4. Biorefinery. Fermentative Biohydrogen under Biorefinery Approach

Transcription

1 At the Forefront of the Emerging Bioeconomy and Biosociety: Bioenergy Vectors - Introduction 4. Biorefinery Defining biorefinery concept Fermentative Biohydrogen under Biorefinery Approach Biorefinery examples Sugar Beet Biorefinery examples Lignocellulosic biorefinery Socioeconomic dimension L. Karaoglanoglou, Dipl. Chem. Engineering, PhD Student D. Koullas, Dr. Chem. Engineering E. Koukios, Prof. & other BTU Research team members School of Chemical Engineering, NTUA, GR lkaraog@chemeng.ntua.gr Foggia, July, 12 th 2012

2 Defining Biorefineries some theory! Multi-product/service biomass processing systems, consisting of sequences including Feedstock handling & storage Pretreatment (physical, chemical, biological) Fractionation to main and co-products Product & co-product upgrading Product & co-product marketing Integrated material/energy/economic flows

3 Biorefinery Concepts in Europe

4 Biorefinery Concepts in Europe

5 Designing Efficient Biorefineries Two models are currently available: AGRO-Refineries: Agro-food & Forestry processing systems, e.g. Sugar factories, Pulp & paper mills PETRO-Refineries: Fossil hydrocarbon processing systems, e.g. Petroleum refineries, Petrochemical industries

6 Main Points for Debate The 1 st generation of biomass refineries as a hybrid between Agro & Petro refineries? Critical parameters to be considered for optimal Biorefineries: Biomass Logistics Biomass Fractionation Kinetics Process Energetics Biohydrogen as a main Biorefinery product ("Hyvolution" Integrated Project, within the 6th Framework Program)

7 Biomass Logictics at Biorefinery Level Need for learning from the food and wood supply chains regarding critical points, i.e. Feedstock sensitivity to physical, chemical and biological agents, e.g., during storage Highly variable seasonable and annual patterns of feedstock procurement & quality Need to involve in decision-making a large number of logistic chain actors High heterogeneity of resource flows High logistic-related risks

8 Biohydrogen Implications of Logistics Deployment of decentralised, stage-wise biorefinery systems of complex typology: A large number of feedstock-specific, local agro-refineries, e.g., performing extractive fractionation of a local bio-waste sugars A small number of regional biorefineries, processing plants and residues, e.g. straws to fermentable sugars and co-products A few central bioconversion units for H 2 generation from various substrates as above

9 Biomass Fractionation Kinetics Need for learning from the complex process structure of the petroleum & petrochemical industries regarding critical points, i.e. Depolymerising target macromolecules, e.g. polysaccharides, to active mono/oligo-mers Maximising yield & quality of target molecules received as process intermediates, e.g. sugars Developing appropriate pretreatments and fractionations to optimise the above efforts Use of rigorous engineering kinetic models

10 Biohydrogen Implications of Kinetics Development of a toolbox of concepts, models, processes and indices to optimise yield and quality of fermentable sugars: Characterisation of the relative resistance of the feedstock saccharides to solubilisation Mapping the technical potential of feedstocks by a novel technique (spider diagramme) Developing tailored-up biorefinery prototypes for most promising feedstocks, including pretreatment, fractionation and co-products

11 An Example: Wheat Bran Biorefinery Emmanuel Koukios, et al., Critical parameters for optimal biomass refineries: the case of biohydrogen, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 12(2), , 2010.

