Sustainable Consumption and Production and the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals

Transcription

1 Sustainable Consumption and Production and the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals December 2014 Freya Seath Nicholas Schoon

2 Bioregional champions a better, more sustainable way to live. We work with partners to create places which enable people to live, work and do business within the natural limits of the planet. We call this One Planet Living. Bioregional is the Sustainable Consumption and Production Focal Point for the Beyond2015 campaign and the UN Environment Programme s 10 Year Framework of Programmes on bioregional.com

3 Sustainable Consumption and Production and the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals This briefing looks at the treatment of sustainable consumption and production (SCP) in the 17 goals and 169 targets proposed by the Open Working Group (OWG) of UN Member States. These goals are to be finally agreed by Member States at a UN post-2015 Summit in September next year, setting the international development agenda for the period 2015 to They will follow on from the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). What is sustainable consumption and production and why does it matter? SCP means a global economy which delivers sustainable development and ends extreme poverty, all within the capacities of our one planet and meeting the needs of future generations. It means an end to the chronic and widespread underconsumption of life s basics which leaves more than a billion people with too little for dignity, decency, comfort and safety. It also means an end to the careless and unsustainable patterns of consumption which, mediated through increasingly long and complex global supply chains, are changing the climate, polluting and drying out river catchments, mining groundwater, fouling the air, soil, sea and freshwater and destroying forests and other ecosystems we all depend on. This transition is not an obstacle to a good quality of life for everyone in both developed and developing nations, but we do have to consume with more care and less waste. But as well as a change in patterns of consumption, SCP requires equally large changes in the way we produce and distribute goods and services. We need a green industrial revolution which cuts waste, boosts reuse and recycling, switches to low and zero carbon energy sources and radically improves the efficiency with which we use energy, water, land, sea and raw materials. SCP has been on the global environment and development agenda for more than 20 years. It featured in key texts agreed at the first UN Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and has reappeared at every major environment and development conference of world leaders since then, including the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development in Since 1992 global GDP has nearly doubled, large middle classes have formed in emerging economies, unsustainable consumption and production have spread and environmental threats have escalated. Yet major technological advances, education, improved human rights and participation combined with a new model of economic growth all have the potential to make SCP the reality that people and the planet need it to be. While these changes in consumption and production will depend on major investment in more resource-efficient technologies and large transfers from richer to poorer nations, it also requires wider changes: in the prevailing economic model, in the mindsets of producers and consumers, in politics, policies and regulation and in ways of measuring and seeing goods and services, their impacts on our lives and the planet. In short, SCP is the economic and social transformation required to provide a decent standard of living for all within the capacities of our one planet and its natural limits.. To make progress, SCP must have a central role in the post development agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals. Real progress achieved In the table at the end of this briefing we point to the goals and targets proposed by the OWG which relate to SCP, using a broad interpretation of what can contribute to sustainable consumption and production. One of the 17 goals, goal 12, is to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. This is very welcome. However, equally welcome is that fact that every one of the 17 goals agreed by the OWG can make an important contribution to sustainable consumption and production.

