Appliance Standards: Recent, Current, and Future Status Building Codes: Opportunities to Claim Savings from Increased Code Compliance

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1 Appliance Standards: Recent, Current, and Future Status Building Codes: Opportunities to Claim Savings from Increased Code Compliance John Cymbalsky Buildings Technology Office, US DOE EFG Annual Meeting, April 17, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy eere.energy.gov

2 Appliance Standards: What Does the Program Cover? Over 60 products are covered by DOE s appliance standards program. These are known as covered products. Covered products are responsible for 90% of residential building energy consumption, 60% of commercial building energy consumption, and approximately 29% of industrial energy consumption. o In 2009, the Nation s 113 million households and 5.4 million commercial buildings consumed approximately 39.2 quadrillion Btu (quads) of energy annually, about 41 percent of the U.S. total. o Residential buildings use 22 percent of the U.S. total and commercial buildings use 19 percent. Industrial equipment and processes comprises 29 percent of the national total. o Energy use in buildings costs $413.3 Billion ($2009). 2

3 Appliance Standards: What are the Program Benefits The Program is highly effective, achieving high bang-for-the-buck in energy savings. Standards to date have saved US consumers $42 billion in utility bills annually and $30 billion net of costs to achieve these savings. The national energy efficiency standards promulgated to date are expected to save 69 quads of energy by 2020 and 120 quads by The cumulative utility bill savings to consumers of these standards are estimated to be over $900 billion by 2020 and over $1.6 trillion through Annual carbon dioxide savings will reach nearly 260 million tons by 2020 and the cumulative savings by 2030 is estimated to be 6.5 billion tons. 3

4 4 Appliance Standards Under Development

5 Compliance Dates for Standards Promulgated to Date Product RESIDENTIAL PRODUCTS Compliance Date for Original Standard and Updates Clothes Washers(Water and Energy) 1988, 1994, 2004/2007, 2015/2018 NAECA 1987 Clothes Dryers 1988, 1994, 2014 NAECA 1987 Dishwashers(Water and Energy) 1988, 1994, 2010, 2013 NAECA 1987 Refrigerators and Refrigerator-Freezers 1990, 1993, 2001, 2014 NAECA 1987 Freezers 1990, 1993, 2001, 2014 NAECA 1987 Room Air Conditioners 1990, 2000, 2014 NAECA 1987 Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps 1992/1993, 2006, 2015 NAECA 1987 Water Heaters 1990, 2004, 2015 NAECA 1987 Furnaces 1992, 2013 NAECA 1987 Boilers 1992, 2012 NAECA 1987 Direct Heating Equipment 1990, 2013 NAECA 1987 Cooking Products 1990, 2012 NAECA 1987 Pool Heaters 1990, 2013 NAECA 1987 Ceiling Fans and Ceiling Fan Light Kits 2007 EPACT 2005 Torchieres 2006 EPACT 2005 Dehumidifiers 2007, 2012 EPACT 2005 External Power Supplies 2008 EISA 2007 Authorizing Legislation* 5

6 Compliance Dates for Standards Promulgated to Date (2) Product Compliance Date for Original Standard and Updates Authorizing Legislation* COMMERCIAL & INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS Electric Motors 1997, 2010 EPACT 1992 Warm Air Furnaces 1994 EPACT 1992 Packaged Boilers 1994 EPACT 1992 Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps 1994/1995, 2003/2004, 2010, 2012, EPACT 1992 Water Heaters, Hot Water Supply Boilers and Unfired Hot Water Storage Tanks 1994, 2004 EPACT 1992 Distribution Transformers 2007, 2010, 2016 EPACT 1992, EPACT 2005 Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers and Freezers 2010, 2012 EPACT 2005 Automatic Ice Makers 2010 EPACT 2005 Clothes Washers EPACT 2005 Unit Heaters 2008 EPACT 2005 Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines 2012 EPACT 2005 Walk-in Coolers and Walk-in Freezers 2009 EISA

7 Compliance Dates for Standards Promulgated to Date (3) Product LIGHTING PRODUCTS Compliance Date for Original Standard and Updates Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts 1990, 2005/2010, 2014 NAECA 1988 General Service Fluorescent Lamps and Incandescent Reflector Lamps 1995, 2008, 2012 Authorizing Legislation* EPACT 1992, EISA 2007 Medium Base Compact Fluorescent Lamps 2006 EPACT 2005 Illuminated Exit Signs 2006 EPACT 2005 Traffic Signal Modules and Pedestrian Modules 2006 EPACT 2005 Mercury Vapor Lamp Ballasts 2008 EPACT 2005 Metal Halide Lamp Ballasts and Fixtures 2009 EISA 2007 General Service Incandescent Lamps, Intermediate Base Incandescent Lamps and Candelabra Base Incandescent Lamps 2012/2014 & 2020 PLUMBING PRODUCTS (Water Only) EISA 2007 Faucets 1994 EPACT 1992 Showerheads 1994 EPACT 1992 Water Closets 1994/1997 EPACT 1992 Urinals 1994/1997 EPACT 1992 Pre-rinse Spray Valves 2007 EPACT

