UPGRADING FEASIBILITY STUDY UPPER SETI (DAMAULI) STORAGE HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT NEPAL FINAL REPORT. Nepal Electricity Authority Nepal.

Transcription

1 No. Nepal Electricity Authority Nepal UPGRADING FEASIBILITY STUDY ON UPPER SETI (DAMAULI) STORAGE HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT IN NEPAL FINAL REPORT June 2007 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY ELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD. NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. E D J R

2 PREFACE In response to a request from the Government of Nepal, the Government of Japan decided to conduct the Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti (Damauli) Storage Hydroelectric Project, and the study was implemented by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). JICA selected and dispatched a study team headed by Mr. Yoshimasa Ishii of Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. (J-Power), and consist of J-Power and Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. to Nepal five times from February 2005 to June The study team held discussions with the officials concerned of the Government of Nepal and Nepal Electricity Authority, and conducted related field surveys. After returning to Japan, the study team compiled the final results in this report. I hope this report will contribute to stabilization of power supply in Nepal and to enhancement of friendly relations between our two countries. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the Government of Nepal for their close cooperation throughout the study. June 2007 Tadashi IZAWA Vice President Japan International Cooperation Agency

3 June 2007 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Mr. Tadashi Izawa Vice President Japan International Cooperation Agency Tokyo, Japan We are pleased to submit to you the report on the Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti (Damauli) Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal. This study has been conducted by Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. in association with Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. under a contract to JICA in a period from February 2005 to June This report presents a development of Upper Seti Hydroelectric Project with an installed capacity of 127 MW. Completion of the project can cope with peak power demand in the country and contribute to stabilization of power supply. We dearly wish that our proposed project will contribute to the utilization of domestic energy resources and to the improvement of Nepalese people s living and economic activities. We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to your Agency, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of the Government of Japan. We are also most grateful for the cooperation and assistance from the officials and personnel concerned in Nepal Electricity Authority and the ministries concerned of the Government of Nepal. Very truly yours, Yoshimasa Ishii Team Leader, Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti (Damauli) Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal

4 Upper Seti (Damauli) Storage Hydroelectric Project Pokhara Kathmandu Location Map

5 Bhimad Dajar Phedi Khola Tutuwa Reservoir Dam Site Wantang Khale Powerhouse Outlet River Corridor Study Region

6 View of Dam Site from Upstream Side View of Intake

7 Tailrace Outlet View of Upstream Reservoir (Bhimad Bajar)

8 Stakeholder Meeting in Damauli (2 June, 2006) Stakeholder Meeting in Damauli (2 June, 2006)

9 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Table of Contents CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Purpose of the Study Schedule of the Study Scope of the Study Preliminary Study Stage Detailed Investigation Stage Upgrading Feasibility Design Stage Outline of Subcontracting for Field Investigations GIS Mapping Geological Investigation Environmental Survey Record on Dispatch of Study Team NEA Counterpart and Study Team NEA JICA Study Team CHAPTER 2 GENERAL INFORMATION OF NEPAL Geography Topography Climate River Administrative Regions Population Macroeconomics Macroeconomic Situation Foreign Trade and Foreign Debt Tenth Plan CHAPTER 3 EXISTING STUDY ON SELECTION OF STORAGE HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT Energy Resources Power Facilities for Peak Demand i -

10 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal 3.3 Study on the Selection of Storage Hydroelectric Project Phase I Phase II Feasibility Study by NEA Feasibility Study Upgrading Feasibility Study Investigations by NEA CHAPTER 4 POWER SECTOR SURVEY Organization Existing Power Generating Facilities Existing Transmission Lines and Substations Existing Transmission Facilities Existing Substation Facilities Existing Phase Modifying Facilities Load Dispatch Facilities Load Dispatch System Guide to the Load Dispatch Operation Power Trade and Power System Configuration with India Actual Records of Power Supply and Demand Load Demand Power Supply Electricity Tariff Financial Performance of NEA Actual Situation of Power Sector Reform CHAPTER 5 POWER DEVELOPMENT PLAN Load Demand Forecast Load Demand Forecast by NEA Load Demand Forecast by the JICA Team Load Demand Forecast by the NEA and JICA Study Team Development Plan Generator Expansion Plan by NEA Transmission Plan by NEA Peak Duration Hours Review of Transmission Plan Justification of Project observed from the Power Development Scheme Examination observed from the Aspects of Demand and Supply ii -

