SHAPING SUSTAINABLE SMART CITIES IN INDIA

Transcription

1 SHAPING SUSTAINABLE SMART CITIES IN INDIA July 2014

2 DEFINING A SMART CITY A Smart City is first a Sustainable City A Smart City is not merely a connected City or a Digital City The ICT network serves as an Integrator of various infrastructure and spaces of living and working that a City comprises of The ICT Integrator helps better service delivery to the end user. A Smart City is Efficient, Connected, Sustainable over a longterm, Self-Contained, Self-supporting and Aesthetic Quality of Life is the Key Desired Outcome To design a Smart City means to first understand the Making of Cities To develop a Smart City means to first understand how Cities are serviced. With five decades of experience of developing Cities Egis envisages the role of the ICT network as An Integrator of the Essentials that Cities in India are made up of

3 KEY ATTRIBUTES OF SUSTAINABLE SMART CITY 1. Compact cities Cities not exceeding 50 to 100 sqkm in terms of its area, enabling ease of mobility, economic activity and provision and management of physical and social infrastructure. 2. High density to enable economies of scale and affordability of living in a Smart City Affordability achieved through cities with high densities ranging between 100 and 150 persons per hectare, enabling economies of scale. 3. Mixed land use: Live Work Play Mixed use developments including three or more significant revenue producing uses including retail/entertainment, office, residential, hotel, and/or civic/cultural/recreation, in well planned cities are mutually supporting. Mixed use developments also signify physical and functional integration of project components and thus a relatively close knit and intensive use of land, including uninterrupted pedestrian connections and development in conformance with a coherent plan that frequently stipulates the type and scale of uses, permitted densities. 4. Transit oriented development polycentric cities economize on transit cost and time Transit oriented development (TOD) is need of the hour. TOD integrates transport networks with land use and development rights and potential. It implies a polycentric city structure, enables local employment centres and reduces the pressure on CBD s by optimizing commuter costs and time. Supported by public transit, TOD is inevitable for sustainable development. 5. Connected: ICT as Integrator: ICT networks become an enabler for integrating and documenting data pertaining to various forms of usage in all the above segments of infrastructure delivery. ICT networks when integrated into a Sustainably developed City helps better service delivery making the City a Smart City. 6. Green infrastructure a. Transit First: A City provided with mass rapid transit system; enable real time travel planning, E Bus Rapid Transport (GPS enabled), Mass Rapid Transit (metro mono rail), Smart Parking, Multi modal transit integration. b. Pedestrian First: Good cities allow eyes on the street (applying the legendary Jane Jacobs in India); Inclusive streets that incorporate the vast informal sector in an organized spatial manner supports economic activity, provides safety, security and strengthens social capital of cities in India. Technology will help coordinate pedestrian mobility with vehicular. c. Green streets: o Defining street networks in urbanized areas as an integral part of the ecological network of cities; o Treating and filtering surface run off before it enters the drains, creeks, rivers; o Design elements: Green streets can incorporate a wide variety of design elements including bio swales, water retention and detention ponds for ground water recharge, infiltration trenches, green parking spaces and lots;

4 o Green Streets achieve multiple benefits, such as improved water quality and more livable communities, through the integration of storm water treatment techniques which use natural processes and landscaping; o Fine grid of street hierarchy that enable ease of traffic movement; o Permeable pavements for structural support, runoff storage, and pollutant removal through filtering and absorption. Intelligent street lighting also referred to as adaptive street lighting, dims when no activity is detected, but brightens when movement is detected. This type of lighting is different from traditional, stationary illumination, or dimmable street lighting that dims at pre determined times. Egis employs this technology in several cities. Street furniture Cities are now incorporating smart street furniture that is more responsive to the public s needs. As future smart device that could improve the conditions of streets, authorities globally are deliberating on implementing the water sensor technology currently saving water at farms into tree pit irrigation systems [in cities] saving water when needs be and alerting civic authorities when trees need watering. d. Integrated Water Management: Rain water harvesting, water reuse/ recycling; design of green drainage system; The term "smart water" incorporates water and wastewater infrastructure that ensures optimization of water consumption and the energy used to transport it is managed effectively. A smart water system gathers meaningful and actionable data about the flow, pressure and distribution of a city's water. Further, it is critical that that the consumption and forecasting of water use is accurate. Water loss management is becoming increasingly important as supplies are stressed by population growth or water scarcity. Smart water system implies transforming wastewater treatment plants into resource recovery facilities, which includes generation of energy. Smart Water systems also imply engineering alternatives to design of the drainage network. Drains which receive filtered surface run off are designed with permeable edges that in turn help grow riparian vegetation that supports aqua flora and fauna. Waste to energy; or Energy from Waste (EfW or waste to energy) facilities offer a safe, technologically advanced means of waste disposal while also generating clean, renewable energy, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and supporting recycling through the recovery of metals and brining environmental benefits. The recent trends include Getting Bio fuel from Garbage, Turning wastewater into Ethanol, Converting waste heat to electricity etc. At the unit level, a decentralized under ground waste collection and processing system will reduce the transmission of waste to the landfill to 20% of the total collection. e. Renewable energy: solar, wind, tidal etc. Using one for of infrastructure to generate resource for another constitutes generation of renewable energy. For example, generation of power from installation on high tension lines or along complex structures which will link to the power grids. The present contribution of renewable energy sector

