CHAPTER - III SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK. Estelar

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1 CHAPTER - III SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK

2 53 CHAPTER - III SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK Contemporary evolutionary process of the principles of sustainable development law started with the 1972 Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm. In which the relationship of the man and its environment was defined as Man is both creature and moulder of his environment, which gives him physical sustenance and affords him the opportunity for intellectual, moral, social and spiritual growth 1. Following the Stockholm declaration, in the year 1987 report of the legal experts group on principles of international law for the protection of the environment and sustainable development, which accompanied the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (or Brundtland Commission), entitled Our Common Future was published. Our Common Future proposed the adoption of 22 legal principles, divided into four groups, meant to address the challenges identified in the report and to guide future law-making in the areas of environmental protection and sustainable development 2. 1 See, Stockholm Deceleration, The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 1972, available at visited on See the Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, 1987, United Nations, available at last visited on

3 54 The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (or Earth Summit) in 1992 produced a set of principles for sustainable development, called the 1992 Rio Declaration, and a plan for global sustainability, called Agenda The figure below provides the evolutionary process of International Sustainable Development Law. Evolution of International Sustainable Development Law 1972 Stockholm Declaration on Human Environment 2000-MDGs Millennium Summit. (United Nations Millennium Declaration) 2002-WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg Plan of Implementation) 1987 'Our Common Future' on Sustainable Development 1992-UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Earth Summit/Rio Declaration/ Agenda 21) 2012-UNCSD The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) Figure 1 3 See Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 1992, p.1 available at Last visited on

4 55 The Stockholm Declaration, Report of the Brundtland Commission (also known as the World Commission on Environment and Development, WCED), and the Rio Declaration are the three important international instruments that refer to sustainable development and its components. The Stockholm Declaration of 1972 made no specific reference to sustainable development but its principles elucidate its components. The Brundtland Report provided the most widely recognized definitions of Sustainable Development "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." 4 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (UNCED), 1992 a successor of the Stockholm Deceleration which is recognized as a landmark legal authority on the subject addressed reversing the effects of environmental degradation in the context of increased national and international efforts to promote sustainable and environmentally sound development in all countries. 5 Major international instruments are as follows Stockholm Declaration, 1972 The UN Conference on the Human Environment held in the Stockholm marked the beginning of international framework for sustainable development. It was the first major international gathering to discuss sustainable development at the global scale. In June 1972, representatives from 113 nations met in Stockholm at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. The Stockholm Conference was the first attempt by the international community to address the relationships between 4 Supra note 2. 5 Supra note 3.

5 56 environment and development at the global level. The Conference was a success and put environment on the global agenda. The Stockholm Action Plan, a first global action plan for the environment, which provided the basis for a standard agenda and a common policy framework to deal with the first generation of environmental action, was also adopted in this conference. An important outcome of the Conference was the establishment of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) 6. At the Stockholm Conference, late Mrs. Indira Gandhi presenting the case of developing country s basic needs rightly pointed out that We don t wish to impoverish the environment any further and yet we cannot for a moment forget the grim poverty of large number of people. Are not the poverty and need the greatest polluters? 7 The Stockholm Declaration was the pioneer in explicitly recognizing the right to a healthy environment. It places importance on protecting both species and their habitat. The outcome of the conference was the statement on the Declaration on the Human Environment a statement containing 26 principles and 109 recommendations which are commonly referred to as the Stockholm Declaration. It was the Stockholm Deceleration which has led to the development of international environmental law. Another outcome of the Stockholm Conference was Principle 21 of the Deceleration which provided for the law of 'good neighborliness. Principle 21 of the 1972 Stockholm Declaration states: States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign 6 See 7 Smt. Indira Gandhi, Man and Environment, Plenary Session of United Nations Conference on Human Environment, Stockholm, 1972, p.2.

6 57 right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. 8 Whereas, Principle 24 of the 1972 Stockholm Declaration talks about the duty to co-operate and states: International matters concerning the protection and improvement of the environment should be handled in a co-operative spirit by all countries, big and small, on an equal footing. Cooperation through multilateral or bilateral arrangements or other appropriate means is essential to effectively control, prevent, reduce and eliminate adverse environmental effects resulting from activities conducted in all spheres; in such a way that due account is taken of the sovereignty and interests of all States. 9 Below-mentioned table shows the 26 principles of Stockholm declaration. Principles of the Stockholm Declaration, Principles of The Stockholm Decleration,1972 Principle 1 Human rights to be asserted, apartheid & colonialism condemned. Principle 2 Principle 3 8 Supra note 1. Natural resources be safeguarded. Earth s capacity to produce renewable resources be 9 Ibid.

