GCSE Grade (if applicable): AS ALPS target: Personal target:

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1 Name:

2 GCSE Grade (if applicable): AS ALPS target: Personal target: Based on your overall performance so far: what is your most important skills and study targets for studying this essay based topic. SKILL TARGET: STUDY TARGET: Germany Skills Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree nor disagree AO1a: I can use a wide range of accurate and relevant evidence. AO1a: I can accurately and confidently use appropriate historical terminology. AO1a: I can create clearly structured and coherent answers to questions. AO1a: I can communicate accurately and legibly. AO1b: I understand how to analyse key concepts (continuity/ change/ causation/ significance) within their historical context. AO1b: I can cover a range of relevant factors that are fully evaluated/ linked. AO1b: I can show clear understanding of significance/ links between factors. AO1b: I can produce a consistently and relevantly analytical answer with full support. Study skills: I can take responsibility for my own learning, seek information and clarification independently and know when to ask for help. Study skills: I can keep up to date with deadlines and stay organised. Disagree Strongly disagree

3 Communist Bolshevik Zero Hour (Stunde Null) Black Market Occupying Powers Grand Alliance Atlantic Charter Allied Control Council Demilitarisation Teheran, Yalta, Potsdam De-Nazification Democratisation Decentralisation Atomic Bomb Nuremberg Trials Social Democrats (SPD) Liberal Democratic Party (LDPD) Pogrom Socialist Unity Party (SED) Zones Christian Democrats (CDU) Communists (KPD) Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD) Collectivisation Iron Curtain Marshall Plan Bizonia Trizonia Truman Doctrine Berlin Blockade Containment Basic Law

4 Federal President Bundestag Pluralism Bundestag Korean War Economic Miracle Economic Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Consumer Society Vanishing Opposition NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Berlin Wall European Economic Community (EEC) Ohne Mich (Without Me) Economic Integration Warsaw Pact Spiegel Affair Cuban Missile Crisis Politburo De-Stalinisation Stasi Free German Youth (FDJ) Comecon New Economic System Five Year Plan Komsomol Berlin Ultimatum U2 Crisis

5 Aspect of the Topic Confidence Level? Target Consequences of the Second World War Cold War, Potsdam and the Division of Germany Denazification, Bizonia and the Soviet Zone. Currency and the Berlin Blockade Creation of West Germany and the German Democratic Republic The Basic Law and the Constitution of West Germany Economic Miracle Foreign Policy The Berlin Wall Adenauer s Decline 1963 Essay Title Mark /50 Grade Key Target

6 Summary: What happened to post war Germany? Use this map to summarise the different changes to post war Germany after Make sure that you include all of the dates.

7 Section 1: The end of the war and the problem of what to do with the Nazi Regime Learning Objectives To be able to explain the issues that the Big Three had with how to deal with the Nazi regime at the end of WWII and the consequences of de-nazification. Success Criteria 1. (Ao1a) To describe what the plans of the Big Three were with regards to the Nazi regime/ de-nazification. 2. (Ao1b) To be able to explain what influenced those plans. 3. (Ao1b) To begin to evaluate the successes/ failures of those plans. Task 1: Why did Germany lose the war? Military Strategy: Germany s initial strategy of Blitzkrieg was successful in gaining huge amounts of territory quickly. However, troops needed to be left to occupy these areas. Hitler had also (by failing to defeat Britain before attacking Russia on ideological grounds) given himself a war on two fronts. Preparation: Germany had not fully exploited its resources/ manpower in preparing for war, and its alliances with Italy were not useful- worse in fact, as it diverted German forces away from the European fronts. Economic reasons: WWII was a sustained conflict, and the bombing from the British didn t help. Germany was short of labour, it was deeply in debt (42 billion Reichsmarks) and the US and USSR economies and resources were much stronger. Ideology: Germany felt ideologically bound to fight the USSR (with whom they had an alliance) and also were creating its racial programme. This diverted troops and transport to shipping Jews/ outsiders etc. to concentration camps and keeping them there instead of them being used more usefully to end the war. Stalin said: Britain gave the time; the USA gave the money; and the USSR gave the blood. a) What do you think he meant by that? b) What do you think this might mean for relations between Britain, the USA and the USSR post war? Task 2: The End of the Third Reich German problems at the end of the Second World War were extensive. The Third Reich had ceased to exist. Many Nazi leaders had committed suicide (including Hitler and Goebbels) and others had fled, been captured and arrested. Central government had broken down and in its place, Germany and the city of Berlin had been divided into four zones. Each of the occupying powers (USA, USSR, Britain and France) had their own military commander giving orders and guidelines for the local economy and administration. Economic problems: industrial capacity had declined dramatically, the infrastructure of bridges, railways and utilities had broken down, the state had massive debts that were accompanied by rising inflation and a black market for the supply of food and other goods. Social problems: an estimated one in two Germans was on the move. This included; 12 million German refugees fleeing from the east after invasion from the Soviets; 10 million prisoners/ forced labourers from Nazi camps; families who were looking for each other; over 11 million German soldiers who had been

