Environmental Impact of Electrical Power Generators in Iraq

Transcription

1 Environmental Impact of Electrical Power Generators in Iraq Professor, Dr. Hamed Muhammed Jassim Koya University-Faculty of Engineering Geotechnical Engineering Department Fakhri Hamdullah Ibraheem Koya University-Faculty of Engineering Chemical Engineering Department Hayfaa Abdulrazzak Jasim Hawler Technology Institute Department of Communications ABSTRACT The production of electricity power in Iraq has witnessed a large increase during the last years. In 2015 the production was double compared to that of The available production in 2015 is about 16 Gigawatt. The average power demand growing rate is 6.5%, ]1[. The big increase in electricity power production in Iraq will lead to big challenge in the environmental issues due to the big increase in the production of various types of pollutants. We have depended on extensive statistics published by the ministries of electricity, planning and report issued by the International Energy Agency. The power stations are classified according to the fuel used. We try in this research to shed lights on the pollutants produced by the increasing number of available power stations with different types of production technology. About 50% of production systems are gas stations, while 28% are steam stations which are fuelled by heavy oils and 15% are Diesel stations. The gas power station is the cleaner to environment compared with diesel and steam stations. The main pollutants gases from power stations are, CO 2, CO, NO, SO and mass particles. The results of this research show the followings: KEYWORDS - The annual amount of CO 2 pollutant from all Iraqi governorates except Kurdistan has doubled during the period from 2005 to 2014, from 7.33 to million tons. For year 2013 as a case study, it is shown that it has concentrated in Baghdad, Babel and Basra, while whole Kurdistan governorates represented 24% of the total CO 2 pollutants in Iraq. - The annual amount of CO, NO x, SO x and mass particulate in year 2013 as a case study are 3580, 28271, 5021, and tons respectively. It is shown that they have concentrated in Baghdad, Babel and Basra, while whole Kurdistan governorates represented 35%, 12%, 5.8 %, and 3% of previous pollutants in Iraq respectively. Power generation, air pollution, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, NO x, SO x, mass particulate, contaminant, pollutant. 1. INTRODUCTION Iraq is highly dependent on fossil fuels to generate power. Iraqis have increased their demand for electricity (through population growth and increased electricity requirements at homes and offices).this paper is supported by the official reports that are announced by Ministry of Electricity (MoE) and approved by Ministry of Planning (MoP). The emission factors of burning different types of fuel for generating electricity from different types of technology are very important to determine the rate of pollution. This paper describes 122 Dr. Hamed Muhammed Jassim, Fakhri Hamdullah Ibraheem, Hayfaa Abdulrazzak Jasim

2 the distribution of pollutants over all Iraqi governorates with reference to the amount of electricity generated in each governorate taking energy sources in consideration. Three types of energy sources are used. About 50% of electricity in Iraq is generated by petroleum gas fuel, 28% is steam generators and fueled by heavy oil and 15% is diesel generators. The remaining source is the hydroelectric power generators, ]1[. The higher generating capacity is in the capital Baghdad, it represents about 23.5%. Emissions from fuel oil combustion depends on the grade and composition of the fuel, the type and size of the boiler, the firing and loading practices used, and the level of equipment maintenance, ]2[. The main pollutants emissions from power generation units are Carbon dioxide CO 2, Carbon monoxide CO, Sulfur dioxide SO x, Nitrogent oxide NO x, filtrate particle materials, and total organic compounds (TOCs) including VOCs, semi-volatile organic compounds, ]4[.The rate of carbon dioxide and Carbon monoxide (CO2, CO) emissions from combustion sources depends on the oxidation efficiency of the fuel. By controlling the combustion process carefully, CO emissions which is the more harmful can be minimized. Thus if a unit is operated improperly or not well maintained, the resulting concentrations of CO will increase. Sulfur oxides (SO x ) emissions are generated during oil combustion from the oxidation of sulfur contained in the fuel. The emissions of SO x from conventional combustion systems are predominantly in the form of SO 2. Particulate emissions may be categorized as either filterable or condensable. Filterable emissions are generally considered to be the particles that are trapped by the glass fiber filter. Vapors and particles less than 0.3 microns pass through the filter. Condensable particulate matter is material that is emitted in the vapor state which later condenses to form homogeneous and/or heterogeneous aerosol particles. The condensable particulate emitted from boilers fueled on coal or oil are primarily inorganic in nature. Oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) formed in combustion processes are due to thermal fixation of atmospheric nitrogen in the combustion air. Test data have shown that for most external fossil fuel combustion systems, over 95 percent of the emitted NO 2 are in the form of nitric oxide (NO 2 ), ]3[. 2. Pollutants Emissions From Electrical Power Generators Several different rules regulate emissions criteria of pollutants and hazardous air pollutants (HAP) from fuel burning systems. The applicability and specific emission limit in each regulation is generally a function of system thermal size (million British thermal units per hour) of heat input (mmbtu/hr) or megawatts (MW) of electricity output), fuel type, combustor design. A major source of HAP is defined as any stationary source or group of stationary sources located within a contiguous area and under common control. Most emission factor data were provided in units of pound (lb) of emissions per volume of fuel for gas or liquid fuels and in units of lb of emissions per ton of fuel for solid fuels. Lower heating values (LHVs) were used to convert these emission factors to a lb/mmbtu basis. Table 1 and 2 show the Emission Factors used for each fuel type based on Lower Heating Value. In determining 2013 baseline and projected emission factors for 2020 and 2030 they are expected to follow Green Industries. Regulatory emission limits and engine population data were incorporated where practicable to calculate weighted average emission factors. This paper depends on these limits because the increase of electricity power generation in Iraq has started after 2003 due to many Power stations installed, ]4[. 123 Dr. Hamed Muhammed Jassim, Fakhri Hamdullah Ibraheem, Hayfaa Abdulrazzak Jasim

