!!!! Green Economy!! 12ª aula! Maria do Rosário Partidário!

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1 MEC, 4º ano, 1º sem, Green Economy 12ª aula Maria do Rosário Partidário Desafios Ambientais e de Sustentabilidade em Engenharia Rio + 20 UN Sustainable Development Conference, June 2012 The conference will focus on two themes: a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication; and the institutional framework for sustainable development 1

2 Green Economy Green Economy A new economic paradigm one in which material wealth is not delivered perforce at the expense of growing environmental risks, ecological scarcities and social disparities. 2

3 Green Economy UNEP defines a green economy as one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. A green economy can be thought of as one which is: - low carbon, resource efficient and socially inclusive; - where growth in income and employment are driven by public and private investments that reduce carbon emissions and pollution, enhance energy and resource efficiency, and prevent the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services; Green Economy - These investments need to be catalysed and supported by targeted public expenditure, policy reforms and regulation changes. - The development path should maintain, enhance and, where necessary, rebuild natural capital as a critical economic asset and as a source of public benefits, especially for poor people whose livelihoods and security depend on nature. 3

4 Green Economy UNEP called for a Global Green New Deal in 2008 Part of UN Green Economy Initiative An investment of 1% of global GDP over the next two years could provide critical mass of green infrastructure needed to seed a significant greening of the global economy - green stimulus Green Economy Greening the economy refers to the process of reconfiguring businesses and infrastructure to deliver better returns on natural, human and economic capital investments, while at the same time reducing greenhouse gas emissions, extracting and using less natural resources, creating less waste and reducing social disparities. 4

5 Green Economy Initiative UNEP Reshaping and refocusing policies Smart investments and spending towards a range of sectors, such as: - clean technologies, - renewable energies, - water services, - green transportation, - waste management, - green buildings and - sustainable agriculture and forests. PART I: Investing in natural capital Agriculture Fisheries Water Forests PART II: Investing in energy and resource efficiency Renewable energy Manufacturing Waste Buildings Transport Tourism Cities PART III: Supporting the transition to a global green economy Modelling global green investment scenarios Enabling conditions Financing Conclusions

6 Globally we are far from a Green Economy Box 1. Towards a Green Economy: Twin Challenge African countries Asian countries European countries Latin American and Caribbean countries North American countries Oceanian countries World average biocapacity per capita in 1961 UNDP threshold for high human development Ecological footprint (global hectares per capita) World average biocapacity per capita in 2006 High human development within the Earth s limits United Nations Human Development Index Source: The Ecological Wealth of Nations: Earth s Biocapacity as a New Framework for International Cooperation. Global Footprint Network (2010), p. 13; Human Development Index data from Human Development Report 2009 Overcoming Barriers: Human Mobility and Development. UNDP (2009). Motivate policy makers to create the enabling conditions for increased investments in a transition to a green economy in three ways: 1- shifting investment, both public and private, to transform key sectors. 2- shows how a green economy can reduce persistent poverty across a range of important sectors agriculture, forestry, freshwater, fisheries and energy. 3- guidance on policies to achieve this shift (see detail) Towards a "##$ economy Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication A Synthesis for Policy Makers 6

7 Guidance on policies to achieve this shift: - reducing or eliminating environmentally harmful or perverse subsidies, - addressing market failures created by externalities or imperfect information, - market-based incentives, - appropriate regulatory framework and green public procurement, and - stimulating investment. Enabling conditions: domestic fiscal measures and policy reforms, international collaboration through trade, aid, market infrastructure, and capacity-building support 7

8 Building sector oversized ecological footprint - single largest contributor to GHG emissions with cc one 1/3 of global energy end use within buildings. - Construction sector responsible for > 1/3 of global resource consumption, including 12% of all fresh water use and 40% generation of solid waste. building sector is central to any attempt to use resources more efficiently. New construction potential Green building investment opportunities Scaled by value of new construction Russia Indonesia Turkey Poland China Mexico India Netherlands Spain Italy S. Korea Brazil Canada USA Japan Australia Sweden UK Germany France Low green share Moderate green share High green share Sustainability level* Retrofit potential Green retrofit investment opportunities Scaled by value of potential retrofit stock 2007 Russia Indonesia Netherlands UK Sweden USA Italy Australia Mexico Germany Poland Canada S. Korea Spain France Japan Turkey Brazil China India Low green share Moderate green share High green share Sustainability level* * Excluding economic factors * Excluding economic factors Figure 3: Investment potential for new construction and building retrofits relative to the current sustainability level of building construction in representative countries Source: Nelson (2008) 8

