EMERGENCE ON SECURITY REGIMES IN EUROPE NATO 1949

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1 EMERGENCE ON SECURITY REGIMES IN EUROPE NATO 1949 FDR in 1955 SUEZ 56 France out NATO Lisbo EDC Signed 1952 WEU 1955 RIP 1954 French non EPC Process 1970 WEU 1980s RIP Fouchet Plan CSCE Helsinki SEA EPC into EU 1992 Maastricht WEU=EU CFSP 1999 Helsinki Headline ESDP

2 THE EARLY YEARS After the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, Jean Monnet argued that the answer to the increasing Soviet threat in Europe could be found in pooling the military resources of the European democracies. The six members of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) decided to set up a parallel body, the European Defense Community, complete with parliament, joint-defense commission, council of ministers, and court of justice. The EDC Treaty was signed in 1952.

3 THE EARLY YEARS The parliaments of the Benelux countries, West Germany, and Italy ratified the EDC Treaty but the idea came to an abrupt halt in the French Assembly on August 30, Several factors contributed to the French rejection. First was a general opposition to a supranational political community. Second was the opposition of the French left to the rearming of Germany. And third was the opposition of the French right to placing French troops under foreign command

4 THE EARLY YEARS The Single European Act (SEA) further emphasized the necessity to coordinate EPC. It stated: that the EPC could include the political and economic aspects of security, and that the European Parliament should be closely associated with the EPC. Finally, with the end of the Cold War, a more multilateral approach to security and foreign policy in the EU gained momentum.

5 FROM WEU TO ESDP The Western European Union was set up by the Treaty of Economic, Social, and Cultural Collaboration and Collective Self-Defense, which was signed in Paris on October 23, 1954, and came into effect on May 6, The Paris agreement was a modification of an earlier agreement, the Brussels Treaty, which was signed by Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom (UK) and laid the foundations of EDC. The Paris agreement also permitted Italy and West Germany to join the organization.

6 FROM WEU TO ESDP Between 1955 and 1984, the political achievements of the WEU were facilitating the integration of West Germany into NATO and serving as a link between the EU and the UK until the latter became a member of the Community. Otherwise, the WEU was not a major player in the Community s subsequent foreign policy making, and the organization remained inactive until 1984.

7 FROM WEU TO ESDP Frustrated with the U.S. nuclear missile and Strategic Defense Initiative policies, France started a campaign to reactivate the WEU in the 1980s. Another important reason for the French initiative was that at the time European Political Cooperation excluded matters relating to defense and security. On October 26 27, 1984, in Rome, the foreign and defense ministers of the member countries agreed to reactivate the WEU. The Rome Declaration reaffirmed the WEU s commitment: to strengthen peace and security; to promote the unity and encourage the progressive integration of Europe; to cooperate more closely both among member states and with other European organizations; to make better use of the WEU framework in order to increase cooperation between the members in the field of security and to encourage consensus; and

8 MAASTRICHT AND THE WEU Under the Maastricht Treaty (1992), the WEU was envisioned as the future military arm of the European Union (EU); it remained institutionally autonomous. In 1995 the Eurocorps, a joint force drawn from some of the WEU members, became operational. An additional 18 nations from central Europe, NATO, and/or the EU joined the WEU as associate members, observers, or associate partners in the 1990s. In 1999 the EU voted to absorb all the functions of the WEU in preparation for making the EU a defensive and peacekeeping military organization as well as a social and economic one.

9 THE MAASTRICHT TREATY AND CFSP Establishes common foreign and security policy as the second main pillar of the EU and makes the Western European Union (WEU) an integral part of the development of the EU while maintaining this institution s autonomy and giving it the task of defining and implementing defense and security issues.

10 THE WEU PETERSBERG DECLARATION IN BONN ON JUNE 19, 1992 This declaration emphasized the importance of the CSCE (OSCE) in promoting peace and stability in Europe and called for strengthening the CSCE s capabilities in conflict prevention, crisis management, and peaceful settlement of international disputes. It specified that the WEU would support implementation of conflict prevention and crisis management measures, including peacekeeping operations of the CSCE or the UN Security Council. Furthermore, the declaration reaffirmed the members commitment to strengthen the European leg of the Atlantic Alliance and to invite other EU members and European members of NATO to join the WEU.