4 For example, we think that in order to make the transition to SCP societies will need to be peaceful and inclusive and provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels, as set out in Goal 16. We would argue that 65 of the 169 targets contribute to SCP to an important degree, and of these we identify 30 that have a clear, strong and direct link to SCP (highlighted in the table). None of the targets are obstacles to SCP or rule it out. However, some of them could be qualified in order to address potential conflicts with a transition to sustainable consumption and production. For example, Target 8.1 is to Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances, and in particular at least 7% per annum GDP growth in the least-developed countries. The least developed countries do require sustained high growth rates to eliminate extreme and widespread poverty and provide them with the investment required to build their economies and acquire decent living standards. However, they should avoid following the model of developed and emerging nations which have achieved sustained high levels of GDP growth at the expense of severe local, regional and global environmental damage. The need for high rates of economic growth should be qualified by recognising the need for an SCP transition, not only within those nations but also in those they trade with, and the need to a avoid jeopardising their natural resources base. At this stage, however, the overall picture is positive. The goals and targets proposed b the OWG give a strong impetus to SCP. What should happen next? Next steps Some, including ourselves, had been arguing for a shorter, focussed set of SDGs and targets, demonstrating the same concision as the eight goals and 21 targets of the Millennium Development Goals. When world leaders meeting in Rio de Janeiro mandated the preparation of the SDGs, they called for goals that are action-oriented, concise, easy to communicate [and] limited in number. A few of the targets overlap extensively, while there are strong links between many of them (see table). There is also an argument for strengthening several of the goals and targets; for example, to do more than simply encourage companies to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle (Target 12.6). However, the careful judgement that all SCP stakeholders need to make is whether trying to obtain this improvement risks a retreat from what has been secured so far. Negotiations over which goals and targets should be removed and which should be amalgamated might lead to some of those that strongly support SCP being lost or weakened. Whatever goals and targets are finally adopted, there is one area in which more work is needed. Good indicators are required, to show whether progress is being made. Such indicators either exist, or could readily and affordably be developed using existing data collection, for most of the targets covering most or all Member States. There is a case for developing indicators using data which is already being collected and organised under the System of Environmental-Economic Accounts 2012 (SEEA) 1. The SEEA exists in order to prepare useful and robust statistics and indicators as well as monetary and physical accounts covering interactions between the environment, the economy and society, to an agreed international standard, which nations can share and compare. In the table below we propose various indicators linked to targets, many of which can be derived from SEAA accounts. Contact: Freya Seath - freya.seath@bioregional.com Nicholas Schoon - nicholas.schoon@bioregional.com 1 The SEEA framework follows a similar accounting structure as the System of National Accounts (SNA) and uses concepts, definitions and classifications consistent with the SNA in order to facilitate the integration of environmental and economic statistics. More information can be found on the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) Statistics Division webpages

5 Open Working Group Sustainable Development Goals and targets that make a contribution to sustainable consumption and production, and possible indicators. In green are the targets which are most closely linked to SCP. Proposed targets Other goals and targets to which the target is strongly linked Commentary on goal and/or target s contribution to SCP Possible SCP indicators attached to these targets Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere This goal, and the 7 attached targets, all point to eliminating under-consumption of the absolute basics required for a minimum level of decency and dignity for every human being. So they can be seen as supporting SCP. But none of these targets or the overall goal recognise that eliminating poverty needs to be done in a way which safeguards sustainable use of the earth s renewable natural resources for current and future generations. Number of people living on less than $1.25 a day (Should this figure should be significantly higher than the World Bank s extreme poverty line of $1.25 per person per day (in 2005 PPP prices) and the $2 a day poverty line (in 2005 PPP $), the median (average) poverty line for all developing countries?) Numbers of countries with national definitions of poverty, and numbers of people/% of national populations living below the national poverty lines Total numbers of lives lost per annum due to natural disasters and extreme weather events Numbers of nations with universal social protection systems Total annual flows of ODA targeted directly at the poorest and most vulnerable, and % of ODA thus targeted Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture All 8 targets contribute to ensuring no one ever goes hungry a key plank of the ending under-consumption platform of SCP. Two targets make a particularly strong contribution to SCP see below. However, there is no reference to food over-consumption and obesity. Nor is there a target for preventing the % or quantity of meat and dairy in diets from reaching globally unsustainable levels.

