By John Temple LC, IES, LEED GA

Transcription

1 By John Temple LC, IES, LEED GA

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4 World energy consumption will increase by 53% between 2008 and 2035 with half of that increase attributed to China and India Renewables are the fastest-growing energy source, at 2.8% per year; renewables share of the world energy grows to roughly 15% by 2035 (in 2010 they accounted for 8.4%) We re faced with fast growing demand for a product produced primarily with raw materials that have a limited and finite supply U.S. Energy Information Administration

5 Renewables 6% Petroleum 1% Other Gases 1% Nuclear 19% Hydro 7% Coal 39% Coal Natural Gas Nuclear Hydro Renewables Petroleum Other Gases Natural Gas 27% Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration Updated June 13, 2014

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8 In February 2014 the projected retirement number was revised to be approximately 50GW of capacity by 2020.

9 In June 2014 the EPA announced new regulations designed to reduce carbon emissions an additional 30% from 2005 levels by 2030.

10 In June 2014 the EPA announced new regulations designed to reduce carbon emissions an additional 30% from 2005 levels by Previous measures have resulted in a 15% reduction in carbon emissions from the 2005 levels.

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14 There can t be that many buildings that still have old lighting right? According to the USDOE more than 2.2mm (or roughly 81%) of the nation s 2.7mm buildings built before 1980 have been using the same lighting for the past 30+ years. ELECTRICALEN GIN EERIN G & EQUIPMENTCOMPANY

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16 state energy code adoption

17 Effective January 1, 2014 (grace period thru 4/1/14) 2012 IECC - with reference to ASHRAE Applies to all aspects of both residential & commercial construction Building envelope HVAC Service water heating Power Lighting Other equipment Motors Building 100,000 ft³ must submit an Energy Statement of Review signed by the Architect or Engineer (COMCheck is acceptable in lieu of the Energy Statement of Review) Note: Buildings <100,000 ft³ are still required to meet the energy code.

18 How does it affect Lighting? All recessed lighting installed in the building thermal envelope shall be Air-tight & IC-rated and labeled as having less than 2.0 cfm of leakage Sealed with a gasket or caulk between housing and the interior wall or ceiling covering (IECC R ) A minimum of 75% of lamps installed in permanently installed fixtures or the permanently installed fixtures must be high-efficiency (IECC R404.1) The only exception is low voltage lighting

19 How does it affect Lighting? Limits Lighting Power Density (LPD) or Watts per Square Foot Interior spaces Exterior building features Facades, entrances, exits, loading docks, canopies Exterior building grounds Any lighting powered through the building service* Applies to all replacement/retrofitted lighting systems Exception if less than 50% of space altered*

20 How does it affect lighting? Requires automated lighting shutoff in all buildings May be on a scheduled basis of no more than 25,000 sq/ft, but not more than one floor May be an occupancy sensor that shuts off lighting within 30 minutes of vacancy* May be a signal from another building system that senses occupancy Exceptions Lighting intended for 24-hour operation Lighting in spaces where patient care is rendered Lighting where automatic shutoff would endanger occupants

21 Two methods for calculating Lighting Power Density Building Area Method Space by Space Method Either method excludes certain types of lighting Exits & emergency lights Museum/gallery display or accent lighting Medical/dental procedure lighting Refrigerated case lighting (open & closed) Numerous other types

22 Interior Lighting Space-by-Space Method Determine the Lighting Power Allowance by multiplying the area of each space by the allowed LPD for the space type that most closely represents the proposed use of the space Determine the actual LDP for each space The sum of the actual LPD for all spaces shall not exceed the sum of the Lighting Power Allowance total for all spaces Trade-offs among spaces are permitted provided that the total installed interior lighting power does not exceed the total Lighting Power Allowance

23 Interior Lighting Building Area Method Determine the appropriate building area type and the allowed LPD from the Building Area Method column (For building area types not listed, selection of a reasonable equivalent shall be permitted) Determine the Lighting Power Allowance by multiplying the gross lighted floor area of the building area type/s by the allowed LPD The sum of the actual LPD shall not exceed the sum of the Lighting Power Allowance In cases where both a general building area type and a specific building area type are listed, the specific building area type shall apply Trade-offs among spaces are permitted provided that the total installed interior lighting power does not exceed the total Lighting Power Allowance