8 Building Codes: Issues Being Addressed Can utilities claim energy savings from advancing compliance with building codes? Is there a common or best practice on estimating savings? How can DOE and/or EIA help? 8

9 Utility Savings Estimator The objective is to develop a generic tool that estimates potential energy savings from increased compliance with energy codes. The tool is intended for utilities, who can populate a generic computational algorithm with their own utility-specific assumptions, where applicable (for example, new construction projections or floor space growth). The basic methodology is the same as that used for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Energy Codes Program to assess national benefits For the methodology, see PNNL s published report: Belzer DB, SC McDonald, and MA Halverson A Retrospective Analysis of Commercial Building Energy Codes: PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA. 9

10 Methodology Overview Reference Year Energy Savings from Code to Code Applicable Floor Space Nominal Savings Alternative Scenario Accelerated Adoption Baseline Adoption Base Case Increased Compliance Baseline Compliance Projected Savings Base Case Savings Impact from Increased Compliance 10

11 Prespecified Inputs 2010 is suggested as the reference year Code-to-code savings grouped by end use and fuel Pacific Northwest National Laboratory conducted extensive simulations to compare code-to-code savings for various versions of residential and commercial energy codes. Reference Year Energy Savings from Code to Code Simulation results are the same set as utilized in the U.S. DOE determination process, as well as in state-bystate cost-effectiveness analysis. Savings for future code editions will be developed as part of the U.S. DOE Building Energy Codes Program effort. 11

12 Prespecified Inputs (cont.) The estimator is prepopulated with residential and commercial construction projections by state to drive the estimation. Residential construction permit data by county and place is available from the United States Census Bureau Commercial construction information is available from McGraw-Hill Construction Dodge data. Users can further refine the assumptions to reflect distinct construction trends within different segments of the utility coverage area. 12

13 Code Adoption Track historical code adoption and effective code data by state. Perform analysis of jurisdictional adoption for home-rule states, which included contacting code officials at the municipal and county levels to verify the energy code versions in effect. Divide the states into five adoption categories based on historical adoption patterns, their respective regulatory review cycles and recent legislative activity related to energy codes. 13

14 Code Adoption (cont.) Code adoption scenarios also consider implicit adoption when states do not explicitly adopt an energy code but building practices are nevertheless changing under influence from within the state or surrounding states utilities and Regional Energy Efficiency Organizations running programs across states construction contractors and architect firms with operations in multiple states Future code adoption is projected based on observed differences in historical adoption lags across different code versions current code cycles across various states. 14

15 Code Compliance Two aspects of energy code compliance: compliance in legal terms, which is defined as meeting all of the provisions of the code compliance in energy terms, which accounts for energy savings in buildings that only partially meet the requirements of the new energy code. Full code-to-code savings Fraction of code-to-code savings 70% 30% Compliant buildings Non-compliant buildings 15

16 Code Compliance (cont.) Time dimension - initial compliance vs. compliance in 10 years IECC - XXXX Base Case Initially compliant buildings Initially noncompliant buildings Weighted compliance, initial (energy terms) Compliant buildings after 10 years Noncompliant buildings after 10 years Compliance in legal terms 30% 70% 50% 50% Weighted compliance, after 10 years (energy terms) Compliance in energy terms (fraction) % % Alternative Scenario Compliance in legal terms 65% 35% 80% 20% Compliance in energy terms (fraction) % % 16

17 Methodology Summary Step 1: Select base (or reference) year. Step 2: Develop savings estimates from code changes. Step 3: Determine applicable floor space subject to code. Adjust nominal energy savings by: Step 4: Code adoption levels (base case and alternative scenarios) Step 5: Code compliance levels (base case and alternative scenarios) Step 6: Compute code savings scenarios by segment and aggregate to the utility/program coverage area. Savings from Increased Compliance = Alternative Scenario Base Case 17

18 Conclusion Utility Savings Estimator is a straightforward framework to analyze savings from increased compliance. Common definitions of compliance and estimation methodology enable comparison across different segments of the utility coverage area. Common framework and definitions also allow comparison of results across different players and programs targeting energy code compliance or code adoption. In turn, utility-level studies based on a common model will provide a more sound foundation for national codes benefits analysis. 18

19 PEER REVIEWERS WANTED If you or your agency are interested in providing peer review, please contact Olga Livingston Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (509)