12 Optimising the Co-product Profile

13 Biomass Refining Energetics Need for learning to optimise the energy performance vs. other effects of the two biorefinery models: AGRO-refineries are not governed by energy economy principles, i.e., for their energy needs consume 30-50% of the feedstock energy value PETRO-refineries operate within the energy economy, i.e., for their energy needs consume only 3-5% of the feedstock energy value BIO-refineries should make the best of both worlds

14 Sugar Production Plant Sugar Beet Leaves (SBL)

15 BIOREFINERY STRATEGY (B) Fractionation of Sugar Beet Leaves (SBL) To Leaf Protein Concentrate (LPC), Leaf Fibre, and Brown Juice Let s consider we have co-products & not byproducts nor wastes!! (e.g. leaf protein production or biogas production from leaves or from pulp)

16 Sugar beet based activities in EU

17 SBL Fractionation Protocol (Part 1) H2O 2 samples leaves Green juice washing 1 st pulping weighing 1 st pulp pressing pulp fibre H2O fibre 2 nd pulping fibre H2O 2 nd pulp pressing fibre weighing 3 rd pulp pressing Green juice Final fibre 2 samples to analyze Green juice weighing weighing Final Leaf Fibre to storage weighing Green juice storage A

18 SBL Fractionation Protocol (Part 2) ph Adjustment weighing A Coagulation of proteins in the green pulp sample to analyze Separation Dark juice weighing Dark juice effluent Wet LPC cake sample to analyze Drying weighing Dry LPC storage

19 Sugar Beet Leaves - Results Sugar Beet Harvesting (Beta vulgaris in Larissa) # Month 1 st July 2 nd August 3 rd September 4 th October

20 SBL Characteristics Harvesting Leaf DM (Dry Matter, %) Leaves N in DM (%) ph of Green Juice 1 st 6,70 3,15 6,6 2 nd 8,28 4,61 6,7 3 rd 9,28 4,27 6,5 4 th 10,47 3,90 6,8

21 SBL DM Fractionation Efficiency (%) Harvesting LPC Fibres Dark juice 1 st 15,2 60,80 24,00 2 nd 14,21 39,02 46,77 3 rd 15,08 49,57 35,36 4 th 14,96 46,12 38,92

22 SBL N Fractionation Efficiency* Harvesting LPC Fibre Dark juice (%) (%) (%) 1 st 33,0 39,0 28,0 2 nd 23,7 31,3 45,0 3 rd 25,5 41,9 32,6 4 th 26,8 43,2 30,0 * Distribution of 100 g Leaf N in the SBL fractions

23 Effect of harvesting time on N-recovery N L P C /N L (% ) st 2nd 3rd 4th Harvesting NLPC/NL (%)

24 Strategic Elements of Biorefining Whole-Crop Harvesting Mobile Leaf Fractionation Unit Optimisation of SBP Bioconversion Potential Value of SBP Bioconversion Residue Use of Fractionation Residues as Feed to replace SBP LPC-based Products to Upgrade Sugar Chain Value Possible Uses of Brown Juice (soil, substrate, ) Optimise the logistics of Wet Biomass and Fractions

25 Biorefinery 1 (from literature)

26 Biorefinery 2 (from literature)

27 Biorefineries: Theoretical concepts, non-existing forms (generally)... However, one was constructed (on purpose) by the Whole-crop Biorefinery project on the island of Bornholm, in the Baltic Sea (DK)

28 Whole-crop Biorefinery project line raw material products Dry straw fractionation Whole-crop chips meal (leaves, nodes) Semi-wet straw Straw chips Defibrated material fractionation Dry wheat process Wheat Bakery flour, industrial flour, bran Semi-wet wheat process Wheat industrial flour, bran Starch extraction (wheat) industrial flour Wheat starch, gluten, byproduct for feeding Enzymic rapeseed process rapeseed Rapeseed oil, rape protein By-products: syrup & hulls

29 Dry straw fractionation AVH 2009

30 Result: Mechanical fractionation (mills & separators) to fractions rich/poor in various components, produce fibres for paper, etc.

31 Dry straw fractionation

32 Dry straw fractionation

33 Socioeconomic dimension (July 02, 2012)

34 Socioeconomic dimension Level of knowledge of EU citizens (July 02, 2012)

35 Socioeconomic dimension (2010) Biorefinery based business potential

36

37 Acknowledgements Part of the presented work was carried out within the framework of BIORAF Project (ECLAIRE Programme ) in cooperation with BIORAF DANMARK FONDEN and United Milling Systems.