3 Table 1: Diesel Fueled Turbine Emission Factors (lb/mmbtu) in 2013 (Lower Heating Value (LHV) Basis, ]4, 6[: Pollutant Ib/ MMBtu CO CO 0431 Black Carbon NO x SO x PM 10 -filterable PM 25 -filterable Table 2: Natural Gas Fueled Single-Cycle Turbine Emission Factors (lb/mmbtu) in 2013 (Lower Heating Value (LHV) Basis), ]4, 6[: Pollutant Lb / MMBtu CO CO Black Carbon 049 NO x 0.08 SO x 0147 PM 10 -filterable 078 PM 25 -filterable Power Generation in Iraq The electricity power generation data in Iraq has been estimated without Kurdistan Region Iraq (KRG) till 2013 due to the lack of announced data. The data from KRG has been taken in consideration since 2013, so the paper regards year 2013 as a case study for the whole of Iraq. The actual average amount of electricity generation in Iraq from is shown in table 3. The data source is MoE archive documents and agreed with MoP yearly rate of development reports, ]2, 3[. While table 4 shows the amount of electricity for each production system technology. 124 Dr. Hamed Muhammed Jassim, Fakhri Hamdullah Ibraheem, Hayfaa Abdulrazzak Jasim

4 Table 3: Amount of electricity power generation in Iraq through the period , since 2011 Kurdistan Region production was included in the data, ]2, 3[. Year Megawatt. hour Table 4: Amount of electricity power generation in Iraq without Kurdistan Region distributed over the types of power generation through the period , ]2, 3[. Year Steam Power Stations Gas Power Stations Hydroelectric Power Stations Diesel Power Stations 125 Dr. Hamed Muhammed Jassim, Fakhri Hamdullah Ibraheem, Hayfaa Abdulrazzak Jasim Total Detailed report not issued due to total involvement of the Statistical Center Organization (SCO) in the general census of the population

5 Megawatt Hours Diesel Stations Hydroelectric Stations Gas Stations Steam Staions Figure 1: Amount of Electrical power generation in Iraq from different generators without Kurdistan Region through the period , ]2[ Megawatt Hours Hydroelectric Stations Diesel Stations Gas Stations Steam Stations Figure 2: Electrical Power Production in Iraq from Different Generators distributed over all Iraqi Governorates in Dr. Hamed Muhammed Jassim, Fakhri Hamdullah Ibraheem, Hayfaa Abdulrazzak Jasim

6 4. Pollution Due To Electrical Power Generators In Iraq Sample of calculation: The amount of electricity generated in Baghdad for steam stations that are fueled by diesel fuel only during 2013 is MW.h, ]2[. Each MMBtu = MW.h. The amount of thermal units produced = MW.h / (MW.HR/MMBTU) = MMBtu Pollutant CO 2 produced = The amount of thermal units produced * Emission factor for diesel fuel from table 1. Pollutant CO 2 = MMBTU ( lb/ MMBTU) (453.6 (gm/lb) / (gm/ton)) Pollutant CO 2 = tons. Table 5: Amount of pollutants in tons emitted from steam power generators distributed over all Iraqi governorates in Pollutants CO 2 CO NO x SO x Particles Total Baghdad Babil Salah Aldeen - Bajie Basra ThiQar Wasit Karbalaa Najaf Tamiem (Kirkuk) Ninava Mysan Muthana AlAnbar Qadsyea Dyala Others Kurdistan Total Dr. Hamed Muhammed Jassim, Fakhri Hamdullah Ibraheem, Hayfaa Abdulrazzak Jasim

7 Table 6: Amount of pollutants in tons emitted from gas power generators distributed over all Iraqi governorates in Pollutants CO 2 CO NOx SO x Particles Total Baghdad Babil Salah Aldeen - Bajie Basra ThiQar Wasit Karbalaa Najaf Tamiem (Kirkuk) Ninava Mysan Muthana AlAnbar Qadsyea Dyala Others Kurdistan Total Dr. Hamed Muhammed Jassim, Fakhri Hamdullah Ibraheem, Hayfaa Abdulrazzak Jasim