11 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Examination observed based on the Quality of Electricity Examination from the Aspect of Power System Operation Examination observed from the Aspect of a Development Scheme for Trunk Transmission Lines Summary CHAPTER 6 HYDROLOGY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY Outline Meteorological and Hydrological Stations Discharge Flood Probable Flood Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) Evaporation Sedimentation Sediment Measurement Estimation of Reservoir Sedimentation Measures against Sedimentation of Reservoir Sediment Discharge CHAPTER 7 GEOLOGY Outline of the Geology of the Project Area Geological Investigation Works Previous Investigation Works Geological Investigation Works carried out in the Study Site Geology Reservoir Dam Waterway and Powerhouse (Option-II) Waterway and Powerhouse (Option-III b) Estimated Mechanical Properties of the Foundation Rock Construction Material CHAPTER 8 SEISMICITY Seismic Activities Historical Earthquakes in Nepal and the Surrounding Area Seismic Risk Analysis Seismic Risk Analysis Based on the Stochastic Approach iii -

12 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Estimation of Maximum Acceleration at the Dam Site Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient CHAPTER 9 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT SURVEY Review and Status of Existing EIA Report EIA Related National Policies and Legislative Framework Review of Existing EIA Study Supplemental EIA by the JICA Study Team Supplemental EIA Survey Application of GIS Natural Environment Impact Assessment Physical Environment Biological Environment Impacts in the Downstream of the Dam Socio-Economic and Cultural Environmental Impact Assessment Objectives Methodology Identification of the Project Affected Areas Socio-Economic and Cultural Situation Key Socio-Economic and Cultural Effects The Framework of Resettlement Plan Preparation of Social Action Plan Stakeholder Meeting Overview of Stakeholder Meetings First Stakeholder Meeting during Scoping Phase Second Stakeholder Meeting Third Stakeholder Meeting IEE for Transmission Line Damauli to Bharatpur Objective Project Line Route and Affected Areas Alignment Alternatives Physical Environment Biological Environment Socio-economic and Cultural Environment Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Program Findings and Conclusion Environmental Management Framework for the Project iv -

13 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Overall EMP Summary Stakeholders under the Environmental Management Plan Project s Environmental Management Office Administrative and Management Cost for ESMU Environmental Monitoring Program Records and Corrective Actions Environmental Audit CHAPTER 10 OPTIMIZATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN Alternative Layouts Option I Option II Option IIIa Option IIIb Option IV Comparative Study of Layout Alternatives Project Planning Project Cost Estimation Economic Evaluation Result of Layout Alternative Comparison Study Reconsideration of MOL Reconsideration of MOL Comparison of Project Alternatives Optimization Study Result Selection of Development Plan Selection of MOL Optimum Intake Water Level CHAPTER 11 PROJECT DESIGN General Dam and Auxiliary Structures Dam Axis and Dam Type Care of River Dam Spillway Sediment Flushing Gate Environmental Flow Outlet Valve Slope protection Works in the Upstream Reservoir Area v -

14 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal 11.3 Waterway and Powerhouse Locations and Outlines Powerhouse Tailrace Hydro-mechanical Equipment Electromechanical Equipment General Unit Capacity and Number of Units Hydraulic Turbine Generator Powerhouse Crane Main Transformer Other Equipment Switchyard Equipment Generation Facility by Environmental Flow Transmission Line Transmission Line Route Connection at Bharatpur Basic Specification of Transmission Facilities Annual Energy Reservoir Operation Rule Optimization Calculation Conditions Annual Energy Calculation with Sediment Flushing CHAPTER 12 CONSTRUCTION PLAN AND COST FOR CONSTRUCTION General Access to the Site Temporary Power Supply during Construction Concrete Aggregates Implementation Plan and Schedule Basic Conditions Implementation Plan and Schedule Construction Cost Basic Criteria for Cost Estimate Constitution of Project Cost Construction Cost of Civil Works Project Construction Cost Disbursement Schedule vi -

15 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal CHAPTER 13 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL EVALUATION Economic Evaluation Methodology Economic Costs of the Project Economic Benefit of the Project Economic Evaluation Sensitivity Analysis Financial Evaluation Methodology Financial Cost and Benefit of the Project Financial Evaluation Sensitivity Analysis Cash Flow Analysis Assumptions for Analysis Evaluation for Cash Flow Analysis CHAPTER 14 FURTHER INVESTIGATION Hydrology Geological Investigation Environmental Survey Design vii -

