Politics in States and Communities Power Point Supplement. Chapter 3 States, Communities, and American Federalism

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1 Politics in States and Communities Power Point Supplement Chapter 3 States, Communities, and American Federalism

2 What is Federalism A system of government in which power is divided between national and sub-national governments with both exercising separate and autonomous authority, both electing their own officials, and both taxing their own citizens for the provision of public services.

3 Why Federalism? Centralized government was an option; with uniform laws, rules, and regulations; and with national majorities controlling a single government. But the Founders wanted protection against tyranny and used federalism to divide power between national and state governments and further divided national authority by developing a system of checks and balances among three branches at the national level with state constitutions following a similar pattern, allowing for local government.

4 Benefits of a Decentralized Government Distributes authority more widely among different sets of leaders and provides opposition parties with a base of support when they are out of power Increases participation in government and the political system; 88,000 units of government with nearly one million elected officials Encourages policy responsiveness Creates laboratories of democracy Helps manage conflict by localizing issues

5 Structure of Federalism Delegated Powers and National Supremacy Reserved Powers Powers Denied to the Nation and States

6 Original Constitutional Distribution of Powers

7 Constitutional Powers: Continued

8 Constitutional Amendments Constitutions require ¾ of states to ratify an amendment after Congressional approval for the amendment to become law Defeat of the ERA-Equal Rights Amendment Defeat of the District of Columbia Amendment Passage of the 27 th amendment concerning Congressional pay increases

9 The Evolution of Federalism The effect of money on federalism The effect of Supreme Court cases on federalism The effect of historic events on federalism

10 Money and Federalism The 16 th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution Federal Grants-in-Aid Federal Mandates

11 Various State/Local Programs Receiving Federal Grants

12 State/Local Grants: Continued

13 Examples of money impacting federalism Northwest Ordinance-provided grants for federal land for public schools and the Morrill Land Grant Act-for higher education The 16 th Amendment in 1913 establishing the federal income tax Federal grants-in-aid - currently 1/3 of state and local expenditures are sourced from fed government Categorical grants/block grants

14 Federal Grants-in-Aid by Major Function

15 Federal Mandates to State and Local Government

16 U.S. Supreme Court Cases Impacting Federalism Marbury v. Madison McCulloch v. Maryland National Labor Relations Board v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Brown v. Board of Education -1954

17 Historic Events Impacting Federalism The U.S. Civil War The Industrial Revolution The Great Depression World War II

18 Post-Civil War Amendments 13 th Amendment-abolished slavery in the states 14 th Amendment-states could not make laws which abridge the rights of citizens or deprive them of life, liberty, or property without due process, nor deny equal protection of the law 15 th Amendment-prevented states from discriminating against blacks in the right to vote

19 Industrial Revolution/Growth of U.S. Economy and Federalism National Labor Relations Board Case Interstate Commerce National government control over national economy

20 The Great Depression New Deal programs Vast expansion of federal government, federal bureaucracy, and federal authority in nearly all aspects of American life Economic affairs, labor relations, business practices, agriculture, poverty, unemployment, old age, health care, transportation, public works, utilities, etc.

21 World War II Expansion of control of economy and economic activity Expansion of military-industrial complex Expansion of foreign presence, foreign aid, and military

22 Models of Federalism Dual Federalism: Cooperative Federalism: Centralized Federalism: New Federalism: Representative Federalism: Coercive Federalism: 1996-present

23 De-Evolution of Federalism: the Example of Welfare Reform Ended a sixty-year federal entitlement program for cash welfare aid (Aid to Families with Dependent Children), and substituted block grants with lump-sum allocations to the states for welfare payments (now known as Temporary Assistance to Needy Families) Granted states broad flexibility in determining eligibility and benefit levels for persons receiving such aid Allowed states to increase welfare spending if they chose to do so but penalizes states that reduce their spending for cash aid below 75 percent of their 1996 levels Allowed states to deny additional cash payments for children born to women already receiving welfare assistance and allowed states to deny cash payments to parents under age eighteen who do not live with an adult and attend school

24 U.S. Supreme Court Cases Limiting Federal Supremacy U.S. v. Lopez Brady Handgun Violence Protection Act Seminole Tribe v. Florida and Aldin v. Maine Violence Against Women Act-2000

25 On the Web Most state websites can be accessed by inserting the state s postal abbreviation in the following web address: For example: for California Council of State Governments