Jeff Johnston Manager, Science & Engineering Section Air Quality Program. Atmospheric Sciences 212 November 16, 2009

Transcription

1 Jeff Johnston Manager, Science & Engineering Section Air Quality Program Atmospheric Sciences 212 November 16, 2009 Motor vehicle emission check program Air monitoring Agricultural burning Burn bans (residential home heating) Air operating permits Climate change

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3 Wapato Hills Puyallup River Valley PM2.5 Nonattainment Area Other areas of concern include for nonattainment include Vancouver and Yakima o PM 2.5 causes adverse health effects. o Major sources of PM 2.5 and its constituents include direct stationary or mobile emissions, and atmospheric reactions/processes. o To effectively reduce PM 2.5, we need to control the right sources. o Commercial/industrial sources, though generally responsible for some PM 2.5 constituents, are not always the culprit when it comes to PM 2.5 issues.

4 All of Washington is in attainment or unclassifiable for the annual PM 2.5 standard. Part of Washington is in nonattainment for the 24 hr PM 2.5 standard. A SIP revision is required, which includes an attainment demonstration for the 24 hr PM 2.5 standard. No attainment demonstration required for the annual PM 2.5 standard. o Evaluate current air quality and nature of the PM 2.5 problem in the nonattainment area. o Characterize pollutants, sources, and emission reductions needed for attainment. o Identify earliest attainment date on which the standard will be achieved as expeditiously as practicable by ~2012??. o Contingency measures if attainment is not achieved.

5 South L Street Sampling Site Nonattainmen t boundary Port of Tacoma McChord Air Force Base Fort Lewis South L St Site Triangles indicate major industrial facilities located within the Port of Tacoma (from AirData Facility Emissions Report) Pulp & paper mill; Refuse processing; Oil refining; Agricultural feeds; & Lime processing.

6 o Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) a multivariate factor analysis tool that decomposes a matrix of speciated sample data into two matrices: factor contributions and factor profiles. We used EPA PMF 3.0. o The Conditional Probability Function (CPF) a probabilistic tool that estimates the probable direction associated with ambient concentrations that exceed a pre defined threshold. Diesel Vehicles, 0.3, 2.9% Arsenic rich Industrial, 0.5, 5.4% Fugitive Dust, 0.4, 4.0% Fresh Sea Salt, 0.3, 3.7% Sec. Sulfate, 1.0, 10.8% Sec. Nitrate, 1.2, 14.0% Gasoline Vehicles, 0.9, 10.4% Wood Smoke, 4.0, 45.4% Numerical values in the pie are: resolved source, average concentration in µg/m 3, & percent of total, respectively Aged Sea Salt, 0.03, 0.3% Fireworks, 0.2, 1.8% Oil Combustion/Ships, 0.1, 1.3%

7 Winter 0.6, 4.8% 0.02, 0.1% 0.1, 0.8% Spring 0.2, 3.1% 0.03, 0.5% 0.4, 2.9% 1.6, 12.2% 0.9, 6.8% 0.2, 2.5% 0.1, 1.0% 1.4, 10.9% 0.1, 0.8% 1.1, 16.7% 0.9, 13.3% 0.7, 5.7% 0.3, 1.9% 0.4, 6.0% 0.8, 12.5% 0.1, 1.3% 6.9, 53.1% 2.5, 37.1% 0.4, 6.1% Fugitive Dust Wood Smoke Gasoline Vehicles Oil Combustion/Ships Fireworks Aged Sea Salt Sec. Sulfate Fresh Sea Salt Sec. Nitrate Diesel Vehicles Arsenic rich Industrial 0.2, 3.6% Summer Fall 0.3, 2.8% 0.04, 0.7% 0.1, 2.2% 0.2, 4.2% 0.6, 11.3% 1.1, 19.5% 0.4, 8.0% 0.4, 3.5% 0.6, 5.4% 1.6, 14.9% 1.1, 9.8% 0.03, 0.3% 0.8, 7.7% 0.1, 0.6% 0.2, 1.4% 1.6, 29.0% 0.4, 7.9% 0.6, 11.1% 0.1, 2.6% 0.4, 3.3% 5.5, 50.3% Wood Smoke Sec. Nitrate Gasoline Vehicles Sec. Sulfate Arsenic rich Industrial Fresh Sea Salt Diesel Vehicles Fugitive Dust Oil Combustion/Ships Fireworks Aged Sea Salt Summer Spring Fall Winter Average Concentration (μg/m 3 )