6 2.4 By 2030 ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters, and that progressively improve land and soil quality 2.5 By 2020 maintain genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants, farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at national, regional and international levels, and ensure access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge as internationally agreed 12.3 Efficiency of artificial (nitrogen, phosphorus) and organic fertiliser use, tonnes used per unit of output Efficiency of irrigation, cubic metres of water used per unit of output Total area of farmland significantly degraded by unsustainable agriculture, including area degraded by unsustainable irrigation Extent and rate of desertification Levels of air and water soil erosion, megatonnes of soil lost per annum Total area of farmland significantly degraded by unsustainable agriculture, including area degraded by unsustainable irrigation Abundance of natural pollinators Populations of other key species contributing to ecosystem services in farmed landscapes Other possible indicators for sustainable food production relate to nitrate pollution of water sources, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and land used change, pesticide and herbicide use. Number of nations with policies and infrastructure required to maintain genitive diversity of seeds, cultivars and animal breeds

7 Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages 3.1, 3.2 By 2030 reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births and: By 2030 end preventable deaths of newborns and under-five children 3.7 By 2030 ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes 3.9 By 2030 substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water, and soil pollution and contamination Better all round health and health care gives people longer lives and lower risks of illness, making the option of smaller families more attractive helping to stabilise population growth The emphasis on reducing maternal, newborn and infant mortality (Targets 3.1 and 3.2) can contribute to reducing the high rates of population growth which make it more difficult for some of the least developed countries to transition to sustainability 5.6 Implementing this target can contribute to reducing he high rates of population growth which make it more difficult for some of the least developed countries to transition to sustainability 12.4 This target will also reduce the pollution pressure on ecosystem and the services they provide to communities and societies. In addition to indicators concerning human impact from hazardous chemicals and pollution (deaths and illnesses): Numbers of seriously contaminated sites Levels of major air pollutants and numbers of people exposed to dangerous air pollution Levels of major water pollutants in surface and groundwaters and numbers of people exposed Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all 4.7 By 2030 ensure all learners acquire knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including among others through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship, and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture s contribution to sustainable development 12.8 More and more people are exposed to pressures to consume in order to validate their identity. This target should recognise the responsibility of business and advertisers in contributing to unsustainable over-consumption, and recognise the need to assert other measures of human worth. Surveys examining people s understanding of major sustainability issues facing humanity (e.g climate change, biodiversity loss) and the contribution that their consumption of goods and services make to these challenges.

8 Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls 5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the ICPD and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences 5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance, and natural resources in accordance with national laws 3.7 Implementing this target can contribute to reducing the high rates of population growth which make it more difficult for the least developed countries to transition to sustainability 16b Enabling the more nurturing half of the human race to have equal rights over natural resources could make a strong contribution to sustainable development. Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all 6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations 6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater, and increasing recycling and safe reuse by x% globally This goal, and all of its targets, are critical to sustainable consumption and production. It relates to one of the most critical and over-exploited renewable natural resources. 14.1,15.1 Difficult to establish a global baseline for current or historic levels of water treatment, recycling and safe reuse. A target to recycle or treat all industrial and municipal wastewater discharges by 2030 could be preferable. % of homes, schools, workplaces with safe drinking water source on the premises or within 10 metres % of homes, schools, workplaces with sanitation on the premises or within 10 metres Estimates of mortality/morbidity due to unsafe drinking water % of homes, schools, workplaces with adequate sanitation on the premises or within 10 metres % of population defecating in the open % of municipal and industrial wastewater discharged without treatment Levels of faecal coliforms in rivers, coastal waters

9 6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity, and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity 6.5 By 2030 implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate 6.6 By 2020 protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes 6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water and sanitation related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies 6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local communities for improving water and sanitation management 8.4 Numbers of people/% of population suffering from water scarcity Total freshwater abstraction per unit of GDP and per capita % of freshwater abstracted as a % of total local, regional and national renewable water resource % of water put into supply that is wasted Rates of groundwater depletion Health of aquatic ecosystems Length of major rivers suffering from over-abstraction Cubic metres of freshwater consumed per unit of output in sectors which are the heaviest water consumers per unit of value produced, e.g: Iron and steel making and other heavy industry Power generation Paper and pulp making Irrigation-based agriculture for food and fibre 15.1 Total area/ % of terrain where ecosystems are impacted by over-abstraction of water 17.7 There are significant environmental challenges in promoting desalination very heavy energy consumption and impacts from brine disposal. There should be a reference to sustainable technologies here.