24 Exterior Lighting Requires that all luminaires of 100w have a minimum efficacy of 60 LPW unless controlled by a motion sensor (IECC C ) Exceptions listed under IECC C The total exterior lighting power allowance for all exterior building applications is the sum of the individual LPD s permitted for these applications plus an additional unrestricted allowance of 5% of that sum (IECC C , ASHRAE 9.4.3B) Trade-offs are allowed only among exterior lighting applications listed as Tradable Surfaces (IECC & ASHRAE))

25 Exterior Lighting Tradable Surfaces Uncovered parking areas Building grounds Entrances and exits Canopies and overhangs Outdoor sales areas Non-Tradable Surfaces Building facades Automated teller machines and night depositories Entrances and gatehouse inspection stations at guarded facilities Loading areas for law enforcement, fire, ambulance, and other emergency services vehicles Drive-through windows at fast food restaurants Parking near 24-hour entrances

26 Significant changes The goal is to reduce energy usage by an additional 30% from IECC 2009 & ASHRAE Reduces many LDP requirements Requires automated control for all buildings including those of less than 5000 ft² (IECC C & ASHRAE ) Mandates daylighting in specific areas where daylight is available (IECC C & ASHRAE & ) Building Envelope portion mandates skylights in certain areas (IECC C405.3 & ASHRAE 5.5.4) Occupancy sensors in many spaces must be manual on or shall be controlled to automatically turn on to only 50% (IECC C & ASHRAE 9.4.1)

27 Significant changes Mandates that all time clocks have a minimum of 10 hours of battery back-up (IECC C & ASHRAE ) Requires commissioning of lighting controls. Note: IECC recommends and ASHRAE mandates 3 rd party commissioning (IECC & ASHRAE 9.4.4) Requires stairwell lighting be dimmed by 50% when unoccupied (IECC & ASHRAE 9.4.1) Reduces additional allowance for lighting specifically designed to highlight merchandise by ~40% (IECC & ASHRAE 9.6.2)

28 Significant changes Requires that manually controlled lighting have at least one control step between 50% in addition to full on & off (IECC C & ASHRAE 9.4.1) Requires that fluorescent fixtures with odd number lamp cross-sections be tandem wired (IECC C405.3) Recessed fixtures with 10 on center spacing Surface mounted or pendant hung with 1 spacing Establishes standards for calculating LPD of track lighting (IECC C & ASHRAE 9.1.4) Effectively implements the Lighting Zone guidelines portion of the Model Lighting Ordinance or M.L.O. (IECC C & ASHRAE 9.4.3)

29 The expansion follows the current IESNA development work on Model Lighting Ordinances The existing set of exterior power limits is expanded to be zone based

30 Significant changes Reduces the threshold for alterations that require the entire space (includes exterior lighting) to be updated from 50% to 10% (ASHRAE 9.1.2) Requires automatic control (including daylighting) of parking garages (ASHRAE ) Building façade & landscape lighting be off from latest of midnight or closing to earliest of 6:00 AM or opening (ASHRAE ) Requires that all other exterior lighting (including advertising signage) be automatically reduced by 30% either after hours or when area is unoccupied (ASHRAE )

31 Significant changes Allows additional interior lighting power if Advanced Lighting Controls are installed (ASHRAE 9.6.2) Allows LPD s to be adjusted based on Room Cavity Ratios when using the Space-by-Space calculation method (ASHRAE 9.6.3) Sets minimum requirements for O&M manuals for both lighting and lighting controls, including recommended schedules for group re-lamping and inspection & recalibration of all lighting controls (ASHRAE ) Requires that a minimum of 50% of plug load be automatically controlled (ASHRAE 8.4.2)

32 Significant changes Mandates 3 rd party testing of lighting control systems ASHRAE 9.4.4: The party responsible for the functional testing shall not be directly involved in either the design or construction of the project and shall provide documentation certifying that the installed lighting controls meet or exceed all documented performance criteria. Certification shall be specific enough to verify conformance. IECC C : The construction documents shall state the party who will conduct the required functional testing. Where required by the code official, an approved party independent from the design or construction of the project shall be responsible for the functional testing and shall provide documentation to the code official certifying that the installed lighting controls meet the provisions of Section C405.

