EVALUATION OF C02 EMISSIONS FOR GREEN CONCRETE WITH HIGH VOLUME SLAG, RECYCLED AGGREGATE, RECYCLED WATER TO BUILD ECO ENVIRONMENT

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2017, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_08_05_078 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed EVALUATION OF C02 EMISSIONS FOR GREEN CONCRETE WITH HIGH VOLUME SLAG, RECYCLED AGGREGATE, RECYCLED WATER TO BUILD ECO ENVIRONMENT Nayana A Y M.Tech Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, ACSCE, Bangalore, India S. Kavitha Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, ACSCE, Bangalore, India ABSTRACT Manufacture and using of Ordinary Portland cement used in concrete produces 0.81 tons of CO2 per 1 tons of cement. Hence several researches are focused on use of waste materials which is having cementing properties. Without compromising strength and durability of concrete, waste materials can be added as a partial replacement of cement in concrete. This decreases the consumption of cement thus reduction in carbon emission. GGBS is a byproduct, which is obtained by manufacturing of iron, which may be used as partial replacement of cement in concrete. In response to the global warming issues, green concrete for construction is an essential requirement. In the present project, an attempt is made to produce the green concrete by using the by-product GGBS, recycled aggregates and recycled water to reduce the carbon footprints. Firstly, cement is replaced by GGBFS 60%, 70%, 80% by weight and 100% recycled aggregate and 100% recycled water is used. As water is the primary requirement in the world, by using recycled water scarcity of water may be reduced and also Disposal of demolished material is a big issue. Hence recycled aggregate in concrete can be useful for environment protection. This project provides CO 2 emission for concrete prepared with ordinary Portland cement and green concrete. Key words: GGBS, Recycled Aggregate, Recycled Water, CO 2 emission Cite this Article: Nayana A Y and S. Kavitha, Evaluation of C02 Emissions for Green Concrete with High Volume Slag, Recycled Aggregate, Recycled Water to Build Eco Environment. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 2017, pp editor@iaeme.com

2 Nayana A Y and S. Kavitha 1. INTRODUCTION Green concrete is defined as the concrete with material as a partial or complete replacement for constituents of concrete such as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and the replacement materials should be waste material. Concrete which uses waste material as at least one of its components and production process does not lead to negative environmental impacts. In order to produce a green firstly cement is replaced concrete with GGBS, coarse aggregate is replaced with recycled aggregate and water is replaced with recycled water. Global warming is a big issue now a day, global warming is defined as increase in the Earth s average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon di oxide emissions, it is due to the manufacturing of cement, burning fossil fuels or from deforestation. After water, concrete is the second most consumed substance on earth. By every person on the planet, 3 tons of concrete are consumed in each year. A single industry accounts for around 5% of global carbon dioxide emissions. Cement production is growing by 2.5% annually, and is expected to rise from 2.55 billion tons in 2006 to billion tons by Cement manufacture contributes greenhouse gases both directly through the production of carbon dioxide when calcium carbonate is thermally decomposed, producing lime and carbon di oxide, and also through the use of energy, particularly from the combustion of fossil fuels. The heating of limestone releases CO 2 directly, while burning of fossil fuels to heat the kiln directly results in emissions. Calcinations CaCO 3 CaO + CO 2 MgCO 3 MgO + CO 2 Cement manufacturing is highly energy and emissions intensive because of the extreme heat required to produce it. Producing a ton of cement requires 4.7 million BTU of energy, equivalent to about 400 pounds of coals, and generates nearly a ton of CO 2. Cement production generates an average world carbon emission of 0.81kg CO 2 per kg cement produced due to calcinations of raw materials and combustion of fuels. In order to reduce the environmental hazards alternative raw materials will be used, it will reduce the emission of green house gases. Ground granulated blast furnace slag is a by-product which is obtained during the quenching of molten iron. Replacement of cement by slag is best way to produce green concrete at the same time it also reduces the CO 2 emission. Due to modernization, demolished materials are dumped in land. It is not used for any purpose; this affects the fertility of land. As per CPCB, in India, 48 million tons of solid waste is generated, out of which 14.5 million tons from construction sector. Only 3% of these wastes is utilized for embankment. Hence by using these recycled aggregates in concrete leads to environmental protection. From environmental point of view for the production of 1 ton natural aggregates, million tons of carbon emitted and for the production of 1 ton recycled aggregates, million tons of carbon is produced. When compared to natural aggregates, Recycling reduces cost by 34-41% and carbon emission by 23-28%. In order to reduce the CO 2 emission, cement is replaced with GGBS, Coarse aggregate replaced with recycled aggregate and portable water is replaced with recycled water editor@iaeme.com

