MANAGING A HYDROPOWER IMPASSE ON THE KUNENE RIVER

Transcription

1 MANAGING A HYDROPOWER IMPASSE ON THE KUNENE RIVER by P Heyns Pr Eng

2 INTERNATIONAL RIVER BASINS

3 KUNENE RIVER BASIN

4 KUNENE HYDROLOGY Catchment Area = km² Area in Angola = 87 % Area in Namibia = 13 % Rainfall = mm/a Rainfall is Seasonal = 90 % November to April Rainfall is Variable = % of average Evaporation = mm/a Average Flow = Mm³/s = 175 m³/s

5 HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE STRUCTURE CAPACITY PURPOSE Gove Dam Matala Weir Power Station Calueque Dam Pump Station Ruacana Weir Power Station Mm³ 60 Mm³ 39 MW 475 Mm³ 2 m³/s 20 Mm³ 240 MW Storage/Regulation Irrigation/Hydropower Regulation/Water Supply Regulation/Irrigation/Transfer Water Transfer to Namibia Divert Water to Head Bay Power to Angola and Namibia

6 RUACANA ARTIST S IMPRESSION

7 RUACANA LAYOUT

8 RUACANA

9 CALUEQUE DAM

10 CALUEQUE PUMP STATION

11 CALUEQUE PUMPING MAIN

12 CALUEQUE NAMIBIA CANAL

13 WATER TRANSFER TO NAMIBIA

14 LEGAL FRAMEWORK International: Helsinki Rules United Nations Watercourse Convention Regional: SADC Treaty on Regional Economic Cooperation SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses National: Agreements between Angola and Namibia water issues In country water policy, legislation and regulations

15 KUNENE TREATIES DOCUMENT First Border Agreement Second Border Agreement First Water Use Agreement Second Water Use Agreement Third Water Use Agreement Endorsement Agreement Hydropower Development Agreement YEAR

16 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGMENTS Governments of Angola and Namibia Permanent Joint Technical Commission Operating Authority Sub-committees Operation and Maintenance of Infrastructure Studies, Investigations, Feasibility, Measuring and Monitoring

17 ENABLING ENVIRONMENT Political Commitment: Committed to SADC Shared Water Protocol Treaties exist Water Commission: Established Advisory role Technical Committees Investigations and studies Operating Authority: Defunct Basin Management Committee: Not in place

18 CALUEQUE BEFORE ATTACK

19 BOMB DAMAGE : CALUEQUE DAM

20 BOMB DAMAGE : CALUEQUE DAM

21 DAMAGE AT CALUEQUE

22 The pipeline was attacked on occasion for tactical reasons

23 KUNENE RIVER POTENTIAL

24 EPUPA FALLS

25 EPUPA FALLS

26 EPUPA DAM SITE

27 PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE ITEM STRUCTURE Dam Capacity Hydropower Capacity Height Surface Area (Mm³) (MW) (m) (km²) Downstream from Epupa (km) EPUPA BAYNES

28 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES ISSUE BAYNES FAVOURABILITY EPUPA Technical Lower Better Financial Lower Higher Economical Lower Higher Environmental Higher Lower

29 FACILITATING COLLABORATION Create awareness about the value of cooperation Agree to cooperate in good faith Maintain dialogue to develop trust and understanding Openly discuss concerns and expectations Develop a shared vision and objectives Involve stakeholders and cooperating partners Bypass issues of conflict and make progress Resolve conflicts over time in an amicable way Build capacity and confidence through training Develop management and negotiating skills Promote transparency and accountability

30 TECHNICAL COOPERATION Execute joint studies, investigations and research Collect data, verify jointly and exchange information Develop technical, scientific and legal skills Propose viable development projects Allocate water for the most beneficial uses Jointly do hydrological gauging and assessment Control pollution and monitor water quality Assess environmental integrity Manage floods and droughts

31 BEST PRACTICES Execute joint resource investigations and feasibility studies Arrange for reliable data collection and monitoring Exchange and share information Determine criteria and agree on the facts Develop a multi criteria decision making process Reach consensus on the best project alternatives Develop an integrated management plan Advise the Governments about new projects Enter into agreements to effect development activities Promote joint project management

32 CALUEQUE NAMIBIA CANAL

33 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES ISSUE FAVOURABILITY Technical Reservoir Height Geology Sensitivity to upstream regulation Financial Capital Cost Risk of overruns Economical Power Production Present Value of System Cost Internal Rate of Return Environmental Inundated area Riverine Vegation Affected Preservation of Epupa Falls BAYNES Lower Lower Weaker Critical Higher Higher Lower Higher Lower Less Less Yes EPUPA Better Better Better None Lower Lower Higher Lower Higher More More None