33 New technologies allow for greater control & design flexibility Increases energy savings Can extend product life Improves ROI Can add to viewer satisfaction Increases complexity of design and installation Requires greater coordination Updating existing buildings with lighting controls necessitates new approaches

34 Area Type 1999 & / Hospital 1.6 W/ft² 1.2 W/ft² 1.21 W/ft² Clinics 1.6 W/ft² 1.0 W/ft² 0.87 W/ft² Library/School 1.5 W/ft² 1.3/1.2 W/ft² 1.18/0.99 W/ft² Manufacturing 2.2 W/ft² 1.3 W/ft² 1.11 W/ft² Museum 1.6 W/ft² 1.1 W/ft² 1.06 W/ft² Office 1.3 W/ft² 1.0 W/ft² 0.90 W/ft² Parking Garage 0.3 W/ft² 0.3 W/ft² 0.25 W/ft² Retail 1.9 W/ft² 1.5 W/ft² 1.4 W/ft²

35 ASHRAE ASHRAE ASHRAE ASHRAE Source: USGBC Greening the Codes May 2011

36 Traditional Lamps & Ballasts

37 Lumen: the international standard of luminous flux or quantity of light. Foot Candle: illuminance per square foot Watt: a unit of power defined as one joule per second, and is used to express the rate of energy conversion over a period of time Lumens per Watt: the amount of light per watt of energy (the lighting equal to MPG)

38 Color Correlated Temperature (CCT) or Kelvin Temperature: this term is commonly used to describe the whiteness of a light source. The higher the temperature, the cooler or whiter the light will appear. Color Rendering Index (CRI): the system used to rate a light source s ability to render an object s color. The higher the CRI (based on a scale) the more accurately the colors will appear.

39 Traditional Lamps Average Rated Life: the point in time when 50% of the tested lamps reached end-of-life or had burned out. Lamp Lumen Depreciation: the percentage of lamp light output at 40% of rated life vs. Initial Lumens. Mean Lumens: lamp light output at 40% of rated life.

40 Selecting the lowest priced lamp and ballast may not pay in the long run Lamp Initial Lumens Lumens vs. Base Watts Energy vs. Base LPW 12 hr Cost of $0.08kWH Savings F32T8/SP41/ECO ,000 $92.16 NA F32T8/SPX41/ECO % ,000 $92.16 NA F32T8/SPX41/WM/ECO % % 91 36,000 $86.40 $5.76 F28T8/SPX41/SXL/ECO % % 94 80,000 $80.64 $11.52 F32T825W/SXL41/ECO % ,000 $72.00 $20.16 Cost of Light and savings are based on 36,000 hours of operation.

41 Selecting the lowest priced lamp and ballast may not pay in the long run Lamp Initial Lumens Lumens vs. Base Watts Energy vs. Base LPW 12 hr Cost of $0.08kWH Savings F32T8/SP41/ECO ,000 $92.16 NA F32T8/SPX41/ECO % ,000 $92.16 NA F32T8/SPX41/WM/ECO % % 91 36,000 $86.40 $5.76 F28T8/SPX41/SXL/ECO % % 94 80,000 $80.64 $25.60 F32T825W/SXL41/ECO % ,000 $72.00 $25.20 Total Savings is based on rated life.

