ECOLOGY TEST STUDY GUIDE

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1 ECOLOGY TEST STUDY GUIDE Name Class Living Things and the Environment (Ch. 22:1) An organism's habitat provides food, Water, shelter, and other things necessary for the organism to live, grow, and reproduce. An ecosystem includes Biotic and Abiotic factors. Abiotic factors include water, sunlight, oxygen, temperature and soil A population consists of only one Species Different populations living together make up a community Using knowledge from class and experience and the above, think of your own definition for the following VOCABULARY WORDS. After you have formed your definitions in your head, then look up the words in the book to see if you were correct. Write the definition below. While you are doing this skim all the pictures, captions, and bold words of the unit section. Ecosystem -All living and non living things interacting in an area Habitat -The place where an organism lives and provides the things the organism needs Biotic factor -A living part of an organism Abiotic factor -A non- living part of an organism Population -All the members of one species in a particular area Community -All the different populations together in an area Ecology -The study of how living things interact with each other and their environments Interactions Among Living Things (Ch. 22:3) Over time, species of organisms develop specialized adaptations and behaviors that help them to succeed in their environments. The three major types of interactions between organisms are competition, predation, and symbosis Symbiosis is a close relationship between two species. The three types of symbiotic relationships are mutualism, commensalisms and parasitism

2 Using knowledge from class and experience and the above, think of your own definition for the following VOCABULARY WORDS. After you have formed your definitions in your head, then look up the words in the book to see if you were correct. Write the definition below. While you are doing this skim all the pictures, captions, and bold words of the unit section. Niche An organism s particular role in an ecosystem or how it makes a living Competition -The struggle between organisms for the limited resources in a habitat Predation -An interaction in which one organism hunts another animal for food. Predator -A carnivore that hunts and kills other animals for food and has adaptations that help the animal catch the prey Prey -An animal which a predator feeds upon Symbiosis -A close relationship between two organisms in which al least one of the organisms benefits. Mutualism -A type of symbiosis in which both partners benefit from living together Commensalism -a relationship between two species in which one species benefits and the other isn t hurt or benefits from the relationship Parasitism -A relationship in which one organism lives in or on a host and harms it. Parasite -An organism that lives in or on a host causing harm to the host Host -An organism that provides a source of energy or a suitable environment for a virus or another organism to live Give an example of the three types of symbiotic relationships: 1. In one of our readings an owl was bringing blind snakes to its nest. The snakes get to feed on parasites and the owl stays clean. (mutualism) 2. A mosquito can take blood from another animal. The mosquito may carry a deadly virus and takes blood from the animal and the animal only gets hurt. (parasitism) 3.A bird builds a nest in a tree. The bird gets a nest, and the tree doesn t mind.

3 CHAPTER REVIEW, PAGE Be careful to answer only the numbers given! Also, read all directions from the book carefully. 1. a 2. b 4. b 5. c 6. false 7. true 8. true 9. false it s competition 10. false It s prey 11. water and sunlight are abiotic factors and plants and trees are abiotic factors 12. It uses It reached its highest point at 15 years into the research and it s lowest point at 30 years into the research 23. The deer population changed by growing until the mid point in the research than dropping dramatically 24. This may have affected the population because of the scarce food 25. Fruit fly population growth 26. Point b 27.D all of the above statements may be true 28. A approximately 320 fruit flies. Energy Flow in Ecosystems (Ch. 23:1) The energy role of an organism is that of a PRODUCER, a consumer, or a decomposer. Producers are the source of all life in an ecosystem. The four types of CONSUMERS are: o herbivores- eat plants only o carnivores- eat animals only o omnivores- eat both plants and animals o scavengers- eat things found already dead DECOMPOSERS return neutriants back into the environment, where they can be used again. A FOOD WEB shows overlapping food chains in an environment. At each level UP in an energy pyramid, there is less energy than the level lower.

4 Using knowledge from class and experience and the above, think of your own definition for the following VOCABULARY WORDS. After you have formed your definitions in your head, then look up the words in the book to see if you were correct. Write the definition below. While you are doing this skim all the pictures, captions, and bold words of the unit section. Producer An organism that can make it s own food. Consumer -An organism that obtains energy by feeding off another organism Herbivore -an animal that only eats plants Carnivore -An animal that only eats another animal Omnivore -An organism that eats plants and other animals Scavenger an animal that eats the remains of another animal Decomposer -an organism that breaks down nutrients and returns them to the soil and water food chain -A series of events in which one organism eats another food web -The pattern of overlapping food chains in an ecosystem energy pyramid -A diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web Cycles of Matter (Ch. 23:2) Matter CYCLES through an ecosystem. CARBON, OXYGEN, and NITROGEN are all matter, therefore they cycle through the ecosystem. CARBON, OXYGEN, and NITROGEN are all necessary building blocks of living things. The WATER CYCLE includes these three processes 1. evaporation 2. condensation 3. precipitation

5 ALSO, KNOW THIS! The 5 MAJOR ECOLOGY CONCEPTS: o Increased BIODIVERSITY means better chance for SUSTAINABILITY, because of species INTERDEPENDENCE. CYCLES of matter replenish natural SYSTEMS. Plant cells take in carbon dioxide and water and use the energy from sunlight to chemically change them to food (sugar) and oxygen. Look up PHOTOSYNTHESIS, p. 64, and write the Photosynthesis Equation below. Carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of sunlight, combine to create oxygen and sugar 6 co2 + 6 h2o c6h12o6 + 6o2 All cells chemically change sugar (food) and oxygen into energy required to survive. Look up RESPIRATION, p. 68, and write the Respiration Equation below. Sugar and oxygen are combined to release energy and create carbon dioxide and water. C6h12o6 + 6o2 6co2 + 6h2o + energy Energy is used by all cells to carry out functions for survival and some energy is transferred to the environment as heat. Look up ENERGY PYRAMID on p. 721 & 722. Plants transform energy from the sun into stored chemical energy by changing carbon dioxide and water into sugar (food). Plants use or store the sugar they produce to satisfy their energy needs. All organisms release the energy stored in sugar (food) through a chemical change that requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water in addition to energy. Some consumers eat plants directly (herbivores). Some consumers eat other animals (carnivores) and use the energy from the plant s sugar food that was stored in the animal s cells. Some consumers eat both plant and animal material (omnivore). Given adequate biotic and abiotic resources, an ecosystem will maintain equilibrium and continue indefinitely. Factors that affect biotic or abiotic resources such as disease, predation, climate, and pollution can change the dynamics of an ecosystem and the interdependent relationships among populations of organisms until a new equilibrium is reached. When decomposers break down the matter contained in plants and animals, the molecules of matter can be recycled through the ecosystem and used by plants to produce food or as building material for all organisms.