3 Evaluation of C02 Emissions for Green Concrete with High Volume Slag, Recycled Aggregate, Recycled Water to Build Eco Environment 2. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION The basic components of Green Concrete is cement, GGBFS, M sand, recycled aggregate, recycled water and super plasticizer 2.1. Cement Cement is the main constituents of concrete and it act as a binding material. Ordinary Portland cement 53 grade confirming to the specifications of IS: was used. Properties of OPC 53grade are given in below table 1. Table 1 Physical properties of Ordinary Portland Cement 53grade Sl no Properties Test methods Test values 1 Specific gravity Specific gravity bottle 3.12 (IS 4031 Part-4) 2 Fineness of cement Sieve test on 90µ sieve 4% (IS : 4031 Part-1) 3 Initial setting time Vicat Apparatus 35min 4 Final setting time (IS : 4031 Part-5) 220 min 2.2. GGBFS GGBFS means ground granulated blast furnace slag is a byproduct of pig iron which is obtained by rapid quenching of slag. The chemical composition of blast furnace slag is same as cement clinker. Properties of GGBS are given in below table 2. Table 2 Properties of GGBS Sl no Properties Test values 1 Specific gravity Fineness of GGBS 2.2% 2.3. Fine Aggregate Aggregate which passes through 4.75mm sieve are called fine aggregate. The aggregates used were confirming to zone II according to IS: Properties of fine aggregates are given in below table 3. Table 3 Physical properties of fine aggregates Sl no Properties Code of reference Results 1 Specific gravity IS : (Part-3) 2 Fineness modulus IS : Bulking of sand IS : (Part-3) 7% 2.4. Coarse Aggregate Aggregate which passes through 20mm sieve and retained on 4.75mm sieve are used. The aggregates used were confirming IS 383:1970. Properties of coarse aggregates are given in below table editor@iaeme.com

4 Nayana A Y and S. Kavitha Table 4 Properties of coarse aggregate Sl no Properties Code of reference Results 1 Specific gravity IS : (Part-3) Water absorption IS : (Part-3) 0.29% 3 Fineness modulus IS : (Part 1) Impact value IS : (Part 3) Los angle abrasion IS : (Part 3) Recycled Aggregate Properties of recycled aggregates are given in below table 4. Table 5 Physical properties of recycled aggregate Sl no Properties Code of reference Results 1 Specific gravity IS : (Part-3) Water absorption IS : (Part-3) 0.31% 3 Impact value IS : (Part 3) 33.2% 4 Los angle abrasion IS : (Part 3) 35.5% 2.6. Mix Proportions for Different Mix for 1m3 Concrete 3. RESULTS Table 6 Mix proportions for different mix for 1m3 concrete Sl Materials NC Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 No 1 Cement GGBS Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate Water Super plasticizer CO 2 Emission CO 2 emission for manufacturing 1 tons of cement is 0.81 tons of CO 2. Hence in order to reduce the CO 2 emission, cement is partially replaced with waste material such as ground granulated blast furnace slag. Following table 7 describes the amount of CO 2 emission for different constituents of concrete. Table 7 CO 2 emission for different materials for 1m3 concrete Materials Quantity Emission Total emission (kg/m3) t-co2/t Cement GGBS Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Recycled aggregate super Plasticizers Portable mixer Emission Per 1m3 of concrete editor@iaeme.com

5 Evaluation of C02 Emissions for Green Concrete with High Volume Slag, Recycled Aggregate, Recycled Water to Build Eco Environment materials Ceme nt Table 8 CO2 emission for different proportions ggbs CA RA FA Wate r (ml) RW (ml) SP mix e-co 2 NC eco Mix eco Mix eco Mix eco Mix 4 Mix3 Mix 2 CO2 emission Mix Figure 1 CO2 emission for different proportions Mix 1 is normal concrete or conventional concrete which consists of ordinary Portland cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, portable water and super Plasticizer. The CO 2 emission for mix 1 is kg. In order to reduce the CO 2 emission Cement is partially replaced with GGBS, coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate and portable water with recycled water. In Mix 2 60% GGBS and 40% cement was used and CO 2 emission was 85.00kg. In Mix 3, 70% GGBS and 30% cement was used and CO 2 emission was 80.13kg. In Mix 4, 80% GGBS and 20% cement was used and CO 2 emission was 75.29kg. CO2 emissions for different mixes are given in fig CONCLUSIONS Considering the present global warming issues, need for eco materials is revolutionary requirement. Hence, in the resent investigation Cement is replaced with 60% GGBS, 70% GGBS and 80% GGBS and coarse aggregate is replaced with recycled aggregate and water is replaced with recycled water to produce the green concrete. The CO 2 emission of green concrete for 80% replacement is 36% less, 70% replacement is 32% less, 60% replacement is 28% less when compared to Normal concrete. So we concluded that 80% replacement is adoptable for the usage as the replacement of the normal concrete since there is less emission of CO editor@iaeme.com

6 Nayana A Y and S. Kavitha REFERENCES [1] Mette Glavind, Christian Munch-Peterson, Jesperr S.Damtoft, Anette Berrig, Green Conscrete in Denmark [2] Peter Duxson, John L Provis, Grant C. Luckey, Jannie S.J van Deventer, The role of inorganic polymer technology in development of green concrete, cement and concrete research, Vol 37, 2007, pp [3] Jagmeet Singh, Harpreet Singh, Rajindervir Singh, Portland Slag Cement Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag(GGBFS), IJREAS, Vol 5, issue 11, (2015), pp [4] T.Vijaya Gowri, P. Sravana, P. Srinivasa Rao, Studies On Strength Behaviour Of High Volume Of Slag Concrete, IJRET, Vol 3, issue 4, (2014), pp [5] S Kavitha and Dr T Felix Kala, Evaluation of strength behavior of SCC using alccofine and GGBS as partial replacement of cement, Indian journal of science and technology,vol.9 (22),june 2016 pp1-4. [6] Pinal C. Khergamwala, Dr. Jagbir Singh and Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Experimental Study on Shear Behavior of Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete Beams, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(2), 2016, pp [7] V. P. Kukadia, Dr. D. N. Parekh and Prof. Dr. R.K. Gajjar, Influence of Aggregate s Treatment on Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(3), 2017, pp editor@iaeme.com