat. Cover: Formes Flottantes by Sophie Taeuber-Arp (1935), Kunsthalle Hamburg. Used with permission from bpk-bildagentur, Berlin. English language editing: Sandra Arts-Binnendijk, Ampersand Text & Translation. Design & layout: Sigrid Spier, ontwerp & illustratie ISBN: ISBN E:

4 Navigating waterway renewal Actor-centred institutional perspectives on the planning of ageing waterways in the Netherlands PhD thesis to obtain the degree of PhD at the University of Groningen on the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. E. Sterken and in accordance with the decision by the College of Deans. This thesis will be defended in public on Thursday 13 September 2018 at hours Jannes Jurriaan Willems born on 1 July 1990 in Nijmegen

5 Supervisors Prof. E.J.M.M. Arts Prof. J. Woltjer Co-supervisor Dr. T. Busscher Assessment committee Prof. A. Sorensen Prof. C.J.A.M. Termeer Prof. G. de Roo

6 I have believed for as long as I can remember in an afterlife within my own life a calm, stable state to be reached after a time of troubles. When I was a child, that afterlife was Being Grown Up. As I have grown older, its content has become more nebulous, but the image of it stubbornly persists. Donald A. Schön, Beyond the Stable State (1971) Learning never exhausts the mind. Leonardo da Vinci ( )

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8 Table of contents List of tables and figures Planning for ageing waterways Inland waterways: fixity and fluidity Navigating ageing waterways: an institutional perspective Understanding waterway renewal as an institutional challenge A qualitative research strategy Study outline The issue of ageing infrastructures: moving towards 41 a new alignment 2.1. A new challenge: renewing infrastructure networks Towards renewing infrastructure networks: 45 theoretical explanations 2.3. Methodology Tracing back the alignment in the Dutch national 49 inland waterway system 2.5. Conclusions 58 Table of contents 7

9 3. Planning for waterway renewal: balancing between 61 institutional reproduction and institutional change 3.1. Introduction Theoretical framework Methodology Actors views on institutional change for renewal 72 in the Dutch national inland waterways 3.5. Conclusions and discussion Co-creating value through renewing waterway 87 networks: a transaction-cost perspective 4.1. Introduction A transaction-cost perspective on renewing waterway infrastructure Methodology Results: identifying transaction costs for renewing waterways Conclusions Beyond maintenance: emerging discourses on 115 waterway renewal in the Netherlands 5.1. Introduction Discourse analysis in infrastructure planning Methodology Results Conclusions: new discourses, new power relations? Anticipating water infrastructure renewal: a framing 141 perspective on organisational learning in public agencies 6.1. Introduction Environmental alignment: a process of organisational learning Method The repositioning of Rijkswaterstaat: moving from 152 a managerial frame toward a partner frame 6.5. Discussion: water authorities dealing with change Conclusions Table of contents

10 7. Conclusions & recommendations: achieving a new 165 alignment in the Dutch national waterways 7.1. Navigating mature infrastructure networks Planning for waterway renewal: institutional sedimentation Implications: bridges and barriers for redesigning institutions 177 for waterway renewal 7.4. Reflection: contributions and limitations of the research Recommendations for future research Recommendations for Dutch national waterway renewal practice 192 References 197 Appendices 223 Appendix A: list of interviewees 224 Appendix B: list of policy documents 226 Appendix C: observations 229 Appendix D: focus groups 230 Appendix E: code trees for analysis 232 Summary 235 Nederlandse samenvatting 245 About the author 257 Dankwoord 259 Table of contents 9

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12 List of tables and figures Tables Table 2.1. Three scales relevant to the alignment of technical and social parts of a system. Table 2.2. The alignment between the physical and social system of the Dutch inland waterways in the four phases. Table 3.1. A framework to research institutions from two lenses Table 3.2. The two institutional strands offer different explanations for institutional reproduction and change. Table 3.3. Institutional reproduction and change in the Dutch inland waterway network. Table 4.1. The three dimensions of a transaction. Table 4.2. Three approaches to renewal. Table 4.3. Stances of the three key actors on renewal. Table 5.1. Central elements in discourses. Table 7.1. (Dis)alignment to a phase of waterway renewal in the Dutch waterway system. Figures Figure 1.1. The waterway system as an interrelated system consisting of both physical and socio-institutional elements. Figure 1.2. Institutional learning on two organisational levels in the socioinstitutional system. Figure 1.3. The relationships between the conceptual model and the research questions of this study. Figure 1.4. The two institutional lenses and their shared foundation. Figure 1.5. The Dutch national inland waterway network, including the navigation locks and weirs that will have to be replaced before Figure 1.6. The Dutch national inland waterway network, including the bridges that will have to be replaced before Figure 1.7. Outline of the thesis in three parts. Figure 1.8. Part 2 of the thesis specified. Figure 2.1. The added amount of navigation locks built in the period Figure 2.2. Different responses to a phase of renewal. List of tables and figures 11

13 Figure 3.1. Path dependencies. Figure 3.2. Renewal as perceived by the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management. Figure 3.3. Institutional layering in the Dutch inland waterway system for waterway renewal. Figure 4.1. Three approaches to renewal: (1) 1-to-1 renewal (internal transaction); (2) minor renewal (transactions with local stakeholders); and (3) major renewal (transactions with regional stakeholders). Figure 4.2. Inter-organisational structures of (1) 1-to-1 renewal (hierarchical relationships); (2) minor renewal (hierarchical relationships); and (3) major renewal (contractual relationships). Figure 5.1. An example of the coding process: the family code problem definition, its sub-codes and relationships. Figure 5.2. The positioning of renewal and renovation in Dutch infrastructure planning. Figure 5.3. Three discourses on waterway renewal in the Netherlands. Figure 5.4. Three competing discourses in the Dutch inland waterway network. Figure 6.1. Learning presented as two feedback loops. Figure 6.2. The Dutch national inland waterway network and the location of the six projects. Figure 6.3. The managerial frame. Figure 6.4. The partner frame. Figure 7.1. The conceptual model of this study. Figure 7.2. Institutional change as a process of institutional layering: rather than institutions succeeding each other (left), new layers of institutions complement existing ones. Figure 7.3. Three strands ( triple helix ) resulting in path dependencies. Figure 7.4. Two learning systems. Figure 7.5. Waterway renewal as a multi-level affair and the barrier of institutional fragmentation. Figure 7.6. Connecting waterway renewal investments to wider developments. 12 List of tables and figures