Maung Aung Myoe -- Tokyo revives military ties with Myanmar

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1 1 Nikkei Asian Review July 27, :40 pm JST Commentary Maung Aung Myoe -- Tokyo revives military ties with Myanmar Military representatives take their places in the new NLD-led government in Naypyitaw, Myanmar, on March 30. (Photo by Steve Tickner) Japan is forging closer defense ties with Myanmar, a development that would have unthinkable even five years ago, in response to the Southeast Asian country's democratic progress and China's growing assertiveness in the region. Japan's Gen Nakatani in June became the first defense minister of a major country to visit Myanmar after the country's first civilian government in five decades took office. He was also the first Japanese defense minister to visit Myanmar since the two countries established relations in In meetings with the country's de facto leader and State Counselor Aung San Suu Kyi, Myanmar's armed forces chief Senior Gen. Min Aung Hlaing and Defense Minister Lt.

2 2 Gen. Sein Win, Nakatani discussed possible security cooperation as part of Tokyo's plans to assist Myanmar's transition to democracy. The new government, led by Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy, is seeking closer relations with Japan despite lingering unhappiness among its leaders over Tokyo's active political and economic engagement with the former military junta. During the visit of Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida in May, Suu Kyi took a conciliatory approach, saying it was natural that Japan had maintained relations with Myanmar in a manner different from Western governments, which had imposed onerous economic sanctions on the previous military regime. Kishida pledged Tokyo's commitment to helping Myanmar's peace process with ethnic armed groups and to providing financial assistance to the new government. In the last couple of decades, through government scholarship programs, Japan has substantially contributed to Myanmar's capacity building and human resource development. But the pace of cooperation has quickened significantly in the past year. Soon after the NLD's landslide election victory last November, Kishida received party spokesperson Nyan Win in Tokyo and said that "Japan intends to exchange opinions with the NLD in order to support democratization and development in Myanmar and strengthen Japan-Myanmar relations." Closer military relations should be seen as complementary to stronger economic and political ties between the two countries, believe many Japanese officials. In the context of strategic competition between Japan and China, Tokyo clearly believes it is in Japan's interests to improve military cooperation with Myanmar, which earlier was forging a "strategic partnership" with China and relied on Beijing for much of its defense equipment. Diversifying relations For Myanmar, stronger military ties with Japan are part of efforts to reduce the country's dependence on China and diversify its sources of arms purchases. Rather than relying heavily on China for arms supplies, Myanmar is now seeking to buy weapons and/or equipment from Russia, Israel and Ukraine, among others. Japan could also sell military equipment to Myanmar if restrictions on arms exports are lifted.

3 3 Tatmadaw officers (Myanmar Army) leave Parliament in Naypyitaw, Myanmar, on March 30. (Photo by Steve Tickner) The Myanmar armed forces, known as the Tatmadaw, view military cooperation with Japan as part of broader efforts to conduct defense diplomacy as a way of maintaining influence in shaping the country's foreign policy under the NLD-led government. The military wields great influence over Myanmar's political structure, not least through its 25% allocation of all parliamentary seats and its veto power over any changes to the country's military-drafted constitution. Wartime occupation Japan has steadily promoted defense ties with Myanmar since May 2014, when Gen. Shigeru Iwasaki became the first Japanese military chief to visit the country since the end of the World War II. Japan occupied what was then known as Burma for more than three years during the war. Military chief Min Aung Hlaing referred to this history when he visited Japan in late He praised the role of the Imperial Japanese Army in training the "first generation of Myanmar military officers" and added that it had helped Myanmar to achieve independence from Britain in This year marks the 75th anniversary of the founding of the so-called "30 Comrades," a group led by the independence hero Aung San, the father of Suu Kyi, who was trained by Japanese officers. The small army they led is regarded as the forerunner to the Tatmadaw. During the 2014 visit to Tokyo, Min Aung Hlaing negotiated a five-year exchange agreement between the military and the Nippon Foundation, a conservative, nonprofit organization that is close to the Japanese government and helps organize assistance programs and channel large amounts of official aid funds to various countries. The

4 4 agreement has since paved the way for a growing number of visits by Myanmar military delegations to Japan. These senior Myanmar officers have toured Japanese military facilities, participated in workshops on civil-military relations and disaster relief operations, and attended Japanese military training institutes, while observing Fuji Firepower, Japan's largest annual military land exercises. In turn, Japanese language and martial arts instructors have been sent to Myanmar's Defense Services Academy. Military officers sign into the upper house of parliament for the swearing in of the new NLD-led government in Naypyitaw, Myanmar, on March 30. (Photo by Steve Tickner) As part of a five-year agreement between the two militaries, the Tatmadaw last year began sending two officer cadets each year to the National Defense Academy of Japan. The Nippon Foundation has also provided 10 scholarships for Tatmadaw officers to pursue graduate degrees in international relations in Japan. In parallel with moves to beef up defense cooperation with Myanmar, Tokyo pledged a substantial increase in financial aid in the wake of last year's elections. In January, the Japanese government announced that it planned to provide $885 million in official development assistance to support the new administration in infrastructure development, health care and agricultural programs. In June, Japan provided 3.07 billion yen ($29.1 million) in grant assistance, including expanding a long-running education program that annually provides postgraduate education to more than 40 Myanmar students in Japan. Under the Japanese Grant Aid for Human Resource Development Scholarship, the Japanese government has sponsored 440 students from Myanmar since 2001.

5 5 The Japanese International Cooperation Agency has also recently financed postgraduate degree courses for government officials in public policy, economic development and international relations. In January, a 15-member economic delegation from the NLD was invited by the Nippon Foundation to meet with senior economic bureaucrats and tour the Bank of Japan and the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Japan's contribution to Myanmar's development is likely to be welcomed by the NLD government, helping to strengthen ties while enhancing Tokyo's role in regional security. On a broader level, it will no doubt help Myanmar in its push to diversify not only sources of military procurement but also its strategic relations. For the region as a whole, Japanese engagement with Myanmar's military could be a convenient counterweight to China's previously overwhelming presence in military cooperation, at a time when America's so-called "pivot to Asia" is being eclipsed by domestic U.S. considerations. Maung Aung Myoe, an expert on Myanmar military issues and author of "Building the Tatmadaw," is a professor of international relations at the International University of Japan.

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