8 prisoners of war (apart from 3.3 million in the USSR who were kept into captivity where one third of them did not survive). The destruction of major German cities (Dresden, Dusseldorf, Cologne, Hamburg, Berlin), 20% of housing destroyed, 30% badly damaged. Food and fuel shortages. Calorie consumption fell to during this period. Which of these problems would be the most difficult to solve? Task 3: Allied Plans for Post War Germany Use the information from Access to History (page ) to develop your notes on: a) Details of the Conference (e.g. who was there, what happened) b) What would happen to Germany (according to the plans made) c) What the Big Three (and France) would get from the conference. Highlight where there may be tensions The Conference What would happen to Germany USA USSR Britain France Atlantic Charter Casablanca Teheran (you may also see it spelled Tehran) Yalta Potsdam

9 d) Write a list of the different problems that came from the post war conferences that may lead to problems for the allies e) Add to your map of Germany, how it was divided according to Potsdam. Task 4: De-Nazification a) What do these images suggest about the process of de-nazification? b) How were the Nuremberg Trials used to de-nazify Germany? (Use your Access to History textbook, page 267-8)

10 c) Do you think that the Nuremberg Trials were fair? d) Using your Access to History textbook (page ) complete the following notes. Problems with de-nazification (page 268-9) How Nazis were identified? Zone Methods of de-nazification Effect/ Impact on the German people/ German economic recovery US Zone British Zone French zone Soviet zone Did de-nazification lead to justice? Was everyone everywhere in Nazi Germany treated in the same way?

11 Section 2: Democratisation and Decentralisation in the different zones of Germany Learning Objectives To be able to explain how the four different powers attempted to democratise and decentralise the different zones of Germany. Success Criteria 1. (Ao1a) To describe the different political parties that emerged in the different zones of Germany. 2. (Ao1a) To describe the process of decentralisation in the different zones of Germany. 3. (Ao1b) To begin to explain how there may be problems/ tensions emerging in these zones of Germany. 4. (Ao1b) To assess the stability of post war Germany. A note on demilitarisation This had been thoroughly applied from the beginning. No armed forces, or manufacture of arms was allowed. This section was therefore, pretty simple! Task 1: The Decentralisation of Germany The Third Reich had been run from the centre of Germany, by the Nazis and therefore had been a strong, centrally controlled state. There was however, another issue that had to be dealt with, beyond dismantling the Nazi state. The Dominance of Prussia Prussia is shown as the darkest area of this map and is the name given to what had been the most powerful state in Germany. In , Prussia had fought a war with France and had united all of the German states into one country. The Kaiser of Germany had always been the Prince of Prussia, and Prussia remained a symbol of militarism, nationalism and power politics within Germany. It was decided by the Allies that Prussia could not continue as a political unit and must be broken up. a) Why do you think the Allies made this decision? The Länder (regional states) in the different zones of Germany b) Each of the different zones (Soviet, US, Britain and France) had a different approach to how they would structure and decentralise their zones. Write how it would work in the boxes on this map, using page of your Access to History textbook to help you. What economic, social or political factors are causing/ affecting their decisions? British Zone Soviet Zone French Zone US Zone

12 c) How did the Soviets differ from the others in their approach to a federal Germany? d) What was the attitude of the French to a centralised administration in Germany? e) Where do you see evidence for tension and conflict between the four powers? Task 2: The Democratisation of Germany This was necessary in order to ensure that Nazism was completely extinguished from Germany. The Allies wanted the system of the Third Reich to be replaced with genuine democratic political parties. As early as 10 th June 1945, the Soviets permitted the re-establishment of non-fascist, democratic parties and Federal: a system of government where states/ regions have independence in internal affairs (e.g. transport, roads, housing), although there is also central government. The USA is one example. the foundations of free unions. Within the next few months of 1945, the Western Allies also agreed to license the formation of democratic parties. a) Why do you think the Allies wanted to license the formation of democratic parties? b) The Four Main Parties of the Western Zones and the One Main Party of the Soviet Zone. Using page of Access to History, complete the table that explains the different parties below. Ensure you include: i. Aims/ beliefs/ main ideas ii. Who they appealed to. iii. Any special interests that those groups had/ appealed to. iv. Commitment to democracy : The Social Democrats (The SPD) The Christian Democrats (CDU) and (in Bavaria) the Christian Social Union (CSU)

13 The LDPD and the FDP The KPD. b) Where might this lead to tensions between the four powers? Task 3: Issues in the Soviet Zone. Political powers and the formation of the SED (the one main party of the Soviet Zone). You will need to use your reading on pages to help you with this task. a) What was the function of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (the SMAD)? b) Walter Ulbricht (a former KPD Reichstag representative who had fled Germany during the Nazi regime and spent much of his exile in Moscow where he was a committed Stalinist) formed a group which gave advice to the SMAD to help them win over the cooperation of the German population. Complete this diagram below with what those aims were. c) What do you think Walter Ulbricht s level of commitment to democracy was?