16 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal List of Tables Table Work Schedule Table GIS Database Table Geological Investigation Works Table Details of Drilling Table Caste/Ethnic Group of Nepal Table Major Economic Indicators (FY 1994/95 to FY 2005/06) Table National Accounts Summary (FY 1994/95 to FY 2004/05) at Current Prices Table Gross Domestic Product by Source (FY 1994/95 to FY 2004/05) at 1994/95 Prices Table Annual Growth Rates of Gross Domestic Product (FY 1994/95 to FY 2004/05) at 1994/95 Prices Table Share of Gross Domestic Product by Source (FY 1994/95 to FY 2004/05) Table Government Expenditure and Sources of Financing Table National Urban Consumer Price Index (Base Year 1995/96 = 100) Table Direction of International Trade (FY 1994/95 to FY 2004/05) Table Balance of Payments Table Foreign Aid Commitment by Major Sources Table Foreign Loan and Debt Servicing Table Result of Screening Table Main Features of 10 Selected Projects Table Salient Feature of the Upper Seti Project Table Comparison of Alternative Layouts Table Areas for Electric Power Supply Purpose Table Existing Generation Plants in NEA s Integrated Grid Table Transmission Line Data Table Substation Capacity Table Phase Modifying Equipment Table Functions of the NEA SCADA System Table Available Energy and Peak Load Table Number of Consumers, Sales Revenue and Energy Demand viii -

17 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Table Energy Demand and Rate of Increase Table Growth Rates for Domestic and Industrial Demand Table Generation Data Table Operation and Generation Costs Table Generation Availability in 2005/ Table Load and Plant Factors in 2005/ Table Tariff Rate Table Electricity Tariff Rates Table Classification of Electricity Tariff Table Financial Condition of NEA for the Last 5 Years Table Tenth Plan: Power Sector Strategies, Activities and Indicator Table Demand Load Forecast and Peak Load by NEA Table Load Factor Table Loss Rate Table Energy Demand and GDP Table Energy Demand and Available Selling Price Table Energy Demand and Number of Consumers Table Load Demand and Forecast Table Available Energy Table Peak Load Table Comparison between NEA and JICA Table Generation Expansion Plan Table Power Development Plan Table Transmission Line Projects for Power Evacuation Table Transmission Plan for System Reinforcement Table Transmission Scheme of the Upper Seti Project Table Demand and Supply Balance up to FY 2013/ Table Load Factor Table List of Meteorological Stations in the Seti River and Surrounding Basin Table List of Gauging Stations in the Seti River and Surrounding Basin Table Generated Average Monthly River Discharge at the Dam Site Table List of Meteorological Stations in the Seti River and Surrounding Basin Table List of Gauging Stations in the Seti River and Surrounding Basin Table Generated Average Monthly River Discharge at the Dam Site Table Comparison of Average Monthly River Discharge Table Comparison of Specific Discharge ix -

18 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Table Maximum Peak Discharge at No.430 Gauging Station Table Probable Flood Table Computation of the Rain and Snow Drift for Computing the Precipitation Trajectories Table (1/3) Computation of PMP Table (2/3) Computation of PMP Table (3/3) Computation of PMP Table Average PMP of the Basin Table PMP Distribution and Effective Rainfall Table Synthesis of Unit Hydrographs Table Average Monthly Pan Evaporation at No. 815 Meteorological Station Table Specific Sediment Yield (1/2) Table Specific Sediment Yield (2/2) Table Suspended Sediment Yield at No.430 Gauging Station Table Specific Sediment Yield at No Gauging Station Table Reservoir Water Level Table Decrease in Effective Storage Capacity of Reservoir Table Summary of the Sediment Volume in Reservoir Table Rating Curve of the Seti River at the RX-54 Section Table Rating Curve of the Seti River at the RX-53 Section Table Summary of Sediment Volume in Reservoir Table Summary of Sediment Volume in Reservoir Table Summary of Sediment Volume in Reservoir Table Summary of Sediment Volume in Reservoir Table Investigation Drillings carried out by NEA on Table Investigation Drillings carried out in the Study Table Standard of Rock Mass Classification ( for Drilled Core) Table Standard of Rock Mass Evaluation Table Results of the Lugeon Tests at the Damsite Table RMR of the Underground Powerhouse of Option-II Table Physical Properties of the Drilled Core Table Tensile Strength of the Drilled Core Table Uniaxial Compressive Strength of the Drilled Core Table Rock Mass Classification and Mechanical Properties Table Estimated Mechanical Properties of Foundation Rocks Table Investigation Area for Concrete Aggregate Table Test Results of the Concrete Aggregate (2001) x -