7 58 maintained. Principle 4 Principle 5 Principle 6 Principle 7 Principle 8 Principle 9 Principle 10 Principle 11 Wildlife be safeguarded. Non-renewable resources be shared & not exhausted. Pollution not to exceed the environment s capacity to clean itself. Damaging oceanic pollution be prevented. Development is needed to improve the environment. Developing countries therefore need assistance Developing countries need reasonable prices for exports to carry out environmental management. Environment policy not to hamper development. Principle 12 Developing countries need money to develop environmental safeguards.

8 59 Principle 13 Principle 14 Principle 15 Principle 16 Principle 17 Principle 18 Principle 19 Integrated development planning is needed. Rational planning should resolve conflicts between environment and development. Human settlements must be planned to eliminate environmental problems. Governments should plan their own appropriate population policies. National institutions must plan development of states natural resources. Science and Technology must be applied to the identification, avoidance and control of environmental risks and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental education is essential. Principle 20 Environmental research must be promoted, particularly in developing countries.

9 60 Principle 21 Principle 22 Principle 23 Principle 24 Principle 25 Principle 26 Table-1 States may exploit their resources as they wish but must not endanger others. Compensation is due to states thus endangered. Each nation must establish its own standards. There must be cooperation on international issues. International organizations should help to improve the environment. Weapons of mass destruction must be eliminated. Report of World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987 (Our Common Future) World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), known by the name of its Chair Gro Harlem Brundtland, was convened by the United Nations in 1983 and its report named as Our Common

10 61 Future 10 was published in The former Secretary General of the United Nations, Javier Perez de Cuellar appointed Gro Harlem Brundtland former Prime Minister of Norway as the Chairman of the Commission in December The United Nations General Assembly recognized the need to address deterioration of the human environment and natural resources and to bring countries together to work and pursue sustainable development. This resulted in the establishment of the Brundtland Commission. The Brundtland Commission was officially dissolved in December 1987 subsequent to the release of the Brundtland Report in October The organization, Center for Our Common Future, was established in place of the Commission in April Brundtland Commission formally recognized that environmental problems are global in nature and determined that it was in the common interest of all nations to establish policies for sustainable development. The Report of the Brundtland Commission came up as Our Common Future 11 and this report defined the concept of sustainable development as: "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given ; and the idea of limitations 10 See Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, United Nations, 1987, available at brundtland.pdf. last visited on Supra note 2.

11 62 imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future. 12 It has made suggestions in regard to the conflict between the environment and development. The Commission suggested that development which is sustainable i.e. which would meet the needs of the poor and address environmental issues is acceptable. In the developing world, basic needs like adequate food, clean water, proper shelter, energy etc. are still unanswered. Lack of development and poverty are the biggest polluters. For example, in the State of Uttarakhand developmental needs are in direct confrontation with the environmental protection where many areas of the state are still without the electricity supply in the State, which has been projected to be an Energy State. The idea of sustainable development has emerged as an attempt to deal with environmental problems caused by economic growth. There are varied interpretations of the concept of sustainable development but its primary purpose is to accomplish the process of economic development without causing destruction to the environment. The Brundtland Report stated that critical global environmental problems were primarily the result of the enormous poverty of the South and the non-sustainable patterns of consumption and production in the North. 13 The report evokes the spirit of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment - the Stockholm Conference - which placed environmental concerns on the forefront of the political development sphere. Similarly, the Brundtland Report placed environmental issues 12 Ibid. 13 Ibid.

12 63 firmly on the political agenda; it aimed to discuss environment and development as the two sides of the same coin. The publication of Our Common Future and the work of the World Commission on Environment and Development laid the groundwork for the convening of the Earth Summit in 1992 and the adoption of Agenda 21 and to the establishment of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, aimed to monitor and report on implementation of the Earth Summit agreements. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 1992 (Earth Summit) In June 1992, world leaders met in Rio de Janeiro at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) for a summit largely known as Earth Summit. Marking the twentieth anniversary of the Stockholm Conference, members at Earth Summit adopted the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. The Conference was a significant turning point to redirect national and international policies towards integration of environmental dimensions into economic and developmental objectives. The Rio Declaration contained 27 principles of sustainable development, including principle 7 on common but differentiated responsibilities which stated: In view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States have common but differentiated responsibilities. The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global

13 64 environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command. 14 The outcome of the Conference, in particular Agenda 21 and the Rio Principles, became instrumental in promoting the development and strengthening of institutional architecture for environmental protection and sustainable development at the national and international levels. The Rio Declaration contained 27 principles of sustainable development, including principle 7 on common but differentiated responsibilities which stated as under: Principle 7: States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth's ecosystem. In view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States have common but differentiated responsibilities. The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit to sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command. Following a recommendation in Agenda 21, the UN General Assembly officially created the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) later that year to review and monitor the implementation of Agenda following principles as shown in the table: The Earth Summit resulted in the 14 See Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Having met at Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992 available at last visited on Ibid.