8 Heating Season 0.7, 5.6% 0.4, 3.1% 0.3, 2.1% Non heating Season 0.1, 2.4% 0.3, 5.0% 0.5, 7.8% 0.5, 3.8% 1.7, 13.9% 0.2, 3.4% 0.8, 13.3% 0.9, 7.3% 6.3, 52.5% 1.1, 18.1% 1.9, 31.8% 0.02, 0.2% 0.1, 0.7% 1.2, 9.8% 0.1, 0.8% 0.04, 0.6% 0.2, 4.1% 0.7, 11.1% 0.1, 2.4% Fugitive Dust Wood Smoke Gasoline Vehicles Oil Combustion/Ships Fireworks Aged Sea Salt Sec. Sulfate Fresh Sea Salt Sec. Nitrate Diesel Vehicles Arsenic rich Industrial W NW SW N S NE E SE Concentration of Species (μg/m 3 ) PM2.5_Mass Nitrate Sulfate ECOC BC Al NH4+ AsBr Ca Cl Cu FePb Concentration Percentage Species Mg MnNi K Si Na+ SrTi V Zn Percentage of Species Key pollutants are shaded blue. Wood smoke accounts for about 50% of elemental carbon (EC), 80% of organic carbon (OC), and 40% of potassium (K). Compare the CPF (left) with the overall wind profile (shown earlier) and wood stove/fireplace use (next slide).

9 South L St. PM2.5 Monitor W NW SW N NE E SE S Concentration of Species (μg/m 3 ) PM2.5_Mass Nitrate Sulfate ECOC BC Al NH4+ AsBr Ca Cl Cu FePb Concentration Percentage Species Mg MnNi K Si Na+ SrTi V Zn Percentage of Species Key species are strontium (Sr) and potassium (K). Now, let s take a look at the time series

10 Mass Concentration (μg/m 3 ) Mass Concentration (μg/m 3 ) Fireworks (PMF) 0 1/1/06 7/1/06 1/1/07 7/1/07 1/1/08 7/1/08 1/1/09 7/1/09 Sample Date Strontium (STN) /1/06 7/1/06 1/1/07 7/1/07 1/1/08 7/1/08 1/1/09 7/1/09 Sample Date Mass Concentration (μg/m 3 ) Potassium (STN) /1/06 7/1/06 1/1/07 7/1/07 1/1/08 7/1/08 1/1/09 7/1/09 Sample Date Meteorological data suggests there may have also been a stagnation event on 12/31/06. Sample Date Measured PM 2.5 Mass (µg/m 3 ) Wood Smoke Secondary Aerosol Motor Vehicles Industry Others 12/31/ % 5% 16% 12% 4% 1/12/ % 17% 6% 4% 2% 1/30/ % 20% 12% 6% 4% 1/19/2009* % 18% 26% 5% 3% *Martin Luther King Day

11 PMF results show: 1. Most important source is wood smoke, contributing at least one half (50%) of the measured PM2.5 mass during the heating season. Wood smoke may include contributions from wood stoves, outdoor burning & other home heating devices. 2. On average, wood smoke accounts for at least 50% of the ambient PM 2.5 concentration when the measured ambient PM 2.5 concentration exceeds 20 µg/m 3. For example, wood smoke accounted for 72% of the PM2.5 mass on both 11/1/2006 and 12/8/2007, when the measured PM2.5 mass was 33 and 21 µg/m 3, respectively. 3. Important wood smoke sources appear to be located to the south and northeast of the sampling site. PMF results also show: 4. Secondary aerosol accounts for about 25% of the measured mass. Further analysis suggests locally generated aerosol from multiple local NOx and SO2 sources. 5. Results show significant contributions from arsenic, lead, & zinc rich emissions. These emissions could be a combination of background emissions from the now defunct ASARCO smelter and active major industries located within the Port of Tacoma. 6. Stagnation events exacerbated impacts from local PM2.5 sources on certain days (e.g., 12/31/06). 7. Wood smoke contributions appear to have been decreasing since Not so much for other sources. A multi prong control strategy may be needed.