14 d) The Creation of the SED. Complete the following mind map to help you understand how the SED came to be formed and the effect that had on Germany.

15 Task 4: The Summary Create a cartoon/ diagram/ mind map/ paragraph/ series of bullet points of fully supported arguments that answer the following Ao1b type questions. Why were tensions emerging between the four powers (Britain, France, USA and the Soviet Union) during 1945? How stable was post war Germany?

16 Section 3: Economic and Social Changes within the Zones Learning Objectives To be able to assess the differences between the administration of the four zones and develop your understanding of why Germany was eventually divided into East and West Germany. Success Criteria 1. (Ao1a) To describe the different economic and social changes between the four zones. 2. (Ao1b) To weigh up and assess the consequences of those economic and social changes 3. (Ao1b) To begin to explain how there were problems/ tensions emerging in the four zones of Germany. 4. (Ao1b) To be able to give some reasons why Germany was divided into Easy and West Germany. Task 1: Problems within the Soviet Zone of Occupation Divide the following issues into: a) advantages and disadvantages of being in the Soviet Zone of Occupation and b) social and economic issues by putting them into the table below. Advantage Disadvantage Social Economic The Soviet Zone benefited from large areas of agricultural land (although of mixed quality). It had lost important provinces to Poland: Silesia, an industrial area with coal and iron reserves, the important port of Danzig and the agricultural land of Prussia. The Soviet Zone lacked raw materials compared to the Ruhr area in the British Zone; its only natural resources were potash (salts that contain potassium in water soluble form, used in the production of industrial soap and fertilisers) and brown coal, which was of much lower energy value than black coal. The Soviet zone had well-developed light industry (such as textiles, chemicals and optics) in Saxony and Thuringia. It was less war damaged that the Western Zones, with the main exceptions of Dresden and Berlin. It was suffering from a major influx of refugees from the east and starvation was even worse than in the Western Zones. The transportation infrastructure had been seriously dislocated; railways had been destroyed and roads from east to west Germany were blocked by border checkpoints. It had no effective currency. Do you think the Soviets had a particularly difficult to zone to work with?

17 Task 2: The Aims of the Soviets The aims of the Soviets were to: 1. Pursue reparations in order to rebuild the USSR. 2. Apply a socialist economic policy in order to transform the socio-economic structures. a) Using page of your reading: what were the effects of the Soviet socio-economic policies? Positive effects The Soviets also had a secondary issue: because the Nazi state had been rooted in a capitalist society it justified dismantling their capitalist power structures. This is going to be an important issue when it comes to rebuilding East Germany. Negative effects b) How did the Soviets take control of banking and industry? (page 280-1) c) How did the Soviets redistribute land? (page 281) d) AO1b Conclusion: How successfully did the Soviets achieve their aims? e) Ao1b Conclusion: What impact would that have on the Soviet Zone? Use this box as a space to develop an idea of what life in the Soviet Zone would be like for the following; an industrialist, an ex Nazi, a farmer, a banker, an ordinary person and a refugee. Either draw, write or represent in some way how you might feel about the regime and how you might act.

18 Task 3: The Western Zones The Western Allies had some more difficult problems in rebuilding the Western Zones As each zone was administered individually, each occupying power had to take care of food, shelter, heating, medical services etc. This proved particularly difficult in the north and west of Germany under the British. As the most heavily industrialised areas, they had the densest population and many of the worst damaged cities. The French also sought to extract as much as they could from Germany and the Saar (a coal rich region that the French had controlled during the Weimar Republic under the Treaty of Versailles) as again controlled. The Soviets continued to demand the payment of the additional reparations out of the Western Zones as laid down in Potsdam. The British and Americans particularly then resorted to crisis management in as the extent of Germany s problems emerged. a) Annotate the following images with the solutions that were put in place in the Western Zones for the following issues. CHALLENGE: Where does something appear to be crisis management? b) Ao1b Conclusion: By comparison, how successfully was the Western Zone administered by the Allies? c) Where is this going to lead to tensions between the different zones?

19 Homework: How did Germany become divided into two Germanies? The notes on this section you will complete yourself using the resources that are available to you. This is another opportunity for flipped learning. Just because it is not expressly being taught to you in a lesson does not mean that you should not learn it. The Resources A PowerPoint/ PDF available on the History twitter feed; The PDF is also available at this link: Reading from Access to History, pages Your textbook: pages A video on YouTube of a University of Leicester professor discussing post war Germany: The Wikipedia page on the Berlin Blockade: contains a wonderful 1950s video on the Berlin Blockade: The Tasks Bear in mind that this should be at least two hours of independent work. On paper, either using a computer or handwritten, produce the following: 1. A timeline of how Germany came to be divided, from , including definitions of these key terms: containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan/ European Recovery Programme, Demilitarisation, Denazification, Democratisation, Decentralisation, The Bizone, The Trizone, the FRG/BRD, GDR/DDR, Berlin Blockade, Berlin Airlift, Iron Curtain. 2. At least two paragraphs written on each of the following questions- including evidence. Some of them could be essay questions (or parts of essay questions). a. Why was Germany divided into two Germanies in 1949? b. To what extent was the division of Germany the fault of the USA rather than the Soviet Union? c. To what extent was recovery of the west of Germany at the expense of the east?