19 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Table Test Results of the Concrete Aggregate (2005) Table Earthquakes in the Himalayan area of Magnitude over 7.5 since Table Occurrence Frequency of Magnitude among the Collected Data Table Occurrence Frequency of Seismic Center Depth among the Collected Data Table Annual Maximum Acceleration during Observation Table Maximum Acceleration Value by Each Equation to the Advent Period Table Basic Seismic Coefficient in the Indian Seismic Hazard Region Table Summary of Maximum Acceleration Estimation at the Upper Seti Dam Site Table Seismic Coefficient Based Upon Maximum Acceleration Table Result of Seismic Coefficient Estimation obtained in Various Ways Table Outline of GIS Database Table List of Printed Maps Table Land Use Reservoir Area Table Land Use Project Facility Sites Table Water Quality Analysis Report of Main Parameters Table Comparison with Drinking Water Quality Standards Table Water Sources Impacted by the Project Table Comparison of Unregulated and Regulated Flows in the Seti & Madi River Table Comparison of the Measures for the Eutrophication in the Reservoir Table Proposed Bio-engineering Measures for Soil Erosion Control Table Mitigation Cost for Physical Environment/Construction Phase Table Mitigation Costs for the Downstream Effects to Communities Table Mitigation Costs for Watershed Management Table Monitoring Costs for the Physical Environment Table Forest Types in the Reservoir Area under Various FSL Table Forest Types in the Project Facility Sites Table Plants of Project Sites under Different Conservation Categories Table Forest Area Affected at FSL 415 m in the Reservoir Area Table Forest Area by Management Types in the Project Facility Sites Table Mammals of the Project Area Table Fish Species Composition Table Migratory Life History of the Long Distance Migrant Fishes of the Project Area xi -

20 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Table Economic Value of the Fish Species of the Project Area Table Estimate of Forestry Loss due to Reservoir at FSL 415 m and Associated Compensation Table Mitigation Costs for Fisheries Table Monitoring Costs - Construction & Operation Phases Table Sample of Household Survey Table Ethnic/Caste Division Table Focus Group Discussion Table VDCs/Municipality Affected by the Project Components Table Summary of Socio-Economic Situation in Tanahu District Table Summary of the Socio-Economic Situation in the Affected VDCs/Municipality Table Summary of the Socio-Economic Situation of Affected Persons/Households (N=399) Table Summary of Community Resources and Properties Table Cultivated Areas in the Reservoir Site as per GIS and Cadastral Maps Table Cultivated Areas in the Reservoir Site as per GIS and Cadastral Maps Table Annual Production Loss of the Agricultural Land Table Forest Area by Management Types in the Project Area Table Number of Land Plots Affected by the Project Table Number of Affected Land Owners of the Project Area Table Affected Private Structures Table Structure Affected Owners of the Project area Table Residential Structure Affected Owners of the Project Area Table Residential Structure Affected Owners without Legal Holdings Table SPAF and PAF by VDC Table SPAF and PAF by Cast/Ethnicity Table Project Affected Main Infrastructures Table Affected Community Structures Table Major Resettlement Effects on APs and Possible Mitigating Measures Table Proposed Compensation and Benefits of APs Table Cost Summary Table Socio-economic Effects on Communities and Possible Mitigating Measures Table First and Second Priority Needs and Proposed Social Action Programs Table Proposed Social Programs Table Cost Summary Table Suggestions, Feedback and Comments from the Participants xii -