14 65 27 Principles of the Rio Declaration Principle 1 Principle 2 Principle 3 Principle 4 Principle 5 Principle 6 Principle 7 Human beings are at the center of concerns for sustainable development. States sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies and not to cause damage to the environment of other states The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations. To achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it. All States and all people shall co-operate in the essential task of eradicating poverty as an indispensable requirement for sustainable development, in order to decrease the disparities in standards of living and better meet the needs of the majority of the people of the world The special situation and needs of developing countries, particularly the least developed and those most environmentally vulnerable, shall be given special priority. International actions in the field of environment and development should also address the interests and needs of all countries. States shall co-operate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth's ecosystem. In view of the different contributions to global

15 66 Principle 8 Principle 9 Principle 10 environmental degradation, States have common but differentiated responsibilities. The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command To achieve sustainable development and a higher quality of life for all people, States should reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and consumption and promote appropriate demographic policies. States should co-operate to strengthen endogenous capacitybuilding for sustainable development by improving scientific understanding through exchanges of scientific and technological knowledge, and by enhancing the development, adaptation, diffusion and transfer of technologies, including new and innovative technologies. Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decisionmaking processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided.

16 67 Principle 11 States shall enact effective environmental legislation. Principle 12 Principle 13 Environmental standards, management objectives and priorities should reflect the environmental and developmental context to which they apply. Standards applied by some countries may be inappropriate and of unwarranted economic and social cost to other countries, in particular developing countries. States should co-operate to promote a supportive and open international economic system that would lead to economic growth and sustainable development in all countries, to better address the problems of environmental degradation. Trade policy measures for environmental purposes should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade. Unilateral actions to deal with environmental challenges outside the jurisdiction of the importing country should be avoided. Environmental measures addressing trans boundary or global environmental problems should, as far as possible, be based on an international consensus. States shall develop national law regarding liability and compensation for the victims of pollution and other environmental damage. States shall also co-operate in an expeditious and more determined manner to develop further international law regarding liability and compensation for adverse effects of environmental damage caused by activities within their jurisdiction or control to areas beyond their jurisdiction. Principle 14 States should effectively co-operate to discourage or prevent the relocation and transfer to other States of any activities and

17 68 Principle 15 substances that cause severe environmental degradation or are found to be harmful to human health. In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation. Principle 16 National authorities should endeavor to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and Principle 17 Principle 18 investment. Environmental impact assessment, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment and are subject to a decision of a competent national authority. States shall immediately notify other States of any natural disasters or other emergencies that are likely to produce sudden harmful effects on the environment of those States. Every effort shall be made by the international community to help States so afflicted. Principle 19 States shall provide prior and timely notification and relevant information to potentially affected States on activities that may have a significant adverse trans boundary environmental effect

18 69 Principle 20 Principle 21 and shall consult with those States at an early stage and in good faith. Women have a vital role in environmental management and development. Their full participation is therefore essential to achieve sustainable development. The creativity, ideals and courage of the youth of the world should be mobilized to forge a global partnership in order to achieve sustainable development and ensure a better future for all. Principle 22 Indigenous people and their communities, and other local communities, have a vital role in environmental management and development because of their knowledge and traditional practices. States should recognize and duly support their identity, culture Principle 23 Principle 24 and interests and enable their effective participation in the achievement of sustainable development. The environment and natural resources of people under oppression, domination and occupation shall be protected. Warfare is inherently destructive of sustainable development. States shall therefore respect international law providing protection for the environment in times of armed conflict and cooperate in its further development, as necessary. Principle 25 Peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and indivisible. Principle 26 States shall resolve all their environmental disputes peacefully and by appropriate means in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.