20 Section 4: The Formation of the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) in the West. Learning Objectives To be able to assess how successfully the Federal Republic of Germany was set up with a democratic and stable constitution and government. Success Criteria 1. (Ao1a) To describe the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany. 2. (Ao1b) To be able to compare that to the constitution of the Weimar Republic CHALLENGE: assess whether the Germans had learned their lesson from the weaknesses of that constitution.. 3. (Ao1b) To be able to evaluate how successfully they had set up a democratic and stable constitution and government with reference to the political parties of Germany. 4. (Ao1b) CHALLENGE: Create a substantiated, detailed and developed conclusion- to what extent was the Federal Republic of Germany actually democratic? Task 1: The Constitution of the Weimar Republic. The Provisional Constitution of the new Federal Republic of Germany was drafted at the London Six Power Conference. Imagine that you are one of the designers of the new constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany. You have been asked to create a stable and democratic constitution. Use this constitution of the Weimar Republic and consider: What you would keep? CHALLENGE: Can you explain why, with reference to the What you would change? history of Germany that you have learned? How might you change it? Bill of Rights: freedoms such as speech, religion, assembly, political conscience and social rights (such as welfare provision) The Länder: regional councils elected by the people. The Reichsrat: Second, less important house in Parliament. Elected by the people. Any of the German people can make up political parties, who can stand for election in any region and on any issue.

21 Task 2: The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany a) The constitution of the new republic was called the Basic Law (Grundgesetz). Using your Access to History textbook (page ), what were the changes made to the following roles: The Rights of the People The Head of State (the Bundespräsident) Parliament (Reichstag/ Bundestag and Reichsrat/ Bundesrat) The Chancellor (Kanzler) The Electoral System The Supreme Court/ Constitution court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) Key words: Pluralism/ 5% hurdle b) CHALLENGE: Why do you think the following articles were part of the Basic Law? Article 21: Political Parties Political parties shall participate in the formation of the political will of the people. They may be freely established. Their internal organisation but conform to democratic principles... Parties that, by reason of their aims or the behaviour of their adherents, seek to undermine or abolish the free democratic basic order or to endanger the existence of the Federal Republic of Germany shall be unconstitutional. Article 54: Election of the Federal President The Federal President shall be elected by the Federal Convention. The Federal Convention shall consist of the Members of the Bundestag and an equal number of members elected by the parliaments of the Länder on the basis of proportional representation. Article 67: Constructive vote of no confidence The Bundestag (Reichstag) may express its lack of confidence in the Federal Chancellor only by electing a successor by the vote of a majority of its Members and requesting the Federal President to dismiss the Federal Chancellor. The Federal President must comply with the request and appoint the person elected. c) Go back to your Weimar Constitution. What did you get right? Correct it on your copy of the Weimar Republic? d) CHALLENGE: Had the Germans learned the lessons of the flaws with the Weimar Constitution?

22 Task 3: The development of the Party System of the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) Note: We have already met the political parties in Section 2: Democratisation and Decentralisation. a) What do the election results of the first 1945 Bundestag election reveal about the German s response to their new political parties? Party Party Leader Policies/ Views Percentage of Votes No. of Seats in the Bundestag CDU/ CSU Konrad Adenauer Conservative (with a small c) (Christian (note: forms Capitalism with a human Democratic coalition with FDP face - competition but (less than 1/3 of votes) Union/ Christian Social Union (Bavaria) and DP, 1 st Chancellor of FRG) safeguards for the poorest, and a welfare state. SPD (Social Democratic Party) FDP Free Democratic Party KPD Communist Karl Schumacher (followed by Willy Brandt) Changed from a Marxist party to a more electable democratic socialism: hoping for a state regulated capitalist democracy (see the Bad Godesberg programme on page 169 of your textbook) Liberal party: championed big business and liberal freedoms and held the balance of power Marxist Party Others (note: the 5% hurdle is actually introduced in 1953) i. What can you learn about Germany s response to these Bundestag elections? ii. Why do the FDP end up being disproportionately significant? (HINT: think about the role of Liberal Democrats in the 2010 General Election) iii. CHALLENGE: How democratic does the Federal Republic of Germany seem, according to this election?