10 Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all This goal and all of its targets are critical to sustainable consumption and production. 7.1 By 2030 ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services 7.2 Increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by Double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency by a By 2030 enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technologies, including renewable energy, energy efficiency, and advanced and cleaner fossil fuel technologies, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technologies 7.b By 2030 expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, particularly LDCs and SIDS All fossil fuel subsidies should be phased out by 2020 as part of SCP. This is covered by Target 12.c but it would be better placed under Goal Numbers / % of households without access to clean cooking fuel, exposed to potentially dangerous levels of air pollution 9.4 We would advocate a firmer target with a figure compatible with limiting the rise in global average temperatures to 2 degrees C. Rising from current 19% share to 40%. 8.4 We would advocate an increase that is compatible with limiting the rise in global average temperatures to 2 degrees C. This is likely to be more than a doubling. % of households with access to electricity, either from grid or own/community renewable generation source % of public buildings (e.g. schools, clinics) with electricity, either from grid or own/community renewable generation source Ratio of median annual non-transport fuel costs of electricity per household to lowest quintile or decile household income % of households which spend more than 10% of household income on non-transport fuel costs % of renewables in total national energy supply and electricity supply Energy consumption per unit or per unit of production/output in buildings, industry, agriculture and transport Overall energy consumption per capita and per unit of GDP 17.7 Flows of investment into sustainable energy sources and energy efficiency from developed to developing world from public and private sector sources, including ODA 17.7

11 Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all 8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances, and in particular at least 7% per annum GDP growth in the least-developed countries 8.4 Improve progressively through 2030 global resource efficiency in consumption and production, and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production with developed countries taking the lead 8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, eradicate forced labour, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms including recruitment and use of child soldiers 8.9 By 2030 devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism which creates jobs, promotes local culture and products The least developed countries need sustained high growth rates to eliminate extreme and widespread poverty and provide them with the investment required to build their economies and acquire decent living standards. However, they should not follow the model of developed and emerging nations which have achieved sustained high levels of GDP growth at the expense of severe local, regional and global environmental damage. The need for growth should be qualified by the need to a transition to sustainability and not jeopardise the prospects of future generations. 6.4, 7.3, 9.4 This is critical for sustainable consumption and production. National consumption-based footprints for carbon emissions, agricultural land, raw materials, freshwater and threats to species compared to national GDP. Sustainable consumption cannot be based on unfair and inhumane exploitation of labour anywhere and at any time. Level of national expenditure on environmental protection, disaggregated by environmental activity domain and by institutional sector 12b Greenhouse gas emissions per unit of tourism revenue, including from air travel Local employment created by tourism Impacts on ecosystems from tourism (e.g habitat loss, species loss, water stresses on sensitive catchments) Ecosystems protected by tourism.

12 Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation 9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and trans-border infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all 9.2 promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and by 2030 raise significantly industry s share of employment and GDP in line with national circumstances, and double its share in LDCs 9.4 By 2030 upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities The reference to sustainable infrastructure is critical. E.g. coal-fired power stations without carbon capture and storage are unsustainable infrastructure The reference to sustainable industrialization here and in 9.2 is critical 7.1, 7.2, 8.4 Outcome based indicators would be national consumption-based footprints for carbon emissions, agricultural land, raw materials, freshwater and threats to species compared to national GDP. These could be accompanied by productionbased footprints for the industrial sectors with the highest greenhouse gas emissions and the heaviest impacts on critical natural resources. Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries This goal, and the ten accompanying targets, makes a strong contribution to sustainable consumption and production. Winners take all societies in which the gulf in income and wealth between the richest and the poorest grows ever wider only intensify the pressures on everyone to consume. If an increase in consumption of the earth s poorest people, lifting them out of poverty, is accompanied by a much larger increase in the consumption of those already comfortably off, sustainability becomes impossible. Gini coefficient Gulf in GDP per capita between the richest and poorest nations, each group having 10% of earth s total human population. Gulf in household income, at PPP, between richest and poorest deciles of national populations and global population