21 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Table Stakeholder Meetings Covered by Print Media Table Participants of 2nd Stakeholders Meeting Table Suggestions, Feedback and Comments from the Participants Table nd Stakeholder Meetings Covered by Print Media Table Participants for the 3rd Stakeholder Meeting Table Suggestions, Feedback and Comments from the Participants Table rd Stakeholder Meetings Covered by Print Media Table Land Use along Transmission Line Alternative Alignment I Table Land Use along Transmission Line Alternative Alignment II Table Land Use along Transmission Line Alternative Alignment III Table Demographic Characteristics of the Affected Districts Table Population Distribution in the Affected VDCs and Municipality Table Houses & Other Structures and Features along 220 kv Transmission Line Table Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measure Matrix for Significant Adverse Environmental Impacts of the 220 kv Transmission Line Project Table Summary of Environmental Impacts and their Corresponding Mitigation/Enhancement Measures and Environmental Management Plan Table Environmental Management Roles and Responsibilities Table Summary of Administrative and Management Costs for ESMU Table Environmental Monitoring Plan Table Sedimentation Volume in the Reservoir for each FSL Table Reservoir Volume and Elevation Table Firm Discharge for each FSL in the case of Option I Table Firm Discharge for each FSL in case of Options II, IIIa, IIIb, and IV Table H-Q Equations for the TWL Estimation of each Layout Alternative Table Coefficients in Loss Estimation Table Efficiency Curve of the Turbine and Generator Table Main Features of Alternatives for Option I Table Main Features of Alternatives for Option II Table Main Features of Alternatives for Option IIIa Table Main Features of Alternatives for Option IIIb Table Main Features of Alternatives for Option IV Table Reservoir Simulation Result for Option I Table Reservoir Simulation Result for Option II xiii -

22 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Table Reservoir Simulation Result for Option IIIa Table Reservoir Simulation Result for Option IIIb Table Reservoir Simulation Result for Option IV Table Project Cost Summary Table Table Summary of Environmental Cost Table Civil Engineering Work Cost Table Hydraulic Equipment Cost Table Project Cost (Option I FSL=395m) Table Project Cost (Option I FSL=405m) Table Project Cost (Option I FSL=410m) Table Project Cost (Option I FSL=415m) Table Project Cost (Option I FSL=420m) Table Project Cost (Option I FSL=425m) Table Project Cost (Option I FSL=435m) Table Project Cost (Option II FSL=405m) Table Project Cost (Option II FSL=410m) Table Project Cost (Option II FSL=415m) Table Project Cost (Option II FSL=420m) Table Project Cost (Option II FSL=425m) Table Project Cost (Option II FSL=435m) Table Project Cost (Option IIIa FSL=405m) Table Project Cost (Option IIIa FSL=410m) Table Project Cost (Option IIIa FSL=415m) Table Project Cost (Option IIIa FSL=420m) Table Project Cost (Option IIIa FSL=425m) Table Project Cost (Option IIIa FSL=435m) Table Project Cost (Option IIIb FSL=405m) Table Project Cost (Option IIIb FSL=410m) Table Project Cost (Option IIIb FSL=415m) Table Project Cost (Option IIIb FSL=420m) Table Project Cost (Option IIIb FSL=425m) Table Project Cost (Option IIIb FSL=435m) Table Project Cost (Option IV FSL=405m) Table Project Cost (Option IV FSL=410m) Table Project Cost (Option IV FSL=415m) Table Project Cost (Option IV FSL=420m) Table Project Cost (Option IV FSL=425m) Table Project Cost (Option IV FSL=435m) xiv -

23 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Table Basis of the kw and kwh Values of an Alternative Thermal Power Plant Table Generation hour records in NEPAL Table kw and kwh Values of Alternative Thermal Power Plant by Generation records Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option I: FSL=395m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option I: FSL=405m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option I: FSL=410m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option I: FSL=415m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option I: FSL=420m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option I: FSL=425m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option I: FSL=435m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option II: FSL=405m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option II: FSL=410m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option II: FSL=415m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option II: FSL=420m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option II: FSL=425m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option II: FSL=435m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IIIa: FSL=405m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IIIa: FSL=410m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IIIa: FSL=415m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IIIa: FSL=420m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IIIa: FSL=425m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IIIa: FSL=435m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IIIb: FSL=405m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IIIb: FSL=410m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IIIb: FSL=415m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IIIb: FSL=420m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IIIb: FSL=425m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IIIb: FSL=435m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IV: FSL=405m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IV: FSL=410m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IV: FSL=415m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IV: FSL=420m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IV: FSL=425m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (Option IV: FSL=435m) Table Main Features of Alternatives for Option IIIb with Lower MOL Table Project Cost (FSL 405) Table Project Cost (FSL 410) xv -