23 Task 4: The Vanishing Opposition a) What does Vanishing Opposition mean? b) BRITISH POLITICS CHALLENGE: Can you work out how that might apply to British politics? c) Using page of your textbook, complete the following table. How did West German politics develop from a multi party system to one of a vanishing opposition? Issue How did it cause opposition to vanish? Do you think this made the FRG a) more stable b) less democratic? The constitutional emphasis to the free democratic basic order and determination never again to allow democracy to be destroyed by democratic means. Electoral Systems two votes system (First Past the Post, and Proportional Representation). 5% hurdle at federal and Land level requiring all parties to either get 5% of the national vote or a direct mandate through a constituency election would not gain any representation in the Bundestag. Adenauer s policy of inclusiveness absorbing right wing parties into the CDU. (page 171) 1953 elections: despite greatly increased vote, Adenauer chose to run a coalition government. (page 171) 1957 elections: CDU got over 50% of the vote. 1961, declined slightly. Only two significantly large parties left (CDU/CSU and the SPD). FDP hold balance of power (Kingmakers). (page 171: 1966 SPD and CDU/CSU enter Grand Coalition until Task 5: Questions to consider a) On lined paper, write an answer to this question: To what extent was the Federal Republic of Germany actually democratic? (CONSIDER CHALLENGE: Is stability an acceptable substitute for democracy?) b) Go back to your First Task. To what extent has the FRG got both a stable and democratic constitution? What evidence can you add to your diagram?

24 Section 5: the formation of the political system of the German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republik) Learning Objectives To be able to explain how and why the formation of the political system in the GDR (the east) was different to that of the FRG (the west). Success Criteria 1. (Ao1a) To describe the constitution of the German Democratic Republic. 2. (Ao1b) To be able to compare that to the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany 3. (Ao1b) To be able to assess whether the German Democratic Republic was (in truth) a totalitarian state. 4. (Ao1b) CHALLENGE: Create a substantiated, detailed and developed conclusion- to what extent was the German Democratic Republic a totalitarian state? Task 1: The Political Features of the German Democratic Republic a) Using your Access to History textbook (pages ) explain: What the different aspects are in the diagram. What the equivalent (if there is one) in the Federal Republic of Germany is. Where there is democracy/ lack of democracy.

25 b) What differences can you spot between the two parliamentary systems (of the FRG and the GDR)? c) How was the SED a party of a new type? d) What did democratic centralism mean for the people of the GDR? e) To what extent did the GDR actually allow party pluralism? f) How democratic was the German Democratic Republic?... Task 2: The Use of the Stasi, the Judiciary and the Military within the German Democratic Republic a) The Judiciary What were the roles of the following in suppressing opposition within the GDR? (use page of your reading). Judges and Prosecutors (include how they were Criminal Law appointed). Show Trials Politbureau and GDR political authorities

26 b) The Secret Police (The Stasi) Use page 350 of your reading and explain how the Stasi helped control the people of the GDR c) The Military What was the role of the following in controlling the people of the GDR? (Use page 351 of your reading). The People s Police (Volkspolizei, VP, Vopo) The National People s Army (National Volksarmee, NVA) SMAD (later named the Soviet High Commission) Task 3: To what extent was the German Democratic Republic a totalitarian state? a) Look at the following characteristics of a totalitarian government and provide evidence to support/ challenge whether the German Democratic Republic was a totalitarian state. Ruled according to a political ideology/ theory. Secret Police/ Military control. Imprisonment for those with opposing political views. One party system. Show trials. Mass organisations covering the whole population. Management of elections/ no elections. Unfair legal system. b) Conclusion: was the German Democratic Republic a totalitarian state?

27 Section 6: Adenauer s Chancellorship of the Federal Republic of Germany Learning Objectives To be able to assess whether Adenauer stabilised the new democracy of the Federal Republic of Germany. Success Criteria 1. (Ao1a) To describe key features of Adenauer s Chancellorship. 2. (Ao1b) To be able to answer the following four key questions a. How successfully did Adenauer overcome the problems of the new Federal Republic of Germany? b. How far was the success of West German democracy due to the reintegration of former Nazis and an inadequate coming to terms with the past? c. To what extent was there really an economic miracle in the Federal Republic of Germany? d. To what extent did Adenauer s successes come at the expense of the east? 3. (Ao1b) To be able to draw this all together to create an overall judgement on did Adenauer stabilise the new democracy of the Federal Republic of Germany?. Summary Task 1: The Problems of the new Federal Republic of Germany (it is useful to do this task before you start doing the final conclusion task. Problem How was it solved? Who solved it (was it Adenauer or another organisation/ body/ person)? Economic: despite currency reform, the economy still faced difficulties and in it suffered a recession. Unemployment rose to two million, (13% roughly) and prices rose. Social: millions of homes were required to replace bombed homes and to accommodate the millions of refugees from eastern Germany. Political: the FRG was still under the control of the Occupation Statute and did not have sovereignty. Only the Allies could approve many aspects of government, such as trade and internal security. Summary Task 2: The Aims of Adenauer (it is also useful to do this task before you start doing the final conclusion task). Tick of the ones that he has met with a sentence to explain how). Adenauer s Aims To integrate with the Western powers To revise the Occupational Statute (the terms that the Allied Powers occupied Germany with) as quickly as possible. To reunite the FRG with the GDR but not if he had to make any concessions to Communism. To make the FRG so appealing to live in that East Germans would choose to join it- magnet theory. To create economic stability for the new states. To provide a stable, peaceful, growing society with consensus that would counter a Communist threat.

