Examining Water Efficiency for Institutional Building and To Propose Curative Measures

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1 Examining Water Efficiency for Institutional Building and To Propose Curative Measures Mayawati. V. Fule 1, V. S. Limaye 2, S. S. Shastri 3 1,2,3 Dept. of Civil Engineering (Environmental Engg), SCOE Abstract: In India, water usage for, Residential, Institutional, Commercial Buildings etc, is increased. Increased demand is responsible for more wastewater generation, having adverse impact on environment. Due to increasing population, industrial growth & unpredictable rainfall, water scarcity is also, increasing day by day. New methods for water efficiency will save the water, will reduce the wastewater generation & reduce the cost of treatment of wastewater, so also effect on environment. This paper focuses on utilization of various water saving techniques and conversation techniques, for satisfying the water demand in existing institutional building. An attempt is made to propose appropriate method. The present study is carried out for an educational campus of Sinhgad College of Engineering, Vadgaon Campus. Keywords: Water efficiency; Water consumption; Sustainability, Water conversation technique I. INTRODUCTION All the daily activities are necessarily dependent on supply of water. This is true for every sector of the communal living like Residential, Industrial & Agricultural. Many countries are suffering from water shortage problem. For national and local economics water is an essential component. World water availability Below figure shows that 97% of water is in the form of saline water and only 3% of water is fresh water, from that 0.9% is found in other sources and 68.7% is in the form of glaciers and snow cover; and 30.1% is ground water and 0.3 % is surface water. From that 2% water is available in rivers, 87% of water is available in lakes and 11% in swamps. Figure 1 Earth water distribution Source: (United State geological All Rights Reserved 595

2 Scarcity of water The word water scarcity describes the relationship between demand for water and its availability. Availability of water & its consumption pattern are responsible for scarcity of water. Water scarcity will vary from country to country and from region to region within a country. Reasons of increased water scarcity are as follows: 1. Population increase and consequent increase in the demand for water. 2. Increase in the developmental activities because of urbanization and industrialization, leading to generation of wastewater which contaminates the available sources of fresh water. 3. Unpredicted rainfall Pattern in India. 4. Changing habits of people. 5. Unskilled usage of water for agriculture. India is amongst the top cultivators of agricultural produce in the world and so the consumption of water for irrigation is maximum. Old methods of irrigation causes maximum water loss during water conveyance. 6. Also the loss is due to evaporation and excess use of groundwater. Hence to have control on scarcity, efficient water saving techniques are to be used About Sinhgad College of Engineering Sinhgad College is located in Vadgoan (Bk), Pune-41. Study is related to water usage in an institutional building (Sinhgad College of Engineering). The water supply to Sinhgad College is from irrigation Department. Treatment to water is given at college level at water treatment plant and then it is distributed to institutional buildings. Per day, near about 10 lakh liters of water is supplied to Vadgaon campus, of which approximately 3 lakh is the supply to Sinhgad College of Engineering. Here consideration about water usage in six buildings is given. Six building are namely D-1 (Civil, Biotech, Chemical), D-2 (Mechanical and Production), C-1 (E&TC), C-2 (Computer), C-3 (First year), Office building etc. The water usage for different purposes in institutional buildings and water losses in those buildings were observed. To reduce water usage and water losses from the buildings various techniques are studied like Waterless urinals, Censored smart taps,controlling technique for surfacial water leakages, etc. for improving the efficiency. The recordings were analyzed. Primary and secondary data sources were also used as and when required, for arriving at the conclusion. II.VARIOUS TECHNIQUES Waterless urinals: Waterless urinals does not require use of water for flushing. Annually billions of liters water used by conventional urinals in India. Significance of this usage include control over consumption of natural resources and reduction in cost for treatment of wastewater. Waterless urinals does not require use of water for flushing. Annually billions of liters water used by conventional urinals in India. Significance of this usage include control over consumption of natural resources and reduction in cost for treatment of wastewater. Censored Smart Taps Censored Smart taps are used in washrooms. These are the water saving taps, these are provided mostly in commercial buildings or public places. These taps cut off water supply when the hands are removed from under the tap. Controlling technique for surficial water leakages Loss of water from distribution network is called water leakage. Normally water leaks from the taps, water supply line, showers, tubs and sewage line. Leakages can also be observed between the meter and All Rights Reserved 596