13 Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services, and upgrade slum 11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world s cultural and natural heritage 11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality, municipal and other waste management 11.b By 2020, increase by x% the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, develop and implement in line with the forthcoming Hyogo Framework holistic disaster risk management at all levels 11.c Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, for sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials Goals 14 and 15 This goal, and all 10 of its accompanying targets, makes a strong contribution to SCP since towns and cities are now the places where most of the world s consumption and production takes places. References to sustainable transport (11.2), sustainable urbanization (11.3) The most important targets are... A decent home is at the top of the hierarchy of human needs and wants, and thereby critical to sustainable consumption % of urban population that are slum dwellers Extent of protected natural areas, and measures of the quality of their protection Number of protected cultural sites, and measures of the quality of their protection Cultural services (landscape character and biodiversity species for cultural heritage values) provided by designated types of ecosystems Goal 7 Numbers of people exposed to dangerous levels of air pollution Goal 13 Levels of recycling and reuse for municipal waste Quantities and % of municipal waste landfilled Levels of municipal wastewater discharged to surface and groundwaters, treated and untreated

14 Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns 12.1 Implement the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on sustainable consumption and production (10YFP), all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries 12.2 By 2030 achieve sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources 12.3 By 2030 halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer level, and reduce food losses along production and supply chains including post-harvest losses 12.4 By 2020 achieve environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle in accordance with agreed international frameworks and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment 12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse Goals 14 and 15, Target 11.4 This goal and the accompanying targets are essential for achieving SCP 2.4 It is as important to halve food losses along production and supply chains including post-harvest losses. The 10 YFP on SCP needs to develop outcome based indicators for all of its themes. FSC and PEFC-certified timber consumption as % of total global consumption National consumption-based footprints for carbon emissions, agricultural land, raw materials, freshwater and threats to species compared to national GDP Production-based footprints for the industrial and agricultural sectors with the heaviest impacts on critical natural resources water, land, biodiversity and ecosystems Areas of ecosystem recognised as being managed sustainably Quantities and % of food wasted at all main points of the supply chain, from harvest through to consumer households 3.9 Transboundary flows of chemicals and wastes Production of chemicals, outputs of major types of wastes and their fate (reuse, recycling. landfill, incineration with and without energy recovery) Background concentration of persistent and bioaccumulative toxic chemicals in waters, sediments and soils 11.6, 12.3 Outputs of major types of wastes along supply chains and their fate (reuse, recycling. landfill, incineration with and without energy recovery)

15 12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and trans-national companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle 12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable in accordance with national policies and priorities 12.8 By 2030 ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature 12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacities to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production 12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism which creates jobs, promotes local culture and products Numbers of companies with either > 10,000 employees or market capitalization of > $1 billion or turnover > $1 billion that integrate significant sustainability information in their reporting Numbers of companies with > 10,000 employees or market capitalization > $1 billion or turnover > $1 billion that have adopted sustainability practices Company reports on SEEA accounts Numbers of national (and local?) governments with developed policies for promoting sustainable procurement. 4.7 Surveys of public understanding of sustainability issues and their understanding of the environmental impacts of their consumption Proportion of people regularly choosing to purchase lower impact/more socially responsible goods and services (as defined by eco-labels, certification schemes etc) 17.7, 17.9 Private and public sector financial flows from developed to developing nations, including ODA, targeted on SCP 8.9 Greenhouse gas emissions per unit of tourism revenue, including from air travel Local employment created by tourism Impacts on ecosystems from tourism (e.g habitat loss, species loss, water stresses on sensitive catchments) Ecosystems protected by tourism. 12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities Goal 7 We suggest: By 2020, eliminate all fossil fuel subsidies by 2020, minimizing adverse impacts on poor and vulnerable communities.