24 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Table Project Cost (FSL 415) Table Project Cost (FSL 420) Table Reservoir simulation Result Table Result of Economic Evaluation (FSL 405m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (FSL 410m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (FSL 415m) Table Result of Economic Evaluation (FSL 420m) Table Comparison of the optimized plan shown in 10.3 and Table Result of the Intake Water Level Optimization Table Reservoir Simulation Result Table Project Cost (IWL Alternatives for FSL 415m) Table Salient Features of the Upper Seti Hydropower Project Table Salient features of the Diversion Tunnels Table Property of Each Rock Classification Table Cases for Stability Analysis Table Load to be considered for Analysis under each Case Table Input for Stability Analysis Table Relation between the Downstream inclination and Analysis Result Table Comparative Study of a Stable Dam Profile with a Vertical Upstream Surface Table Relation between the Downstream inclination and Analysis Result Table Comparative Study of the Stable Dam Profile with Vertical Upstream Surface (Inclined upstream surface) Table Gate Size Examinations for the Design Flood Table Comparative Study Result Table Specification of the Gate in the Sediment Flushing Gate Table Comparison of the Headrace Tunnel Diameter Table Comparison of the Penstock Tunnel Diameter Table Comparison of the Surge Tank Table Design Values Table Comparison of Tailrace Tunnel Diameter Table Comparison of each of the Route plans Table Excavation and Concrete volume for Main Structures Table Number of Monthly Working Days Table Specification of the Concrete Production Plant Table Excavating Machines for Diversion Tunnel Work xvi -

25 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Table Machines for Dam Excavation Table Monthly Planned Excavation Volume and Required Construction Period Table Machines for Grouting Tunnel Excavation Table Machines for Grouting Work Table Examples of Small Ratio of Height to Length of RCC Gravity Dams Table Machines for Concreting Work Table Labor Cost in Nepal (Tanabu District) Table District Construction Material Rate in Tanahu District Table Project Construction Cost Table Disbursement Schedule of Project Construction Cost Table Initial Investment Cost (at Economic Price) Table Annual Investment Amount for Major Items Table O&M Costs at Economic Price Table Alternative Thermal Power Plant for Studying Economic Justification Table Characteristics of Alternative Thermal Plant Table Construction Cost of Alternative Thermal Plant Table O&M Cost for Alternative Thermal Plant Table Economic Evaluation Table Result of Economic Evaluation Table Cases of Sensitivity Analysis Table Financial Investment Amount for Major Items Table Financial O&M Cost Table Assumption for Electricity Tariff Table Annual Sales Income Table Financial Evaluation Table Financial Evaluation on Investment (Distribution End) Table Financial Analysis (1): Summary Table Financial Analysis (2): Disbursement and Loan Amount Table Financial Analysis (3): Income Statement Table Results of Cash Flow Analysis Table Recommended Additional Geological Investigation Works for D/D xvii -

26 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal List of Figures Fig Flow Chart of Study for the Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project Fig Different Power Regions & Administrative Zone Fig Organization Chart of NEA Fig Small Hydro Station, Isolated Solar & Diesel Power Station Fig Power System Map Fig System Configurations Fig Block Diagram of Outstation (RTU Stations) Fig Energy Demand and Peak Load Fig Energy Demand by Category Fig Monthly Maximum Peak Load Fig Monthly Minimum Peak Load Fig Daily Load Curve recorded in terms of Monthly Maximum Figure (FY2004/ /06) Fig Daily Load Curve on 3 Dec Fig Daily Load Curve on 8 Dec Fig Maximum Daily Load Curve on 12 Jan Fig Reservoir Operation of Kulekani I Fig Yearly Generation (2001/ /06) Fig Ratio of Generation at 2005/ Fig Consumers by Categories Fig Energy Demand and the Number of Consumers Fig Available Energy and Peak Load Fig Comparison of Energy Demand Forecast between NEA and JICA Fig Capacity of Generation and Peak Load Fig Transmission System: End of Year 2018/ Fig Daily Load Curve (12 Jan. 2006) Fig Load Duration Curve (12 Jan. 2006) Fig Yearly Load Duration Curve (2004/05 and 2005/06) Fig Daily Load and Duration Curve on 2013/ Fig Existing Transmission System Fig Transmission Scheme of the Upper Seti Project Fig Frequency Variation Fig Power Flow Map (8 December 2004, 18:26) Fig Voltage Fluctuation xviii -