11 WEU- MEMBERSHIPS (Modified Brussels Associate Members Observers Associate Partners Treaty 1954) (Rome 1992) (Rome 1992) (Kirchberg 1994) Belgium Czech Republic Austria (1995) Bulgaria France Hungary Denmark Estonia Germany Iceland Finland Latvia Greece (1995) Norway Ireland Lithuania Italy Poland Sweden (1995) Romania Luxembourg Turkey Slovakia Netherlands Slovenia (1996) Portugal (1990) Spain (1990)

12 TREATY ON EUROPEAN UNION ARTICLE 26 "The Secretary-General of the Council, High Representative for the common foreign and security policy, shall assist the Council in matters coming within the scope of the common foreign and security policy, in particular through contributing to the formulation, preparation and implementation of policy decisions, and, when appropriate and acting on behalf of the Council at the request of the Presidency, through conducting political dialogue with third parties." Javier Solana was the High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP).

13 THE AMSTERDAM TREATY AND CFSP The Amsterdam Treaty enhanced provisions of CFSP to pave the way for a common defense policy via: A new process for CFSP cooperation was introduced as common strategies. Once the EU foreign ministers make a proposal to the European Council, the Council will then adopt it as a common strategy. formalized and clarified the practice of agreement through constructive abstention. While all CFSP decisions still require unanimity, abstention by members no longer means a veto. the treaty formally integrated defense policy cooperation into the EU. Finally, the treaty granted the right to remain neutral, which was demanded by Sweden, Austria, Finland, and Ireland.

14 Specifically, Article 17 of the Treaty of Amsterdam states that the CFSP covers all questions relating to the security of the Union, including the progressive framing of a common defense policy, which might lead to a common defense, should the European Council so decide. This article introduced a transfer of competences from the WEU to the EU, and almost all of the Petersberg tasks have been incorporated into new structures of the Union, as have subsidiary bodies of the WEU such as the Satellite Centre and the Institute for Security Studies, which have been operational since January 2002.

15 THE NICE TREATY Makes changes to the CFSP, mainly in the following areas:! Enhanced cooperation, which will be possible for the implementation of a joint action or common position if it relates to issues that do not have any military or defense implications. If no Member States object or call for a unanimous decision in the European Council (the 'emergency brake'), enhanced cooperation is adopted in the Council by a qualified majority, with a threshold of only eight Member States.! The Political and Security Committee will be authorized by the European Council to take appropriate decisions to exercise political control and strategic direction of a crisis management operation. This gives it an even more prominent role in the ESDP.

16 NATO AND CSDP NATO (f. 4 April 1949): Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Rep., Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States.

17 NATO AND ESDP A leaked version of the Pentagon's Defense Planning Guidance report advises that the United States "must seek to prevent the emergence of European-only security arrangements which would undermine NATO... Therefore, it is of fundamental importance to preserve NATO as the primary instrument of Western defense and security, as well as the channel for U.S. influence and participation in European security affairs." Hostility between French and American Goals since at least the Reagan administration. Intensified during Bush I and Bush II. The Bush administration policy in the build-up to the second Iraq war greatly distressed both NATO and CSDP. Rumsfeld s Old Europe quote and strategy greatly antagonized members and undermined European solidarity. Seemed unnecessarily intentional as NATO reorientation was already underway.

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19 In 1998, the EU launched a new debate on European defense and security. At Saint-Malo, in December 1998, France and the UK adopted a joint declaration: The European Union needs to be in a position to play its full role on the international stage the EU must have the capacity for autonomous action in order to respond to international crises The EU must be given appropriate structures and a capacity for analysis of situations, sources of intelligence, and a capability for relevant strategic planning, without unnecessary duplication, taking account of the existing assets of the WEU and the evolution of its relations with the EU. In this regard, the European Union will also need to have recourse to suitable military means (European capabilities pre-designated within NATO s European pillar or national or multinational European means outside the NATO framework).