16 Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts 13.3 Improve education, awareness raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction, and early warning 13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed country Parties to the UNFCCC to a goal of mobilizing jointly USD100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible Given the growing threats to livelihoods and wellbeing for today s and future generations, this goal and the accompanying targets make a key contribution to sustainable consumption and production Developing countries need help to avoid the unsustainable, high carbon growth pathway taken by developed and emerging nations. Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development 14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, particularly from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution 14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration, to achieve healthy and productive oceans 14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels 2.4, Degradation of designated marine and coastal ecosystem (decline in the expected ecosystem service flows and conditions in designated marine and coastal ecosystems) Goal 13 Degradation of designated marine and coastal ecosystem (decline in the expected ecosystem service flows and conditions in designated marine and coastal ecosystems)

17 14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting, and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics 14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on best available scientific information 14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, and eliminate subsidies that contribute to IUU fishing, and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the WTO fisheries subsidies negotiation 14.7 By 2030 increase the economic benefits to SIDS and LDCs from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism 14.6 Depletion measures of aquatic resources: Provisioning services (fish and other aquatic and marine species) provided by designated inland water or marine ecosystems Degradation of designated marine and coastal ecosystem (decline in the expected ecosystem service flows and conditions in designated marine and coastal ecosystems) 14.2 Level of national expenditure on environmental protection and resource management on coastal and marine areas 14.4 Ratio of fisheries subsidies to total fish harvested Level of national expenditure on environmental protection and resource management on coastal and marine areas Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss 15.1 By 2020 ensure conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements 15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests, and increase afforestation and reforestation by x% globally 6.6 Proportion of land area covered by forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands (disaggregated by land cover types) Degradation of designated terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems (Decline in the expected ecosystem service flows/conditions in designated terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems) REDD+ indicators/monitoring Proportion of land area covered by forests,

18 15.3 By 2020, combat desertification, and restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land-degradation neutral world 15.4 By 2030 ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, to enhance their capacity to provide benefits which are essential for sustainable development 15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce degradation of natural habitat, halt the loss of biodiversity, and by 2020 protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species 15.6 Ensure fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, and promote appropriate access to genetic resources 15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna, and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products 15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystems and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes and poverty reduction strategies, and accounts 15.a Mobilize and significantly increase from all sources financial resources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems Degradation of designated land area (Decline in the expected ecosystem service flows/conditions in designated land area) AICHI Biodiversity targets Living Planet Index Red List Indices Other indicators used for Aichi Goals and Targets Estimates of levels of poaching and trafficking of highly vulnerable species e.g. elephant kills and ivory seizures. Country implements and reports on SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting Level of national expenditure on environmental protection, disaggregated by environmental activity domain (biodiversity and ecosystems) and by institutional sector Level of national expenditure on financing resource management and preservation, disaggregated by environmental activity domain (biodiversity and ecosystems) and by institutional sector

19 Goal 16.Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels 16.b Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development 17.9 The transition to sustainable consumption and production requires intensive collaboration, trust, openness and the rule of law. Targets under this goal for promoting the rule of law and equal access to justice, reducing illicit financial flows, reducing corruption and bribery, ensuring inclusive decision making and public access to information can all make a strong contribution. 5.a Goal 17.Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development 17.7 Promote development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed 17.9 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all sustainable development goals, including through North- South, South-South, and triangular cooperation By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement GDP, and support statistical capacity building in developing countries 6.a, 7.a, 7.b, 12.a There are several targets under this goal for increasing support and resources from developed to developing nations to help them implement sustainable development, all of which can contribute to sustainable consumption and production. Level of national expenditure on financing environmental protection activities in other countries Export of environmental goods and services a a percentage of the production of environmental goods and services Nations publishing SEEA environmental and economic accounts

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