Residential Wood Combustion Workshop

Transcription

1 Residential Wood Combustion Workshop Significance of Residential Wood Smoke U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Larry Brockman 1

2 Why do we care about wood smoke? Benzene Toluene Aldehyde gases Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Dioxin Particle Matter or fine particles (PM2.5) 2

3 Sources of Residential Wood Smoke: Wood Stoves Fireplaces Outdoor Wood Boilers 3

4 A Large Quantity of Small Sources Distributed Over a Large Geographic Area 45 million wood burning appliances in U.S 35 million fireplaces 10 million are wood stoves, either free standing or fireplace inserts 75% are conventional wood stoves built before EPA s woodstove regulation in ,000 wood-fired hydronic heaters in use 4

5 Estimated National Emissions SOURCES Woodstoves Fireplaces Outdoor Wood-fired Boilers TPY of PM 2.5 (direct) 336,000 84,000 1,450-37,000 NESCAUM: perhaps 250,000 Source: NEI for All Categories Except OWB 5

6 PM2.5 Emissions: Emissions and Efficiency Comparisons Emissions: Efficiency: Grams/hour Percent (%) Outdoor Wood-fired Boilers (OWB) % Old Wood Stoves or more 54 % New Wood Stoves 7.5 Non-Catalytic 67 % or higher (after 1990) 4.1 Catalytic Pellet Stoves % Fireplaces 10 % Oil-fired Furnaces <1 90 % Natural Gas Furnaces <1 90 % 6

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8 Why we care about residential wood smoke A small community in Washington state That s not fog, it s wood smoke 8

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11 National Ambient Air Quality Standard: Particle Matter 1997 Standards 2006 Standards Annual 24-hour Annual 24-hour PM µg/m 3 65 µg/m3 15 µg/m 3 35 µg/m3 (Fine Particles) 11

12 Particulate Matter: What is It? A complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets 12

13 Particulate Matter Larger particles (> PM 10 ) deposit in the upper respiratory tract Smaller, inhalable particles ( PM 10 ) penetrate deep into the lungs Model of interior human lung 13

14 Who s affected? Everyone, especially children and the elderly People with existing diseases such as: Coronary artery disease Heart failure Asthma Chronic bronchitis and emphysema 14

15 National Ambient Air Quality Standard: Particle Matter Areas whose air quality does not meet the health-based particle matter standards are called, nonattainment areas States with non-attainment areas must submit plans, State Implementation Plans SIPs Plans must outline how they will meet the particle matter standard 15

16 Timeline for PM2.5 NAAQS Implementation April 2005 Dec Dec April Apr April April areas designated for 1997 standards 2006 revised PM NAAQS States recommend designations for 2006 revised PM2.5 standards PM2.5 State plans due for 1997 standards Final designations for 2006 PM2.5 standards Attainment date for areas designated in 2005 for 1997 standards PM2.5 State plans due for 2006 standards Attainment date for areas designated in

17 EPA estimates by meeting both the 1997 fine particle standards and the 2006 revised 24-hour standard, the fine particle standards will prevent at least: 17,500 premature deaths in people with heart or lung disease. 77,600 cases of chronic bronchitis 27,300 cases of acute bronchitis 97,000 cases of upper and lower respiratory symptoms hundreds of thousands of occurrences of aggravated asthma; 3,450,000 days when people miss work or school Based on recently updated estimates, meeting the annual standard will result in benefits ranging from $20 billion to $160 billion a year in

18 Currently Designated PM 2.5 Nonattainment Areas Standards Violated annual and/or 24-hour PM 2.5 standards with designated data ( *) Legend Nonattainment areas violating: Number of Areas both annual (15 µg/m 3 ) and 24-hour (65 µg/m 3 ) standards 2 ONLY the 24-hour standard (65 µg/m 3 ) 0 ONLY the annual standard (15 µg/m 3 ) 37 Total PM 2.5 Nonattainment Areas 39 * data were considered in the designation process but all nonattainment designations were based on data 18

19 Areas/Sites Violating 24-Hour PM2.5 NAAQS Current nonattainment area violates new 24-hr NAAQS [32 areas] Current nonattainment area meets new 24- hr NAAQS [7 areas] Sites not in a current nonattainment area violate the new 24-hr NAAQS (59 sites) 59 sites are violating the new 24-hr standard and are NOT located in an existing nonattainment area. They are located in 38 different areas (34 in metro areas, 4 not in a metro area). 19

20 The benefits of changing out all old wood stoves in the U.S. Health Effect Avoided Cases per year Cost Savings per year Mortality (adult) 5,000 $27,000,000,000 Non-fatal heart attacks 7,800 $670,000,000 Chronic Bronchitis 3,300 $1,200,000,000 Work Loss Days 650,000 $85,000,000 Asthma Exacerbation 91,000 $4,000,000 Hospital Admissions, Cardiovascular 2,400 $53,000,000 Hospital Admissions, Respiratory 2,400 $35,000,000 Total NA $29 billion 20

21 Why else do we care about wood smoke? Indoor Air Quality Old wood stoves are often poorly sealed Improper installation and ventilation of woodstoves and fireplaces Energy Efficiency/Renewable Newer stoves are 50% more efficient, use 1/3 less wood, which is renewable Potential global warming benefits Fire Safety Creosote build-up in chimney from old stoves is faster 21

22 Residential Wood Smoke: What is EPA doing? Great American Wood Stove Changeout Partnership program to replace inefficient wood stoves with cleaner burning technologies Outdoor Wood-fired Hydronic Heathers Helped States develop Model Rule Partnership with industry to bring cleaner units to market Fireplaces Consensus ASTM Test Method complete Working on consensus emission standard 22