19 70 Principle 27 States and people shall co-operate in good faith and in a spirit of Table -2 Agenda 21 partnership in the fulfilment of the principles embodied in this Declaration and in the further development of international law in the field of sustainable development. Another non-binding and voluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nations in relation to sustainable development is often referred to as Agenda was the output of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) The Agenda 21 refers to the 21st Century and main principles are elucidated in the table below. Sections of Agenda 21 Section I Social and Combating poverty, especially in developing Economic countries, changing consumption patterns, Dimensions promoting health, achieving a more sustainable population, and sustainable settlement in decision making. Section II Conservation and Atmosphericprotection,combating deforestation, Management of protecting fragile environments, conservation of Resources for biological diversity, control of pollution and the Development Section III Strengthening the Role of Major management of biotechnology, and radioactive wastes. Role of children and youth, women, NGOs, local authorities business and workers and 16 Supra note 3

20 71 Section IV Table -3 Groups strengthening the role of indigenous peoples, Means of Implementation Earth Summit + 5, 1997 in New York their communities, and farmers. Implementation to include science, technology transfer, education, international institutions and financial mechanisms. In 1992, more than 100 heads of state met in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil for the first international Earth Summit convened to address urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development. The assembled leaders signed the Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity, endorsed the Rio Declaration and the Forest Principles, and adopted Agenda 21, a 300 page plan for achieving sustainable development in the 21st century. 17 As a result of this landmark summit The Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was created to monitor and report on implementation of the Earth Summit agreements. This special session of the UN General Assembly took stock of how well countries, international organizations and sectors of civil society have responded to the challenge of the Earth Summit. This was a Special Session of the General Assembly to Review and Appraise the Implementation of Agenda 21. This special session of the UN General Assembly took stock of how well countries, international organizations and sectors of civil society have responded to 17 See official website of United Nations Earth Summit + 5 available at last visited on

21 72 the challenge of the Earth Summit. The focus of this summit at this special session was to accelerate the implementation of Agenda 21 in a comprehensive manner and not to renegotiate its provisions or to be selective in its implementation. Further it was affirmed by the participating parties that Agenda 21 remains the fundamental program of action for achieving sustainable development and all the principles contained in the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and the Forest Principles. All the nation heads reiterated their conviction that the achievement of sustainable development requires the integration of its economic, environmental and social components and also recommitted to working together in the spirit of global partnership to reinforce our joint efforts to meet equitably the needs of present and future generations. UN Millennium Development Goals, 2000 (MDGs) At the outset of the new millennium, Millennium Summit in September 2000 was called under the aegis of United Nations which resulted into the largest gathering of world leaders in history and adopted the UN Millennium Declaration, committing to a new global partnership to reduce poverty and setting out a series of time bound targets, with a deadline of year These targets are generally known Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Through MDGs, for the first time world provided for itself time-bound and quantified targets for addressing extreme poverty in its many dimensions like income poverty, hunger, disease, lack of adequate shelter and committed itself for the promotion of gender equality, education and environmental sustainability. MDGs were recognized as basic human rights as the rights of each person on

22 73 the planet to health, education, shelter and security. Eradicating poverty, achieving universal primary education, empowering women and promoting gender equality, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, combating deceases like HIV, ensuring environmental sustainability and developing a global partnership were identified as the major goals for development for the millennium. All these goals are to be achieved necessarily for sustainable development below indicated figure shows the millennium development goals categorically. Figure 1 UN-MDGs Goal 1 Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty Goal 2 Achieve Universal Primary Education Goal 3 Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women Goal 4 Reduce Child Mortality Goal 5 Improve Maternal Health UN Millennium Development Goals Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases Goal 7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability Goal 8 Develop a Global Partnership for Development

23 74 World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002 Earth Summit 0f 2002 is also referred as RIO+10 as it was held ten years after the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. It was held in Johannesburg, South Africa in September, The Johannesburg Deceleration and the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development were the main output of the Summit. It is a successor to the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment at Stockholm in 1972, and the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in While being a move towards committing states to uphold sustainable development it looked at multilateralism as the way ahead. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation 18, which was agreed to at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, recognized and reaffirmed these principles. It said, We strongly reaffirm our commitment to the Rio Principles 19, the full implementation of Agenda and the Program for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21. We also commit ourselves to achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including those contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration and in the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and international agreements since The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation identified following workable areas of sustainable development: (a) Poverty eradication, (b) Changing unsustainable patterns of consumption and production, (c) 18 See Johannesburg Summit, United Nations, 2002 report available at last visited on Supra Note Supra Note Supra note 8.

24 75 Protecting and managing the natural resource base of economic and social development, (d) Sustainable development in a globalizing world, (e) Sustainable development of small island developing States, (f) Sustainable development for Africa etc. It further identified the means of implementation for sustainable development and began with the, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, which states: States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth s ecosystem. In view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States have common but differentiated responsibilities. The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command. 22 The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, as agreed to at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 (WSSD, 2002) made a tectonic shift in the plan of sustainable development. It moved the world sustainable development jurisprudence from mere environmental concern and issues toward social and economic development. It resulted into the integration of the MDGs with sustainable development principles and practices. Workable implementation action plan and ideas has been shown in the figure below. It shows that the action plan is executable and not mere a theoretical exercise. Below mentioned figure contains the most important of the action plans made in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. 22 Supra note 8.