20 The European Council decided to commit itself to establish the necessary capabilities to meet a full range of conflict prevention and crisis management tasks in Europe at the Cologne European Council of June In this context, the WEU Luxembourg ministerial meeting in November 1999 reaffirmed its readiness to allow EU Council bodies direct access to the expertise of the WEU s operational structures. This marked a significant movement for closer ties, if not full integration, between the WEU and EU in formulating ESDI. Finally at the Helsinki European Council in December 1999, the EU agreed on the specifics of the political and military bodies necessary for ESDI

21 COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN ESDP AND NATO/NRF Risks of Duplication and Competition Must be ways of containing risks- coordinating command French insistence on separate European Command Structure and resources Outside of NATO European Military HQ in Belgium EU Military Staff receive tasking fro the EU Military committee (EU Defense ministers). Direct Eurocorps (with US and TUrkey) and EU battle groups. Dealing with NATO logistics and intelligence dependency.

22 BERLIN PLUS AGREEMENT (DECEMBER 2002) Berlin Plus agreement is a short title for a comprehensive package of agreements between NATO and EU, based on conclusions of the NATO Washington Summit. It is comprised of the following major parts: A NATO-EU Security Agreement that covers the exchange of classified information under reciprocal security protection rules; Assured access to NATO planning capabilities for EU-led operations; Availability of NATO assets and capabilities for EU-led civil-military operations; Procedures for release, monitoring, return and recall of NATO assets and capabilities; Terms of reference for using NATO s DSACEUR (Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe) for commanding EU-led operations; EU-NATO consultation arrangements in the context of an EU-led operations making use of NATO assets and capabilities; Arrangements for coherent and mutually reinforcing capability requirements, in particular the incorporation within NATO's defence planning of the military needs and capabilities that may be required for EU-led military operations. All parts are tied together through the so called "Framework Agreement", which consists essentially of an exchange of Letters between SG/HR and SG NATO, dated 17 Mar 03. Since that day, the "Berlin plus" package has been in effect and serves as the foundation for practical work between EU and NATO. In that, the view of EU-led CMO makes use of NATO planning support or NATO capabilities and assets for the execution of any operations Allows coordinated secondment

23 HELSINKI-EDA-EUBG Helsinki headline Goals Creation of European Defense Agency Establishing European Battle Groups by %20Defence%20Agency

24 HELSINKI HEADLINE GOALS Forces Catalogue Deploy 60,000 troops with full support w/i 60 days for at least 1 year. Peacekeeping Headline 2010 capabilities (Peacemaking) Separation of parties by force Stabilization reconstruction Conflict prevention Evacuation Humanitarian assistance.

25 HELSINKI HEADLINE GOALS Capability Development Plan Forces Catalogue Measures to counter man-portable air defense systems Computer network operations Mine counter-measures in littoral sea areas Military human intelligence and cultural/language training Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance architecture Medical support Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defense Third party logistic support Measures to counter improvised explosive devices Increased availability of helicopters Network-enabled capability (NEC) Battlegroups- EU has two dedicated battle groups of on standby at all times for rapid deployment (10 days.) Maritime Rapid Response, and Air Response groups. 13 Battle groups designated as of Airlift- Strategic Airlift Command coordinating some of the airlift resources of Bulgaria, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, the Netherlands, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Poland, Norway, Romania. 2 national C-17s +1 group owned C-17. Various Soviet era craft on option for lease. European Air transport Command- Will take-over air transport capabilities of Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands

26 CIVILIAN HEADLINE GOALS Civilian Headline Goal was set in 2000 at the meeting of the European Council in Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal. It identified four priority areas for the EU in crisis management: policing, 5,000 police officers for crisis management operations, 1,000 on stand-by the rule of law 200 judges and prosecutors prepared for crisis management civil administration establish a pool of experts in the area of civilian administration (including general administrative, social and infrastructure functions) civil protection civil protection teams of up to 2,000 people, all deployable at very short notice. These teams included 2-3 assessment/coordination teams consisting of 10 experts that could be dispatched within 3-7 hours.! Brussels 2004 conference added more goals.