28 Main Task 1: The Economic Miracle The economy of the FRG was superintended by Ludwig Erhard (former Economic Director of Bizonia and developer of the 1948 currency reform). He became economic minister under Adenauer and he believed in the social market economy (these are in the diagram below). a) Read the following statements regarding the economic recovery of the FRG and highlight the following: Short term successes Long term successes Short term failures Long term failures Reasons for successes Reasons for failures Currency reform and the ending of government price controls made more consumer goods available for sale. Initially, steep rises in prices were not matched by wage increases- poorest in society excluded from improvements. Shortages of resources (especially coal) required for rebuilding industry led to a sharp increase in imports and a serious balance of payments deficit (where there is more money going out of the country to pay for imports that coming into the country by selling exports). Foundation crisis in the German economy faced recession because there was not enough demand to sustain growth and there was not enough foreign currency for investment. Unemployment up to 13.5% and the cost of petrol went up by 50%, putting Erhard under pressure from many quarters by 1950 to return to state controls. The Korean war led to an increase in demand for products that the German economy was well equipped to providesuch as armaments- thus leading to boom times for German industry. Economic growth continued to be high and carried on (between 1951 and ) growing. It had growth rates of 10% and 12% in peak years (1951 and 1955) and its average growth rate was 8%. (To put this into context, it is considered a good year in Britain if growth rate is 2.5-3%) , Gross National Product (the value given to the market value of all goods and services produced by one country in one year) almost doubled. More coal was being mined in the FRG by the middle of the 1950s than in the whole of Germany in *CHALLENGE Can you criticise this statistic? The FRG contained extensive resources (coal and iron from the Ruhr) and a well educated, skilled population. More people drove motorised bicycles, scooters and cars- and the dream was to own the Volkswagen ( Beetle ) From 1952, FRG grew in exports to the extent where it had overcome the balance of trade problem it had previously. By 1954 it was the third biggest trading power behind Britain and the USA, especially in tools, machines, cars, electronic and chemical products. It sold its products with the label Made in Germany standing for good quality at reasonable prices; the Deutsch Mark (DM) had been undervalued at first. West German banking became a symbol of financial correctness and the central bank (the Bundesbank) operated independently from the government to keep the currency stable, adjust interest rates to prevent inflation and to control money circulation. This helped foreign investment. The need for housing- coupled with a consumer goods boom and incentives such as special subsidised savings programmes to buy your own property pushed up demand in general, helping German industry along.

29 Economic expansion reflected in job creation and decline of unemployment. By 1955 it was down to one million (or 4.2 per cent). Within a few years, it had a period of full employment that did not really end until the 1970s. Three million people emigrated to the FRG to the GDR before and provided a cheap labour source that enabled industry to keep expanding. People were also prepared to move for jobs, enabling all areas of the FRG to grow. In fact more workers were coming in from Italy and Turkey due to a recruitment drive for labour to keep pace with German economic growth. There was a continuous supply of qualified, disciplined and highly motivated employees on the labour market who were easily satisfied with moderate incomes. The Marshall Plan gave $1.5 billion out of the $12.7 billion to the FRG- a stimulus to the German economy and a boost of political morale to the emerging state. However, Britain received twice as much, and it doesn t give enough credit to Erhard s financial reforms (including the currency reforms) which are seen as the most significant factor. The government s financial expenditure was reduced. They didn t have to pay reparations and defence costs were limited (it was only allowed an army in 1955). This meant that Erhard could spend more on social and welfare policies, which made the new democracy much more stable. The Co-determination Law of 1951 (put workers on the boards of coal, iron and steel industries) and the Works Constitution Law of 1952 (works councils for all employees of companies with more than 500 workers) which helped bring about peace between trade unions, workers and government by giving workers a voice in the government. This meant there were far fewer (virtually no) production hours/ working hours lost to industrial action (strikes). Agriculture required heavy subsidies (government assistance in the form of money), and as the economy became even more reliant on industry, employment in farming was nearly halved- from 23% to 13%. The mechanisation of agriculture did bring about a substantial increase in production- nearly 25% over the 1950s. a) What caused the economic miracle in the Federal Republic of Germany? b) To what extent was there really an economic miracle in the Federal Republic of Germany? (Bear in mind that the definition of miracle is an extraordinary and welcome event that is not explicable by natural or scientific laws and is therefore attributed to a divine or supernatural agency).