3 home, in the water supply line. These leakages are difficult to detect. However the surficial leakages could be detected by observation and collecting the water in specified time. III. ANALYTICAL WORK Waterless urinals The project work evaluates the present scenario at Sinhgad College of Engineering (SCOE), Vadgoan (Bk), and Pune 41.Six buildings namely D1,D2, C1,C2,C3 & office building) under SCOE were identified for data collection, analysis, and synthesis. This was used to arrive at appropriate corrective measures to be put in proposal. Water supply to SCOE is from Irrigation Department to Vadgoan canal and it then comes to Water Treatment Plant. At the SCOE campus.after filtration it is used for daily purpose. Water supply is 10 lakh per day water to SCOE Campus. However the actual daily demand for six buildings is 2, 87,145 liters. Out of which approximately 1.5 x Total Population (6381) x volume of one flush tank (5.5 L) is gives 52,643 L of daily water usage by conventional urinals. Thus there is dire need to study and installation of various green techniques in institutional building. In the Engineering Civil Department of SCOE for water saving purpose waterless urinals were installed in the year Only Civil Department is having waterless urinals and other buildings have Conventional Urinals. So for Conventional urinals water used per flush and for waterless urinals no requirement of water for flushing purpose. So it s essential to evaluate fresh water consumption analysis and comparison. Details about Waterless Urinals Visit to Shashwat Eco - solution Foundation Pune. They installed waterless urinal in the Civil Department of SCOE College Pune, in year Cartridges are purchased from Shital Ceramic Gujarat, cost of one cartridge is about 550 rupees, in one month 3 cartridge is replaced for one urinal. Figure 2 Waterless Urinals installed at Civil Department Maintenance of waterless urinals (Cartridge Replacement) Following steps are carried out during the maintenance of waterless urinals 1. The cartridge replacement kit sold by the manufacturer which includes a cartridge removal tool. 2. The spent cartridge is removed from the urinal using the metal tool provided in the replacement kit. 3. One urinal is then flushed with 4 liters of water. 4. The urine collection chamber is then cleaned with a toilet brush. A sediment build-up is usually found collecting inside of the chamber and must be removed. 5. The spent cartridge is placed in the supplied plastic bag and then it is through into dustbin. Controlling technique for surfacial water leakages In this controlling technique; surfacial water leakages are taken into consideration of six buildings, considering all laboratories staff rooms, Principal& HOD cabin toilets, common gents & ladies toilets All Rights Reserved 597

4 of SCOE are observed. Water leakages from taps and water supply lines are observed and measured the water loss from water taps. Censored smart taps For understanding the utility of this technique initially, visited to Kirloskar Brothers Limited (KBL) Yamuna, Pune Baner. Kirloskar Brothers Limited is one of largest company in Pune. Actually they converted KBL -Yamuna into green building. The provided Water Efficient Technologies in the KBL- Yamuna, like Censored smart taps, Rainwater harvesting etc. they also provided the Sewage treatment plant (STP), Water treatment plant (WTP). Comparison between Conventional water taps and censored smart taps is carried out for different age groups. Conventional water taps were installed in SCOE College Buildings of company Empire and Censored smart taps of Jaguar Company which were installed in kirloskar Brothers Limited Yamuna. A comparison for the water usage for the both taps, by recording for one person how much time required to wash his hands. For that same time how much water was used. Same process is used to calculate the water usage by Conventional water taps. Finally decided which is water efficient. IV. OBSERVATION AND RESULTS Table 1: Water saving by Waterless Urinals Waterless Urinals Civil Department Date No. of user Water W.S Maintenance (L) Gents Saving (L) (W.S) 1/2/ /2/ /2/ TOTAL 726 L 690 L Table:2 Water usage in biotech & Chemical dept. Conventional Urinals (Biotech & Chemical Department,D1 Building) W.U- water Required for Daily Maintenance Date No. of users Water Usage(W.U) by Conventional urinals (L) 4/2/ /2/ /2/ /2/ /2/ /2/ Total Water Usage L All Rights Reserved 598