27 LISBON TREATY AND CSDP Brings substantial revisions to existing Pillar II institutions and foreign policy goals of the EU. It sets out common principles and objectives for the Union s external action: democracy, the rule of law, the universality and indivisibility of human rights and fundamental freedoms, respect for human dignity, the principles of equality and solidarity

28 LISBON TREATY & PILLAR II The High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy/Vice- President of the Commission. It combines the functions of the High Representative for CFSP with those of a Vice-President of the Commission and establishes a new institutional office known as European External Action Service (EEAS): This person is supported by the creation of a European External Action Service (EEAS), made up of EU officials and national civil servants and designed to co-ordinate with the diplomatic services of EU countries. Under the new arrangement, the EU countries or the High Representative, rather than the Commission, will propose common foreign and security initiatives, with the European Council deciding by unanimity whether or not to implement the proposals. High Representative is Executive of Common Security and Defense Policy.

29 LISBON TREATY FROM PILLAR II High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy The creation of the High Representative for Foreign and Security Affairs bridges competencies previously reserved for separate processes. CFSP and External relations, Intergovernmental and Community processes Combined Javier Solana (High Rep. for CSFP in Council) and Commissioner for External Relations (Benita Ferrero-Waldner). Javier Solana was rejected for the post (intergovernmentalism) Lady Ashton. Vice-President of the Commission High Rep. CFSP. Participates in European Council Meetings Has right to initiative in CFSP- convoke meetings is crisis, submit proposals, submit questions to the council. Represent EU in international organizations, or treaties where designated by the European Council (unanimity) as representative. Ability to designate former Pillar II tasks to QMV Passerelle clause allows unanimity in declaring a task subject to MMV in the European Council. allows abstention w/o veto.

30 LISBON TREATY & PILLAR II Ability to designate former Pillar II tasks to QMV Passerelle clause allows unanimity in declaring a task subject to MMV in the European Council. allows abstention w/o veto. However, Luxembourg compromise basically remains intact. States can assert vital reasons and refer issue to entire European Council for Unanimity. Common Security and Defense Policy, Option of European Council to adopt a CSDP by unanimity w/o a new treaty. Enhanced Cooperation Any group of at least 9 states can further integrate their CSDP. Permanent Structured Cooperation Allows for coordinated defense activities among big six- w/o other EU states.

31 EUROPEAN EXTERNAL ACTION SERVICE. The European Union s Department of State. Created with the Lisbon Treaty Directed by the High Representative of Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. Catherine Ashton requested the creation of the EEAS in order to support her mission as HRFA. Drew from national foreign affairs offices As well as from the Commission and the Council 1643 staff in total. DG for External Relations and most of DG for Development Cooperation are merged into EEAS. Staff from Council s External and Politico-Military Affairs absorbed.

32 EUROPEAN EXTERNAL ACTION SERVICE. The European Union s Department of State. Created with the Lisbon Treaty Selection of Lady Ashton over Javier Solana was initially seen as preservation of intergovernmental nature of the CSDP. 1 year in British Cabinet 1 year in the Commission very limited international experience. Criteria seemed to be From a large member-state Not famous or powerful Counter-balance to van Rompuy a woman. Was undermined by Council of Ministers and Commission

33 EUROPEAN EXTERNAL ACTION SERVICE. The European Union s Department of State. Lady Ashton Early days were challenging as she had very little staff and no institution. Despite apparent efforts of Council and Commission to control and delay the creation of the EEAS: Lady Ashton oversaw the creation of the EEAS Enlisted the European Parliament s (or at least received) attention to selection and funding of EEAS.!

34 WHAT EU OPERATIONS UNTIL NOW?

35 ON-GOING MISSIONS

36 COMPLETED MISSIONS