30 c) To what extent was the stabilisation of democracy caused by the economic miracle? Main Task 2: Social policy under Adenauer a) Use the sheet on the following page for information and answer the questions that are on that page (marked by a pencil). b) Using page 177 in your textbook as well as the information in the previous task, to what extent had life improved for the average person in the FRG? (You may want to consider men, women and youth separately). c) Using page 177 and of your textbook; to what extent had the success of West German democracy come from the reintegration of former Nazis and an inadequate coming to terms with the past?

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32 Main Task 3: Foreign Policy under Adenauer a) Read Adenauer s foreign policy aims and answer the question that follows: To keep the GDR peaceful and free (particularly considering that the Soviets had developed the atomic bomb by 1949, the Korean war had broken out by 1950 and divided Germany seemed to be on the frontline of hostilities). To establish sovereignty for the new state (as the country was still under the control of the Allied High Commission, the Western Allies had the ultimate authority and the GDR wasn t actually allowed a foreign office- Adenauer acted as chancellor and foreign minister). To exploit the economic, political and military strength of the free Western world by fully integrating the GDR- ending in a united west Europe led and protected by the superpower USA (thereby needing to prove to the west they were stable and reliable). To ensure protection against communist aggression (Adenauer had a violent antipathy towards Communism, mistrusted the Soviets and therefore was opposed to attempts at unification of Germany if it was going to be neutral, reunification could only be considered under Western conditions). To what extent do Adenauer s foreign policy aims demonstrate that he was likely to abandon the east? b) What did Adenauer do? Read the following information and use it to answer the following questions. It may also help you to highlight the consequences of these policies as you go along. Eyes to the West: Economic, Military and Political Integration Economic Integration The Problems with Economic Integration: Occupation Statute of April 1949 still gave the Occupying powers the right to supervise the country s trade. The International Ruhr Authority gave the right to France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg to control the distribution of the area s resources (coal and steel particularly). The coal rich Saar region was still under the control of the French. Adenauer s involvement in Foreign Policies Adenauer was responsible for involving the FRG in the following international agreements. The Petersberg Agreement, autumn 1949: signed by the Allied High Commission. Primarily, to allow the FRG to join the International Ruhr Authority. This limited the ability of the Allies to dismantle industry in the Ruhr, allowed the FRG to establish diplomatic relationships with the other states and let them join the European Council in The European Coal and Steel Community (April 1951): France s mistrust of the FRG began to give way under the idea that economic advantages would come from cooperating with the new Germany. In 1950, the French foreign minister (Robert Schuman) suggested a supranational organisation to oversee German and French steel and coal production (the Schuman Plan) and led to the foundation of the ECSC by its six members: the FRG, France, Italy and the Benelux States (Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg). This allowed the FRG to be treated as an equal partner and brought France and the FRG closer together after three hostile conflicts between This also increased production of coal and steel within the community by 44% (between ), leading the members to look to more integration between them. The European Economic Community (EEC): Treaty of Rome signed in March This created a customs union between the FRG, France, Italy and the Benelux States which would harmonise measures of trade and prices in areas such as agriculture and fisheries. By 1964, 85% of FRG agricultural produce lay within the EEC terms and its success led to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe with its plans to coordinate transport, develop general economic policies, remove measures restricting free competition and assure the mobility of labour and capital. The EEC was known as the Common Market, and

33 it became a turning point for Europe and the FRG. The FRG was the largest member of the EEC, given to political and economic influence. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): Formed in 1948 with the main objective of reducing barriers to international trade. FRG joined in Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC): created in 1948 to administer the Marshall Plan and to continue work on a joint recovery programme by economic cooperation. The Bizone was one of the original founding members. International Monetary Fund (IMF): created in 1943 to stabilise exchange rates and supervise the world s international payment system to prevent financial imbalance. FRG joined in These all helped to bring the FRG into the international community. Questions on the Economic Integration of the FRG with the West i) How did the Foreign Policy of Adenauer improve the economic fortunes of the FRG? ii) How far does this support the idea that the prosperity of the west came from the abandonment of the east? Eyes to the West: Military and Political Integration The outbreak of the Chinese Revolution (1949) and the Korean War (1950) heightened the fear of communism and led to a change in attitudes between US and West European politicians. The USA wanted European countries to be able to defend themselves without relying on the US, but German rearmament was still looked at quite warily. French PM, Pleven, planned to create a European Defence Community (EDC), under French leadership with a limited German contingent. Adenauer agreed to make the FRG a member of the EDC provided it would end the Occupation Statute. The agreement signed in 1952 creating the EDC caused some intense political opposition- the treaty was ratified by the Bundestag but there was serious resistance to German rearmament (from within the SPD and also some within the CDU). It was defeated by the French parliament and it was renegotiated. October 1954, the Paris Treaties were signed to settle openly all the major political and economic disputes between Germany and France. This time, they were signed by their respective parliaments and agreed: German sovereignty; the occupational statute was ended and the FRG was a fully sovereign state in May Western Powers kept their rights and responsibilities over West Berlin, the stationing of their troops in West Germany to guarantee its security was assured, and the question remained of German reunification and a future peace settlement West European Union; the EDC plan was put to one side, and instead the West European Union was set up (France, Britain, and the Benelux states, the FRG and Italy). This was a defensive pact, which allowed the FRG to have its own army (Bundeswehr) instead of a European army that would have been created by the EDC. NATO: The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, a military alliance formed in The FRG was allowed to become a full member in 1955 (although it abstained from atomic, biological and chemical weapons). The future of the Saar; autonomous status of the Saar and its close economic connection with France was agreed by Adenauer, but the population of the Saar were given a plebiscite. A 68% majority rejected these