42 Instant Start vs. Programmed Rapid Start Instant Start (IS) More energy efficient than PRS (~5-10%) Less Expensive Will significantly reduce lamp life when frequently switched Programmed Rapid Start (PRS) Recommended for frequently switched applications Less efficient than IS Slightly more expensive than IS Because of control requirements, the ballast that should be the standard for most applications

43 All HID ballast are a BF of 1.0 Numerous choices of T8 and some T5 Directly affects light output & energy use Some examples of T8 Ballast Factors Low = 0.77 Normal = 0.87 or 0.88 Normal+ = 1.04 High = 1.15 to 1.18 Will change depending on lamp wattage Can be a big help meeting LPD restrictions Requires attention when replacing defective ballasts

44 How to tell the good from the bad

45 IES LM-79 A guide developed for the photometric measurement of solid state lighting products. Developed by the IESNA Performance based testing for both SSL Lamp & Fixtures Recognized the fact that traditional standards cannot be applied to SSL technology (Fixtures or Lamps) Scope includes: luminous flux, electrical power, chromaticity & luminous intensity distribution Will lead to a test report, measuring 21 different performance criteria. This should be available upon request

46 IES LM-80 A guide to the measurement of lumen maintenance of (inorganic) LEDbased packages, arrays & modules. Developed by the IESNA Applies only at the LED chip level due to variation of the thermal mitigation designs Report will be generated by the chip supplier LED end of life Intent of the report to define rate of lumen depreciation (through output & color shift) over useful life Units will be tested for a minimum of 6K hours (10K hours are preferred) Will lead to a test report measuring 13 different performance criteria Report may be requested by your clients

47 IES LM-80 Life Ratings Expressed as L70, L80, L85, L90, etc. at a particular time value, such as 50,000 hours L = Lumen Maintenance 70 = 70% of initial light output After 50,000 hours of operation Heat & LEDs All Solid State equipment, including LEDs and drivers, is adversely effected by high heat For every 18 F (10 C) of heat rise above the products rated operating temperature you will half the life

48 IES TM-21 Spells out how to use LM-80 data to estimate lumen maintenance beyond the LM-80 test period Focuses only on the light source component (package, module, array), not an entire luminaire Does not include the driver Requires a minimum of 6000 hours (LM-80) Limits estimate of life to 6 times the test period L-70 of 50,000 hours requires 8,333 hours of testing That s 347 days of testing, and if it fails they start over again

49 LM-80 TM-21 + = (testing) (projection) Something useful TM-21 supplements IES LM-80 raw test data to provide LED lifetime projections that are consistent and understandable Committee included U.S. Dept Of Energy, NIST, PNNL, Cree, Philips Lumileds, Nichia and OSRAM TM-21 provides two major functions: 1. Extrapolate a single LM-80 data set to estimate L xx LED lifetime 2. Interpolate a matched LM-80 data set (same current, 3 different temperatures) for a specific temperature, and estimate L xx LED lifetime

50 Convert to energy efficient light source Higher efficiency halogen ~28% more efficient & acts just like traditional incandescent Compact Fluorescent Pros ~70% more efficient than incandescent Higher quality lamps last ~8 x longer than incandescent Cons Slow to warm up (being addressed by new products) Ambient temperature sensitive Many are not dimmable Dimming does not extend life Contain mercury

51 Convert to energy efficient light source Light Emitting Diode (LED) Pros ~75-85% more efficient than incandescent Instant on >25 x the life of basic incandescent >3 x the life of a good compact fluorescent lamp Many versions are dimmable Dimming extends life Cons Expensive; x incandescent & 5-10 x CFL Heat sensitive (most are not rated for enclosed fixture applications) Dimmer compatibility Buyer beware

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53 Lamps & Light Fixtures Look for the Energy Star logo Tested by the USDOE CALiPER program Minimum efficiency standards Color consistency requirements Minimum life requirements Lighting Facts label Provides a familiar format to display information Light Fixtures Only Also look for the DesignLights Consortium label

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55 Some very good products on the market PAR, R, MR16, G, A-Lamps, Specialty Some very questionable products too Most LED products have at least a 3-5 year warranty Some of the LED lamp manufacturers haven t even been in business that long Any new technology can have problems. The question is will the manufacturer be there to resolve any potential problems should they arise?