27 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Fig Daily Load Curve Expected Fig Transmission System at End of Year Fig Location Map of the Meteorological Stations and Gauging Stations in the Seti River and Surrounding Basin Fig Isohyetal Map of the Seti River and Surrounding Basin Fig Trend of Generated Average Annual River Discharge at the Dam Site Fig Double Mass Curve of the Sum of Precipitations at No. 815 Station and River Discharge at No. 430 Station ( ) Fig Double Mass Curve of the Sum of Precipitations at No. 817 Station and River Discharge at No. 438 Station ( ) Fig Rating Curve of No Gauging Station Fig Ground Profile Fig Ground Profile, Air Streamlines and Precipitation Trajectories for PMP Estimation Fig Unit Hydrograph at the Dam Site Fig Synthesis of Unit Hydrographs Fig Relation between PMF and Drainage Area for the Himalayan Basins in Nepal and India Fig Gradation Analysis Result of Bed Load Fig Gradation Analysis Result of Bed Load Fig Gradation Analysis Result of Bed Load Fig Gradation Analysis Result of Bed Load Fig Gradation Analysis Result of Bed Load Fig Gradation Analysis Result of Suspended Load Fig Trap Efficiency as Related to Capacity-Inflow ratio Fig Rating Curve of Suspended Load Concentration Fig Gradation Curve of Sediment used for Simulation Analysis Fig Riverbed Profile of Reservoir without Sediment Flushing Gates Fig Rating Curve of Suspended Load Concentration Fig Gradation Curve of Sediment used for Simulation Analysis Fig Riverbed Profile of Reservoir Simulated by NEA with HEC Fig Riverbed Profile of Reservoir with Same Conditions as HEC Fig Decrease in Effective Storage Capacity of Reservoir Fig Relation between Turnover Rate of Reservoir and Life of Reservoir Fig Reservoir Operation Curve Fig Riverbed Profile of Reservoir with Sediment Flushing Gates (FSL = EL ) xix -

28 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Fig Riverbed Profile of Reservoir with Sediment Flushing Gates (FSL = EL ) Fig Riverbed Profile of Reservoir with Sediment Flushing Gates (FSL = EL ) Fig Riverbed Profile of Reservoir with Sediment Flushing Gates (FSL = EL ) Fig Cumulative Sediment Volume in Reservoir Fig Velocity of Each Section after 72 Years Fig Rating Curve of Seti River at the RX-54 Section Fig Riverbed Profile of Reservoir with Sediment Flushing Gates (FSL = EL ) Fig Riverbed Profile of Reservoir with Sediment Flushing Gates (FSL = EL , Flushing Gates Sill = EL ) Fig Cumulative Sediment Volume in Reservoir Fig Reservoir Operation Curve without Flushing Fig Riverbed Profile of Reservoir with Sediment Flushing Gates (FSL = EL , Flushing every 2 years) Fig Riverbed Profile of Reservoir with Sediment Flushing Gates (FSL = EL , Flushing every 3 years) Fig Cumulative Sediment Volume in Reservoir Fig Revised Reservoir Operation Curve Fig Riverbed Profile of Reservoir when Sediment Flushing Operation Ends on July Fig Riverbed Profile of Reservoir when Sediment Flushing Operation Ends on July Fig Cumulative Sediment Volume in Reservoir Fig Riverbed Profile of Reservoir with 100-year Probable Flood in 36th year Fig Riverbed Profile of Reservoir with 100-year Probable Flood in 72nd year Fig Gradation Curve of Sediment used for Simulation Analysis Fig Riverbed Profile of Reservoir with Sediment Flushing Gates (FSL = EL , Gradation Curve of Fig ) Fig Cumulative Sediment Volume in Reservoir Fig Geologic Plan of Project Area Fig Geologic Map of Reservoir Area (1/3) Fig Geologic Map of Reservoir Area (2/3) xx -

