Where is Transportation Going?

Transcription

1 Where is Transportation Going? Conventional Engines Biofuels Electricity Hydrogen George Crabtree Materials Science Division Argonne National Laboratory

2 Big Picture: Major Energy Challenges : TW 2050: TW World Energy Demand total Energy Demand Fuel Security / Sustainability TW industrial developing US ee/fsu oil World Fuel Mix % 30 gas coal EIA Intl Energy Outlook Hoffert et al Nature 395, 883, nucl renew 0 85% fossil 2

3 Big Picture: Greenhouse Gases CO2 -- CH4 -- T Relaxation time transport of CO2 or heat to deep ocean: years Thousands of years before present (Ky BP) 0 Climate Change 2001: T he Scientific Basis, Fig 2.22 J. R. Petit et al, Nature 399, 429, 1999 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, N. Oreskes, Science 306, 1686, 2004 D. A. Stainforth et al, Nature 433, 403, CO2 -- Global Mean Temp Year AD 1800 Temperature ( C) 200 Atmospheric CO2 (ppmv) 325 CO2 in 2004: 380 ppmv T relative to present ( C) CO2 CH4 (ppmv) (ppmv)

4 Consumer Picture: Buying Priorities Fuel Economy: 16th on the list CO 2 : not on the list Survey of 55,000 Buyers of 2007 New Cars from Strategic Vision's 2007 New Vehicle Experience Study (bought Oct 06 - Mar '07, surveyed after 3 months of ownership) Courtesy John German American Honda Motor Co 4

5 Consumer Picture: Gasoline Price Courtesy John German American Honda Motor Co 5

6 Consumer Picture: Cost of Driving Courtesy John German American Honda Motor Co 6

7 Options for Transportation Conventional Engines Alternative Liquid Fuels Electricity Hydrogen 7

8 Conventional Gasoline Engines: Efficiency Combustion and transmission of power: 20% - 35% Most of the energy: waste heat Thermoelectrics: use waste heat 8

9 Thermoelectric Conversion thermal gradient electricity figure of merit: ZT ~ (σ /κ) T ZT ~ 3: efficiency ~ heat engines no moving parts Scientific Challenges increase electrical conductivity decrease thermal conductivity nanowire superlattice nanoscale architectures interfaces block heat transport confinement tunes density of states doping adjusts Fermi level ZT Bi 2 Te 3 /Sb 2 Te 3 superlattice CsBi 4 Te 6 Zn 4 Sb 3 PbTe/PbSe superlattice LAST-18 AgPb 18 SbTe 20 Bi 2 Te 3 TAGS LaFe 3 CoSb 12 PbTe Si Ge RT Temperature (K) Mercouri Kanatzidis 9

10 Biomass to Fuel Courtesy Seth Snyder, Argonne 10

11 Biomass Fuel Research Renewable Diesel Oils are hydrotreated with the introduction of hydrogen and are co-fed with diesel in the presence of a catalyst End products are propane and renewable diesel. Typical renewable diesel is paraffinic (C13-C18). - No oxygen, no double bonds, in the heart of diesel fuel (C10- C22), high cetane, feedstock independent Cellulosic biomass to liquid fuels Pyrolysis - Can create a thick black tarry fluid with viscosity as heavy oil - Hydrotreat to create renewable diesel Gasification, followed by Fischer-Tropsch process 11

12 Projected Cost of Alternatives Production cost in 2012 $/gal gasoline equivalent Gasoline predictions Brazil Sugar cane Corn ethanol US EU Cellulosic Ethanol Fischer- Tropsch A. Farrell and D. Sperling, May

13 Electricity as an Energy Carrier hydro wind solar digital electronics coal gas heat mechanical motion electricity power grid communication transportation nuclear fission industry fuel cells 35% of primary energy 34% of CO 2 emissions 63% of energy lost lighting heating refrigeration Transportation 29% of primary energy 31% of CO 2 emissions 73% of energy lost 13

14 Electricity for Transportation Alternatives Hybrid 3-4 mile range on pure electricity Reduced gasoline use Reduced CO2 Higher cost Plug-in Hybrid mile range on pure electricity Trades gasoline for electricity Higher cost All Electric Challenge: Batteries, Batteries, Batteries 14

15 The Importance of Batteries Conventional, Hybrid, Plug-In Hybrid vs conventional vehicle vs hybrid Courtesy John German American Honda Motor Co 15

16 Alternative Fuels Energy Density of Fuels Volumetric Energy Density MJ / L system compressed gas H 2 liquid H 2 chemical hydrides gasoli ne 0 batteri es complex hydride s Gravimetric Energy Density MJ/kg system 16

17 Battery Options System Negative electrode Positive electrode OCV (V) Th. Cap (Ah/kg) Th En. (Wh/kg) Lead acid Pb PbO Ni-Cd Cd NiOOH Ni-MH MH alloy NiOOH 1.35 ~178 ~240 Na-S (350 C) Na S (2.0) Na-MCl 2 (300 C) Na NiCl Li-Ion Li x C 6 Li 1-x CoO (4.0) 79 for x= for x=0.5 (632 for x=1) Li-polymer Li VO x ~ (2.6) ~340 ~884 Courtesy Michael Thackeray, ANL 17

18 Hydrogen Transportation H 2 O nuclear/solar thermochemical cycles bio- and bio-inspired solar wind hydro fossil fuel reforming + carbon capture gas or hydride storage H 2 H 2 automotive fuel cells stationary electricity/heat generation consumer electronics production 9M tons/yr 150 M tons/yr (light trucks and cars in 2040) storage 4.4 MJ/L (Gas, 10,000 psi) 8.4 MJ/L (LH2) 9.72 MJ/L (2015 FreedomCAR Target) use in fuel cells $3000/kW $200/kW mass production $30/kW (Internal Combustion Engine) 18

19 Hydrogen Storage Today: Gas and Liquid gaseous storage 5000 psi = 350 bar psi = 700 bar fiber reinforced composite containers liquid storage standard in stationary applications portable cryogenics for auto 30-40% energy lost to liquifaction within technological reach 19

20 Hydrogen Storage Challenges: Hydride Materials Mg(NH 3 ) 6 Cl 2 LiAlH 4 NH 3 BH 3 NHBH + 2H 2 Based on Schlapbach and Zuttel, Nature 414, 353 (2001) 20

21 Fuel Cell Challenges: Catalysis Pure Pt-skin e - H 2 O 2 Pt 3 Ni crystal Pt 48 Ni 52 Pt 87 Ni 13 Pt 75 Ni 25 Pure Pt crystal Pt 3 Ni H 2 O Oxygen Reduction 1/2 O H e - Pt H 2 O I k kinetic current density Pt Specific Activity in 0.1 M HClO 4 at 0.9 V vs RHE Requires catalysis Pt is most effective Expensive and limited supply (111) (100) (110) Crystal Surface Courtesy Nenad Markovic, Argonne V. Stamenkovic et al, Science 315, 493 (2007) V. Stamenkovic et al, Nature Materials 6, 241 (2007) 21

22 Research Challenges Materials, Materials, Materials Advanced batteries for hybrids Energy capture from waste heat in exhaust and coolant New materials, including Methods to automate production of carbon fiber High-gloss plastic - Lightweight metals Cellulosic feedstock to fuels compatible with existing vehicles Breakthrough energy storage for plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles - e.g., supercapcitors Breakthrough hydrogen storage materials for fuel cells Catalysts for fuel cells 22