25 76 Workable Sustainable Development Principles The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation Promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, access to and the development, Transfer And Diffusion Of Environmentally Sound Technologies and corresponding know-how, in particular to developing countries Encourage Foreign Direct Investment in developing countries. Resolve to take concerted action against International Terrorism, which causes serious obstacles to sustainable development. Encourage the Private Sector, including transnational corporations,private foundations and civil society institutions, to provide financial and technical assistance to developing countries. Global Environment Facility, which will enable it to address the funding requirements ofnew focal areas and existing ones and continue to be responsive to the needs and concerns of its recipient countries, in particular developing countries. Implement speedily, effectively and fully the enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiatives. Develop and promote the wider application of Environmental Impact Assessments. Call upon members of the World Trade Organization to fulfil the commitments made in the Doha Ministerial Declaration, notably in terms of market access, inparticular for products of export interest to developing countries. States should cooperate to promote a supportive and Open International Economic System that would lead to economic growth and sustainable development in all countries to better address the problems of environmental degradation. Figure 2

26 77 New Delhi Declaration, 2002 The Rio Declaration is widely accepted as soft law not legally binding but nonetheless relevant to the development of hard international law for sustainable development. The Rio Declaration principles are reaffirmed and specifically mentioned throughout Agenda 21. The Rio Declaration was followed by the Report of the Expert Group Meeting on Identification of Principles of International Law for Sustainable Development, which was commissioned by the UN Division for Sustainable Development in accordance with a request by States at the second session of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development in This report, which was released in September 1995, identifies nineteen principles and concepts of international law for sustainable development based on the Rio Declaration, Agenda 21, international treaties and other legal instruments. Following up on the recommendations of the report, the International Legal Association s (The ILA has consultative status, as an international non-governmental organization, with a number of the United Nations specialized agencies. 23 ) Committee on the Legal Aspects of Sustainable Development released its New Delhi ILA Declaration 24 on Principles of International Law relating to Sustainable Development as a resolution of the 70th conference of the International Law Association in New Delhi, India, 2 6 April The declaration noted that sustainable development is now widely accepted as a global objective and that the International Law Association, Report of the Seventieth Conference, New Delhi, 2002 available at last visited on

27 78 concept has been amply recognized in various international and national legal instruments, including treaty law and jurisprudence at international and national level. 25 sustainable development. It outlines seven principles of international law on Seven Principles of the International Law Association Principle 1 The duty of States to ensure sustainable use of natural resources. Principle 2 Principle 3 Principle 4 Principle 5 Principle 6 Principle 7 The principle of equity and the eradication of poverty. The principle of the precautionary approach to human health, natural resources and ecosystems. The principle of public participation and access to information and justice. The principle of good governance. The principle of common but differentiated obligations The principle of integration and interrelationship, in particular in relation to human rights and social, economic and environmental objectives. Table 4 Abovementioned norms cannot be said as exhaustive are not yet recognized as binding rules of customary international law. However, they are increasingly made operational in binding international treaties, forming part of international law and policy in the field of sustainable development, providing normative context for best policies and laws in the field, as well 25 Ibid.

28 79 as in Local Agenda 21 initiatives and national sustainable development strategies. Nico Schrivjer, Chair of the ILA Committee on International Law on Sustainable Development, presented the Principles of the New Delhi Declaration as a first blueprint for the emerging field of sustainable development law and policy. 26 The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, 2012 (Rio + 20) The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) 27 was organized in pursuance of a General Assembly Resolution and it took place in Brazil on June 2012 to mark the 20th anniversary of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), in Rio de Janerio, and the 10th anniversary of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, for these reasons this conference is also known as Rio Sharing our common vision, heads of the States and Governments and all other high level representatives renewed their commitment to sustainable development and further resolved to ensure the promotion of economically, socially and environmentally sustainable future for our planet and for present and future generations. It also recognized poverty as the greatest global challenge to the world today and eradication of poverty as an indispensable requirement for sustainable development. It also acknowledged the need to further mainstream sustainable development at all levels, integrating economic, Supra note 4. See Report of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2012, available at last visited on

29 80 social and environmental aspects. It recalled the Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment adopted at Stockholm on 16 June 1972 and reaffirmed all the principles of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, including, inter alia, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, as set out in principle 7 of the Rio Declaration. Delegates reaffirmed the commitment to fully implement the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, the Program for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21, the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg Plan of Implementation).