9 Fuel Consumption (Mtoe) 1,500 1, ,500 1, Emissions (MtCO 2) OECD North America OECD Pacific OECD Europe Transition Economies Developing Asia Latin America Africa Middle East 0 Fuel consumption (mitigation 2030) Fuel consumption (BAU 2030) Fuel consumption (2000) Emissions (mitigation 2030) Emissions (BAU 2030) Emissions (2000) Figure 4: Fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the building sector: current, reference and mitigation scenarios Source: UNFCCC (2007) GWh 20,000,000 16,000,000 12,000,000 8,000,000 4,000, G2 BAU Figure 5: Total power demand per year in buildings sector Source: GER model simulations Gigatonne CO 2 /year G2 BAU Figure 6 : Total CO 2 emissions per year in buildings sector Source: GER model simulations 9

10 Cities Urban development will have to fundamentally change to facilitate the transition towards a green economy. - More than 50% of the world population % of energy consumption - roughly equal share of carbon emissions. Rapid urbanisation is exerting pressure on fresh water supplies, sewage, the living environment and public health, urban sprawl and peripheralisation is socially divisive, increases energy demand, carbon emissions and puts pressure on ecosystems. Table 1: Infrastructure costs for different development scenarios in Calgary Dispersed scenario: additional 46,000 ha; recommended direction: additional 21,000 ha Source: IBI Group (2009) Dispersed scenario Total cost (CA$ billion) Recommended direction Difference Percent difference Road capital cost Transit capital Water and wastewater Fire stations Recreation centres Schools Total

11 Transport Infrastructure Table 2: Capacity and infrastructure costs of different transport systems Source: Rode and Gipp (2001), VTPI (2009), Wright (2002), Brilon (1994) Capacity [pers/h/d] Capital costs [US$/km] Capital costs/ capacity Dual-lane highway 2,000 10m 20m 5,000 10,000 Urban street (car use only) 800 2m 5m 2,500 7,000 Bike path (2m) 3, , Pedestrian walkway / pavement (2m) 4, , Commuter Rail 20,000 40,000 40m 80m 2,000 Metro Rail 20,000 70,000 40m 350m 2,000 5,000 Light Rail 10,000 30,000 10m 25m 800 1,000 Bus Rapid Transit 5,000 40,000 1m 10m Bus Lane 10,000 1m 5m Greening sectors in cities: - Transports - Buildings - Energy - Vegetation and Landscape - Water - Food - Waste - Infrastructure and digital technology 11

12 Strong institutions Planning systems Regulatory tools Information Legislative reform Policies Proposals Financial instruments Co-delivery Monitoring Advisory Weak institutions Civil society activism Autonomous green initiatives Weak democracy Mature democracy Time Figure 5: Enabling conditions, institutional strength and democratic maturity Urban growth boundaries Land-use regulation Density regulation Density bonus Special planning powers Vehicle and traffic regulation Parking standards Car-free developments Minimum emission standards Establish clear limits to any form of building development around cities to limit urban sprawl; create green corridors that protect existing ecosystems Introduce zoning regulation that prioritises development of inner-city, previously developed (brownfield) land over greenfield development at city-wide level Provide minimum rather than maximum density standards; establish clear density standards at city-wide level (e.g. Floor Area Ratios, FAR * ) in support of compact city development with a hierarchy of higher density, mixed-use clusters around public transport nodes Provide development bonuses that allow increased development rights (i.e. extra floor area with respect to standard planning regulations) for green projects that support city-wide and local sustainability Establish urban development corporations or urban regeneration companies to promote and enable green projects Regulate for vehicle types, emission standards, speed limits and road space allocation that favours green transport and especially green public transport Provide maximum rather than minimum parking standards; reduce private car parking standards to a minimum (e.g. less than one car per household) especially in areas of high public transport accessibility Provide planning incentives for car free developments in higher density areas with high public transport accessibility Regulate minimum carbon emission and energy efficiency standards at the local level for buildings and vehicles Table 6: Selected planning and regulatory instruments * FAR is the most common density measure for planning purposes. It is calculated by adding all the area of residential and business floor space and dividing it by the entire area of the development site. 12

13 2. Sustainable consumption Consumer environmental awareness and willingness to act Source: 13

14 Why consumers are sometimes unwilling to pay more for environmental performance Source: Global used resource extraction, per material used Source: 14

15 Global resource extraction trends, between 1980 and 2005 (in %, as per 1980 levels) Source: 3. Desmaterialization / decoupling 15

16 Relative decoupling of economic growth from resource use between 1980 and 2005 Source: 16

17 4. Fair distribution The gap is growing

18 The income gap 18

19 5. Valuation of resources - ecosystem services 3 levels of diversity 3 management objectives conservation ecosystems species diversity genetic diversity sustainable use BIODIVERSITY IS ABOUT equitable sharing PEOPLE 19

20 Translating biodiversity Degradation of ecosystem services causes harm to human well-being & economy 20