5 Results 1. Total water save in 3 days period = 690 L in one peak hour in Civil Department. 2. Average water saved by Civil Department = 230 L in one peak hour in one day. 3. Total water usage in 6 days period = L in one peak hour in Biotech & Chemical Department. 4. Average water usage in Biotech & Chemical Department is = L in one peak hour in one day. Likewise water usage by Conventional urinals was determined for D2, C1, C2 C3 building s ; Table: (3) Water usage in D-1,D-2,C-1,C-2,C-3 & office building Water Usage + water Required for daily Maintenance (L) Sr.no Buildings Water Usage for 1 peak hr. In buildings (L) 1 D2 Building 3,366 L 3474 L 2 C1 building 3,256 L 3,363.5 L 3 C2 building 2,820 L 2986 L 4 C3 building 3,525.5 L L 5 Office building L L Controlling technique for surficial water leakages By observing water leakages from water supply lines & water taps, it can save the large amount of water. Department Table (4) Water leakages from taps of D-1, D-2, C-1, C-2, C-3 & Office buildings Leakage Location Leakage (Y/N) Water loss for 60 Sec (ml) Water loss for 1 hr. (L) Water loss for 1 day (L) Chemical Ladies Toilet Y 12 ml 0.72 L 17 L E& TC Aquagurad Y 96 ml 5.76 L 138 L Computer Ladies Toilet Y 15 ml 0.9 L 22 L Biotech Gents toilet Y 23 ml 1.38 L 33 L Preparation lab Y 30 ml 1.8 L 43 L Microbiology lab Y 12 ml 0.72 L 17 L Civil - N Mechanical - N Office building - N Censored smart taps Comparison between Censored smart taps & Conventional water taps are done, and which tap is water efficient. concluded All Rights Reserved 599

6 Readings for Conventional water taps Sr.no Name of the user International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER) Table (5) Water usage statics for Conventional water taps Age Time Water required to usage wash hands without without soap soap (ml) (Sec.) (ml) Time required to wash hands with soap Water usage with soap (ml) 1. Archana 20 9 Seconds 200 ml 13 sec 900 ml 2. Mayawati 24 6 Seconds 210 ml 12 sec 540 ml 3. Maushi Seconds 290 ml 9 sec 550 ml From above table (5) gives that for Archana time required for wash her hands without soap is the 9 seconds & water usage was 200 ml and with soap times requires 13 sec. for that water usage was 900 ml.these taps have low flow with diameter as 1 cm. During these two process of washing hands water flow was different. For full flow of water from Conventional tap gives the water usage is 150 ml for one second. 2 Readings for Censored Smart Taps Kirloskar Brother limited Yamuna has been visited to take readings, for Censored smart taps. Sr.no Name of the user Table (6) Readings for Censored smart taps Water usage without soap (ml) Time required to wash hands without soap (Sec) Time required to wash hands with soap (Sec) Water usage with soap (ml) 1. Archana 1 seconds 180 ml 5 Seconds 900 ml 2. Vaishali 3.2 Seconds ml 6.7 Seconds 1200 ml 3. Simant 4 seconds ml 6 seconds 1090 ml From above table (6) gives that for Archana time required for wash her hands without soap is the 1 sec. & water usage was 180 ml and with soap times requires 5 sec. for that water usage was 900 ml.these taps have full flow with diameter as 1.2 cm. During these two process of washing hands water flow was same. For full flow of water from censored smart tap gives the water usage is 180 ml for one second. Comparison between Conventional water taps & Censored smart taps After taking the readings wager loss from Conventional water taps & censored smart taps, comparison between these two have done. Table (7) Comparison between Conventional water taps & Censored smart taps. Sr. Parameters Conventional water taps Censored Smart taps no 1 Case study SCOE Campus Buildings KBL 2 Diameter of taps 1 cm 1.2 cm 3 Flow of water from tap. Can be increases or decreases Regulated flow 4 Water loss after removing hands below the tap No Yes, flow continues for 1 Sec. (180 ml water All Rights Reserved 600

7 5 Water leakage problem Yes No 6 Need people awareness Yes. For proper closing of taps after No.it water flow washing hands Shuts automatically. It is observed clearly from above tables that conventional water taps are more effective as compared of censored smart taps. So provision of censored smart taps is not a feasible solution. V. CONCLUSION Water scarcity is increasing day by day due to increase in population, unpredictable rainfall and increased industrialization. Various water efficient technologies can be used like waterless urinals, Controlling technique for surfacial water leakages, Dual Flush Toilets, Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting, censored Smart taps etc. Installation cost of waterless urinals is less. Payback Period is not more. Water leakages can be controlled by maintain the taps & frequent check of the supply line. Not all the censerod smart taps are water efficient beacause of the large diameter & after removing hands below taps, the water supply is not cut immediately. If cencrosed smart taps with low flow and low diameter are installed, then the taps can be regarded as water efficient. REFERENCES 1. Dr V M Chariar, Waterless Urinals A Resource Book. 2. Zacharia m. Lahlou, (2001). Leak detection and water loss control tech brief national drinking water clearinghouse fact sheet. 3. Manual on artificial recharge of ground water. All Rights Reserved 601