5 to the power sector requires to be enhanced from 10% to 20%, thereby having parallel positive implications on employment and better environment and health. f. Interactive open spaces: Technology enabled equipment for better health of citizens. 7. City wide Blue Green Web Green and blue networks and systems in cities and regions integrated with Streets, Open Spaces and Water based Infrastructure; o This means respecting the environmental and geomorphologic aspects of the green field development so as to reduce the additional pressure on physical infrastructure & transportation. o Water based infrastructure includes Water Supply, Sewerage, Drainage and Storm water Management. If all these parameters will be planned in close coordination with contour profile of the region, with soil sub strata conditions and source of water as a natural & geomorphologic components and street alignment, pattern of development as a human intervention can reduce the carbon footprints & energy consumption by water based infrastructure significantly. o Integrating Green and Blue Webs with urban development also ensure mitigation/ prevention of environmental disaster risk. The ICT network expedites evacuation and supports risk mitigation. 8. Access (distance and space standards) to social infrastructure Social infrastructure provided at various levels of disaggregation, macro, meso and micro, for health, education, open spaces and other social amenities in a manner that ensures per capita space and distance based access. The ICT network shall supply to these in order to integrate service access and delivery to the end user. 9. Low carbon footprint: Infrastructure, buildings Life Cycle Analysis to evaluate extent of green house gas emissions in various production systems for cities is mandatory to accompany master plans/ development plans for cities in India. Carbon foot print can be evaluated in two phases construction and operation phase. Modern building materials consume higher embodied energy and can cause bigger carbon footprints. Conducting LCA for production systems for engineering infrastructure (water, sewerage, roads, power, drainage, solid waste) and typologies of buildings (vernacular, glass encased, predominantly concrete) is essential to defining codes and practices for sustainable development. 10. Security systems Safety ensured through ICT network based systems (supply to public realm, public spaces in private realm); ICT network can provide more secured and smart interface/ environment solution to security systems. 11. Social Capital: Proximity, shared knowledge data base; Open data sharing environment and some ICT compliance can create a social capital. 12. Welfare Insurance, subsidies, cash transfers, loans etc., fast delivery of services enabled through ICT based networks.

6 13. The Informal Sector: Lateral thinking India s economy comprises a vast majority of the Informal Sector which not only is engaged in informal economic activity but also occupies space informally, consumes infrastructure informally and is structured on the basis of social mutual trust, bringing resilience. The Smart Sustainable City must incorporate inclusive streets and rental housing. It also must devise place specific barters that support the informal sector. For example, the Latin American cities provide better access to the favelas through public transit and have launched a programme of food for garbage scheme, thereby lowering crime rates. The ICT system can enable measuring effectiveness and outcomes. 14. Finance Sustainable structure towards revenue generation; regulations that support natural urban renewal and continual levying of development charges; ring fencing for effective management of resources: Revenue generation is a crucial area in making the local government self sustainable. Other than taxes many times the urban local bodies are unaware about their land bank due to old mapping techniques, less interaction with revenue department etc. These all can be rectified by building common interface at local level which will enable real time data on tax collection and reflection impact by smallest deviation in tax and land resource restructuring. 15. E Governance Multiple software application tools accessed by public and private stakeholders for all sectors; the Urban Local Body as the Nodal Agency for Brown Field Sites and the SPV as the Nodal Agency for Green Field Sites. 16. Stakeholder engagement Participatory planning, budgeting & management: A quinangulation approach including 5 major stakeholder: the public authorities, private agencies, non government organizations, professional s bodies, residents welfare associations and the elected representatives form the key stakeholders of a city. The bottom up approach will enable negotiation between symbiotic groups and help prioritize the services/ facilities required. This can be more effective through the environment/ interface created by ICT based initiatives. 17. Integrated City Plan Implementation Resource optimization in deployment of construction management linked to planning and city management, for Urban Local Bodies and Special Purpose Vehicles. ICT will assure the optimum utilization of resources available. 18. GIS MIS based management through effective M&E systems : GIS MIS based management will assure seamless connection between special and non special data. This will also reflect how any finical decision taken will affect special parameters of the city.

7 19. The Role of the Government Role of Central Government Definition of the Smart City Framework Devise Smart City Tool Kit Define funding structure in partnership with State and Local governments Provide training to ULBs on the components of Smart City Formulate a procurement process Launch the Smart City Scheme Establish a PMU at the Central Government level for enabling approval processes for enabling funding. Role of the State Government Adaptation of the definition of the Smart City Framework to State and specific Cities at State level Adapt Smart City Tool Kit to the Town & Country Planning Acts Define funding structure in partnership with Central and Local governments Provide training along with Central Government to ULBs on the components of Smart City Adapt the procurement process within land laws at State Level: at three stages of the project: Planning, Implementation and Management Launch the Smart City Scheme for select cities Establish a State Level Nodal Agency for enabling approval processes for enabling funding. Role of the Local Government Adaptation of the definition of the Smart City Framework to specific/ selected Cities Define funding structure in partnership with Central and State governments Adapt Smart City Tool Kit to select administrative/ electoral wards in the ULB planning area Deploy staff for training from selected ULBs on the components of Smart City Launch the Smart City Scheme for select cities Refine the RFP and launch the procurement process within land laws at State Level Establish a consultative process with multiple stakeholders Establish the process with the SLNA and PMU at the Central Government level for enabling approval processes for enabling funding. Egis Sustainable Smart City Experience covers international cities and cities in India

8 SUSTAINABLE SMART CITIES IN INDIA Aligning Planning to Outcomes July 2014 stainable Smart Cities in India