56 The biggest thing since Edison invented the incandescent lamp

57 3.9 Terawatt Hours Roadway, 1.6% MR16, 7.1% A-Lamps, 0.4% PAR, BR, & R, 3.2% Parking, 41.0% 2'x2' Troffers, 0.1% Desktop Monitors, 13.0% Laptops, 13.0% Televisions, 12.0% Area & Flood, 20.0% USDOE: Energy Savings Estimates of Light Emitting Diodes in Niche Lighting Applications

58 263 Terawatt Hours per Year by 2020 Parking, 5.8% Roadway, 6.9% MR16, 2.1% Area & Flood, 21.0% A-Lamps, 29.0% Televisions, 6.1% Laptops, 0.4% Desktop Monitors, 3.9% 2'x2' Troffers, 2.2% PAR, BR, & R, 12.0% Based on 2010 SSL efficacies USDOE: Energy Savings Estimates of Light Emitting Diodes in Niche Lighting Applications

59 399 Terawatt Hours per Year by 2020 Parking, 9.4% Roadway, 10.0% MR16, 2.3% Area & Flood, 25.6% A-Lamps, 26.3% Televisions, 9.7% Laptops, 0.5% Desktop Monitors, 3.3% 2'x2' Troffers, 2.5% PAR, BR, & R, 10.3% That s enough energy to power 32 million homes USDOE: Energy Savings Estimates of Light Emitting Diodes in Niche Lighting Applications

60 Let s do a little show and tell

61 Lamp wattage is directly proportional to the amount of light produced right? Not anymore You must consider Lumens per Watt (LPW) You must also consider how all components interact to provide light on the desired surface Luminaire efficiency

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64 If it s an LED fixture, it will do a better job than the traditional lamped fixture right? It will likely be more efficient, but it may not perform any better than its predecessor Let s do a little real world comparison

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66 Lamps & Light Fixtures Look for the Energy Star logo Tested by the USDOE CALiPER program Minimum efficiency standards Color consistency requirements Minimum life requirements Lighting Facts label Provides a familiar format to display information Light Fixtures Only Also look for the DesignLights Consortium label

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68 Current legislation focuses on only one of the four main components of visual perception The source There are three other components The task The surround The viewer

69 Yes, but it will mean significant changes Factors to consider Efficiency of sources Operational expenses of source Quality of light Uniformity Glare Color Rendering Index Correlated Color Temperature Quantity of light As recommended by the IESNA Not the levels you re used to

70 Area Type Hospital General Exam Rm fc 50 fc Hospital Corridor (day) fc 5 fc School Elementary Classroom fc 30 fc Warehouse Active Bulky fc 10 fc Office Open w/ Intensive VDT Use 5-10 fc 10 fc Office Restroom fc 5 fc Office - Private fc 50 fc Office - Lobby fc 10 fc

71 Efficacy of light source Lumens per Watt Important, but don t stop there Efficacy of fixture (Luminaire Efficacy Rating) New NEMA standard that rates the overall efficacy of a luminaire LER = Light Source + Ballast/Driver + Fixture LPW = Hours + Horse Power/Gallon vs. LER = MPG Most important how does it work in the application? Operational efficiency of system Life expectancy of components Cost of components Ease of service Initial investment compared to ROI Compatibility with lighting controls

72 Compliance with the Iowa Energy Code is mandatory, and there is no statute of limitations on violations The current energy code requires changes in the way we do and view lighting We need to begin using more efficient sources of light May require lower light levels than generally expected May require increased use of task lighting Mandates automated control of most light sources Adjustable general lighting levels will become more common Will add some cost, but ROI can be quick even at today s energy costs We have the technology and the ability to meet and exceed the requirements

73 Specify that design meets Iowa Energy Code Many jurisdictions now require submission of COMCheck Tighten up light fixture specification Specify more than just a light fixture type Specify high efficiency ballasts Specify the ballast factor for each fixture type Specify high efficiency lamps Specify automated lighting strategy The more local the control, the greater the savings and satisfaction Be sure you and your customer are clear on what the system is expected to do. Don t wait until it s installed to verify. Be sure to use a qualified lighting designer

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