34 terms. 2/3 of the Saar parliament pushed for unifying with the FRG. Improved Franco-German relations allowed it to happen in iii) How successfully does Adenauer seem to have integrated the FRG with the western world? c) What were Adenauer s relations with the GDR and the USSR? Use the following pieces of information to produce a cartoon that demonstrates how the FRG saw/ treated the GDR. In the official language of the FRG, East Germany was referred to as the Soviet Occupation zone. There were no official international diplomatic relations between the FRG and GDR. When the GDR signed a peace treaty with Poland in 1950, it was not recognised by the FRG. People generally spoke of it in derogative language, as drüben (over there) or Ostzone (the east zone). Adenauer s strategy was that of the magnet theory. If the FRG was politically and economically strong, it would be more attractive to the people of east Europe and therefore they would wish to join the FRG. 3 million refugees from the GDR came flooding into the FRG during the 1950s served to confirm that theory. The Stalin Notes: these addressed the question of German reunification in March They suggested a negotiated settlement to the German question provided; there was a final peace treaty for a united Germany with free democratic elections; that all foreign troops would be removed from Germany, it would not enter a military alliance and would remain neutral; and a defensive army would be created for that new state. It was rejected by the Western Allies. The USA hoped for the EDC negotiations, Adenauer was concerned it left Germany weak and prey to communist power and influence and used all of his influence to ensure it did not happen. The Soviet offer was renewed again on several occasions after Stalin s death (1954-5). Adenauer did not budge from his position. Adenauer was blamed by his opponents for not seriously pursuing these negotiations, but his supporters have seen Stalin s offer as a bluff to prevent remilitarisation and to block Western interests before restoring communist influence over Germany. The opening of the Soviet archives after 1990 suggests that Stalin was trying to keep the FRG from further integration with the west to allow Soviet influence, but subsequent offers may have been more about propaganda aimed at presenting the right image. The Hallstein Doctrine (after 1955): it established that the FRG would not establish or maintain diplomatic relationships with any country that recognised the German Democratic Republic. Draw your cartoon here. How can you represent the different relations between the FRG and the GDR? What other relationships might you want to show here?

35 Create mind maps around these essay questions about Adenauer and the Federal Republic of Germany. How successful was Adenauer s foreign policy? Assess the reasons for West Germany s economic miracle in the 1950s. Assess the reasons why Adenauer kept power for so long after Assess the reasons for West Germany s political stability in the 1950s. To what extent was Adenauer personally responsible for West Germany s growing strength in the 1950s? You should look at the information on the fall of Adenauer: in your textbook, pages

36 Section 7: Life in the German Democratic Republic Learning Objectives To be able to compare life in the German Democratic Republic to life in the Federal Republic of Germany. Success Criteria 1. (Ao1a) To describe key features of life in the GDR. 2. (Ao1b) To be able to compare the level of freedom, comfort and security found in the GDR in comparison to the FRG. 3. (Ao1b) To be able to explain what caused the formation of the Berlin Wall. Key Feature 1: The Survival of Walter Ulbricht as leader of the GDR Case Study 1: The Berlin Uprising a) Using pages of your Access to History reading, create a quick timeline of the events in the boxes below. The Causes The Demands The Events The Failure The Intervention of the Soviet Union and the Non-Intervention of the West The Consequences The Concessions b) What does Ulbricht s handling of the Berlin Uprising suggest about how he will keep power?

37 Case Study 2: Destalinisation and The Hungarian Crisis Using page of the Access to History reading and explain how Walter Ulbricht survived. You can also use the PowerPoint available at this link: Key Feature 2: The Economy of the GDR Task 1: Use your Access to History reading to answer the following questions. a) What were the disadvantages faced by the GDR as it tried to rebuild its damaged industry? b) How successfully did the GDR stabilise and improve its industry? c) How does it compare to the Economic Miracle in the West?

38 d) What was the impact of collectivisation on agriculture in the GDR? e) The ideological inflexibility of communism ruined the economy of the GDR. To what extent do you think this is true? Task 2: Read the section on Welfare (page 367 onwards) in your Access to History textbook and compare it to welfare in the FRG. Which more successfully looks after its people? Complete the table on the next page:

39 Social policy area (you will need to describe this!) Life for the workers How successful was it? Federal Republic of Germany equivalent (page ) Which is better? Accommodation Welfare State Women Education and youth Consumer goods Religion Living Standards Conformity and dissent

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