8 Table 7: Amount of pollutants in tons emitted from diesel power generators distributed over all Iraqi governorates in Pollutants CO 2 CO No x SO x Particles Total Baghdad Babil Salah Aldeen - Bajie Basra ThiQar Wasit Karbalaa Najaf Tamiem (Kirkuk) Ninava Mysan Muthana AlAnbar Qadsyea Dyala Others Kurdistan Total Dr. Hamed Muhammed Jassim, Fakhri Hamdullah Ibraheem, Hayfaa Abdulrazzak Jasim

9 Table 8: Amount of pollutants in tons except CO 2 in million tons emitted from whole generators distributed over all Iraqi governorates in Pollutants CO 2 (10 6 ) tons CO (tons) No x (tons) SO x (tons) Particles (tons) Baghdad Babil Salah Aldeen - Bajie Basra ThiQar Wasit Karbalaa Najaf Tamiem (Kirkuk) Ninava Mysan Muthana AlAnbar Qadsyea Dyala Others Kurdistan Total Impact Of Electrical Generators On Pollutants Distributed Over Iraqi Governorates The amounts of emitted pollutants due to the various electrical generators are represented graphically, as shown below: 130 Dr. Hamed Muhammed Jassim, Fakhri Hamdullah Ibraheem, Hayfaa Abdulrazzak Jasim

10 5.1 CO 2 Pollutant: MillionTons CO Figure 3: Total CO 2 pollutant in Iraq without Kurdistan Region from electrical power generators through the period from Million Tons CO Figure 4: CO 2 pollutant in Iraq distributed over governorates in Dr. Hamed Muhammed Jassim, Fakhri Hamdullah Ibraheem, Hayfaa Abdulrazzak Jasim

11 5.2 NO x Pollutant: Tons NO x Figure 5: NO x pollutant in Iraq distributed over governorates in CO, SO x and Particulate Pollutant: 3500 Tons Pollutants CO SOx Particles Figure 6: CO, SO x, and particulate pollutant in Iraq distributed over governorates in Dr. Hamed Muhammed Jassim, Fakhri Hamdullah Ibraheem, Hayfaa Abdulrazzak Jasim

12 The various pollutants from the different power generators are shown in figure7 for each Iraqi governorate on the geographic map of Iraq. 6. CONCLUSIONS This research has come up with the following conclusions: 1- The amount of pollutants increase rapidly followed the increase in production of electrical energy. The pollutants amounts have doubled during the period from The types of pollutants are mainly Carbon Dioxide CO 2. The amount of CO 2 liberated in 2013 as case study is about million tons for the whole of Iraq. 3- There are other pollutants, such as CO, NO x, SO x, and mass particulates. The amounts of these pollutants liberated in 2013 are 3580, 28271, 5021, and tons respectively. 4- The type of pollutants depends on the power production technology and fuel used for burning. It is normal that the heavy oil produces more pollutants than the lighter one or than the gas. NO x, SO x, CO Pollutants CO 2 Pollutants For CO 2 in Baghdad = 3.26 million tons/year For NO x,so x, CO in Baghdad = 5380 tons/year For Particulate Pollutant in Baghdad = 2857 tons/year Particulate Pollutants Figure 7: various pollutants in Iraq distributed over governorates in Dr. Hamed Muhammed Jassim, Fakhri Hamdullah Ibraheem, Hayfaa Abdulrazzak Jasim

13 7. REFERENCES ]1[AlkhateebLuay, Istepaniah Hurry, Turn a Light On: Electricity Sector Reform in Iraq, THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C U.S.A ]2[Central Statistical Organization (CSO) Ministry of Planning (MoP). Iraq Electricity reports; 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, ]3[Ministry of Electricity Republic of Iraq, Statistical reports. ]4[Criteria Air Pollutant and Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors Compiled by Eastern Research Group for Incorporation in GREET. Systems Assessment Group Energy Systems Division Argonne National Laboratory October [5] Iraq Electricity Master plan, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Baghdad, (2010). [6] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008 National Emissions Inventory, version 2 Technical Support Document. June [7] Alamery Husien A. Ahmed, Actual and Future aspects for power generation in Basra Iraq. Management Studies, 2 nd issue, number 4, August 2008, pp [8] Argonne National Laboratory, Energy Systems Division, Systems Assessment Group, Criteria Air Pollutant and Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors Compiled by Eastern Research Group for Incorporation in GREET, October [9] International Energy Agency (IEA), Report Iraq Energy Outlook, 2013; [10] Nikolas Hill, Helen Venfield and Craig Dun, Methodology Paper for Emission Factors, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), Dr. Hamed Muhammed Jassim, Fakhri Hamdullah Ibraheem, Hayfaa Abdulrazzak Jasim