29 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Fig Geologic Map of Reservoir Area (3/3) Fig Geologic Plan of Damsite Fig Geologic Section of Damsite (A-A) Fig Geologic Profile of Waterway & Powerhouse (Option-II) Fig Geologic Plan of Waterway & Powerhouse (Option-IIIb) Fig Geologic Profile of Waterway & Powerhouse (Option-IIIb) Fig Geologic Plan of Outlet of Tailrace (Option-IIIb) Fig Location Map of Investigation for Concrete Aggregate Fig Epicenter Distribution of Earthquakes of Magnitude less than Fig Epicenter Distribution of Earthquakes of Magnitude 3 to Fig Epicenter Distribution of Earthquakes of Magnitude 4 to Fig Epicenter Distribution of Earthquakes of Magnitude 5 to Fig Epicenter Distribution of Earthquakes of Magnitude 6 to Fig Epicenter Distribution of Earthquakes of Magnitude more than Fig Epicenter Distribution of Earthquakes less than 6 km in Depth Fig Epicenter Distribution of Earthquakes between 6 and 10 km in Depth Fig Epicenter Distribution of Earthquakes between 10 and 20 km in Depth Fig Epicenter Distribution of Earthquakes between 20 and 40 km in Depth Fig Epicenter Distribution of Earthquakes between 40 and 60 km in Depth Fig Epicenter Distribution of Earthquakes between 60 and 80 km in Depth Fig Epicenter Distribution of Earthquakes between 80 and 100 km in Depth Fig Epicenter Distribution of Earthquakes more than 100 km in Depth Fig Maximum Acceleration for the Return Period by Equation (1) Fig Maximum Acceleration for the Return Period by Equation (2) Fig Maximum Acceleration for the Return Period by Equation (3) Fig Maximum Acceleration for the Return Period by Equation (4) Fig Seismic Hazard Map in Nepal Fig Seismic Hazard Map in India Fig Seismic Hazard Map in Nepal Fig Results of Vollenweider Model Analysis Fig Vegetation Study Plots Location Fig Number of Plants with Different Use Values Recorded in Project Area Fig Methodologies, Expected Findings and Deliverables Fig VDCs/Municipality Affected by the Project (Group 1 and Group 2) Fig Participants from Affected Municipality/VDCs Fig Alternative Route of Transmission Line xxi -

30 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Fig General Plan of Option I Fig Waterway Section of Option I Fig Land Utilization Plan of Option I Fig General Plan of Option II Fig Waterway Section of Option II Fig Land Utilization Plan of Option II Fig General Plan of Option IIIa Fig Waterway Section of Option IIIa Fig Land Utilization Plan of Option IIIa Fig General Plan of Option IIIb Fig Waterway Section of Option IIIb Fig Land Utilization Plan of Option IIIb Fig General Plan of Option IV Fig Waterway Section of Option IV Fig Land Utilization Plan of Option IV Fig Layout Alternatives Comparison Study Flow Chart Fig Planning Flow Chart Fig How to determine the Minimum Operation Level Fig Reservoir H-V Curve Fig Image of primary energy and secondary energy estimation Fig Reservoir Operation Rule in Energy Calculation Fig Relation between the FSL and Environmental mitigation Cost Fig Example of a Gas Turbine Power Plant Fig Relation between B/C and Pmax for Option I Fig Relation between B/C and Pmax for Option II Fig Relation between B/C and Pmax for Option IIIa Fig Relation between B/C and Pmax for Option IIIb Fig Relation between B/C and Pmax for Option IV Fig How to determine the Minimum Operation Level Fig Relation between Pmax and B/C Fig Optimization of the Intake Water Level Fig General Plan Fig General Profile of Waterway & Powerhouse Fig Dam General Plan Fig Dam General Plan in Detail Fig Dam Profile from Upstream xxii -

31 Upgrading Feasibility Study on Upper Seti Storage Hydroelectric Project in Nepal Fig Dam Profile from Downstream Fig Dam Section Profile Fig General Plan and Profile of Diversion Tunnel Fig Relation between the Diversion Tunnel Diameter and Construction Cost Fig Relation between Coffer Dam Water level and Probable Discharge Fig Shape of Dam Excavation Fig Zone for Curtain Grouting Fig Spillway Crest Profile Fig Relation between the Flood Water Level and Spilled Discharge Fig Profile of the Chute Type Dissipater Fig Profile of the Ski-jump Type Dissipater Fig An Example of Sediment Flushing Gate in Japan Fig Discharge capacity of Sediment Flushing Gates Fig Slope Protection Plan & Section Fig Waterway Plan Profile and Section Fig Arrangement of Powerhouse and Related Tunnels Fig Details of Underground Powerhouse Fig FEM Analysis Meshes Fig Stress Distribution Fig Distressed Zone Fig Cavern Supporting System Fig Profile & Typical Section: Draft Tunnel & Tailrace Tunnel Fig (1/2) Location of Switchyard Equipment Fig (2/2) Single Line Diagram (Switchyard Equipment) Fig (1) Desk study route Fig (2) Desk study route Fig (3) Desk study route Fig (1) Final route Fig (2) Final route Fig (3) Final route Fig Typical Tower Drawing Fig Concept of Monthly Reservoir Volume (Water Level) Decision Fig How to decide Reservoir Rule Curve Fig Optimized Reservoir Operation Rule Curve Fig Reservoir Capacity Curve without Sediment and after 23 Years Fig Land Utilization Plan Fig Location of the Concrete Production Plant xxiii -