Japanese Policy and Industry Evolutions

Transcription

1 Japanese Policy and Industry Evolutions April 10, 2014 Beijing China Osami Kataoka JRAIA (The Japan Refrigeration and Air conditioning Industry Association) 1

2 CONTENTS 1. GHG Emission in Japan 2 2. Japanese Policy Evolution 3. Performance Study 4. Risk Assessment Projects 5. Commercialization 6. Implementation Acts 7. Summary

3 BAU 1.1 Japanese Fluorinated GHG emission Refrigerant will dominate fluorinated GHG emission in BAU. 60 Mt-CO2eq. 50 PFC SF Semiconductor Propellant & MDI Fire extinguish Foam Refrigerant HFC produce Byproduct HFC23

4 Mt (CO 2 eq.) Kt (weight) 1.2 Japanese CFC, HCFC &HFC Consumption JFMA published data CFC HCFC HFC 10 0 Most of HFC refrigerants are introduced to phase out ODS. It also reduced GHG emission significantly, but this aspect is neglected in Kyoto protocol.

5 Total GHG Emission in Japan 1,600 Mt-CO2eq. 1, ,200 1, SF6 PFC HFC N2O CH4 CO Most of emission is CO 2. Energy efficiency is another the key.

6 2.1 Scope of Conventional Law Recovery at end of life is focused. 6 Refrigerator Air conditioner Manufacturers of HFCs HFCs Insulation Dust blowers Manufacturers of products containing HFCs Users of products Supermarkets Approved recyclers Approved destructors Recovery and destruction of fluorinated gases at decomissioning. Registered installers/ recovery operators Scope of Conventional Law 6

7 Recovered Weight (t) 2.2 Recovery under Conventional Laws 7 Significant amount is recovered, but recovery ratio is around 30% and is not rapidly growing EOL Auto HFC EOL Auto CFC Fridge Insulation Fridge Ref EOL Residential AC EOL AC&R Repair Other AC&R EOL

8 8 2.3 Direction of the measures on Fluorinated GHGs Concerns 1. Projected rapid increase of HFC emission 2. Significant leakage during operation 3. Low rate of recovery 4. Technical development and commercialization of low- GWP/non-fluorocarbon products 5. Global movement of strengthening the regulations on high-gwp fluorocarbons Measures Comprehensive measures are required over the lifecycle from production of fluorocarbons to disposal, in addition to recovery/destruction under conventional law. Added Points 1. Promote equipment with low-gwp/nonfluorocarbon (conversion by OEMs) 2. Phase-down of fluorocarbons (supply reduction by gas producers/importers) 3. Prevent leak of fluorocarbon from commercial air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment in use (management by users) 4. Charge by registered operators and recycling by licensed operators etc. Revised law promulgation (June 2013) Implementation measures will be effective from April 2015

9 2.4 Scope of the New Framework Law New regulation encompasses whole life cycle. 9 (1) Phase-down HFCs (2) Promote low GWP products Refrigerator Air conditioner Low GWP HFCs Non-FC Refrigerant Products with alternatives Manufacturers of HFCs HFCs Insulation Dust blowers Manufacturers of products containing HFCs Users of products Supermarkets Approved recyclers Promotion of recycling Periodical check Maintenance Report of leakage (3) Prevent leakage from commercial equipment Approved destructors Recovery and destruction of fluorinated gases at decomissioning. Registered installers/ recovery operators Scope of Conventional Law 9

10 Ratio of R410A % 3.1 Performance Evaluation Various studies are carried out by Results are available on internet. Following is evaluation results of JRAIA kW RAC (COP=4.5) Size Ref-Amount Cost GWP R410A 2088 R290 3 R290 Safety 3 CO yf 4 R32/yf 20/ R32/yf 50/ R32/yf 74/ R32 675

11 GWP*Ref-AmountSize Cost Ref.-Amount % (Ratio of R410A) 3.2 Blend Evaluation 11 GWP 150 is a milestone in the EU F-gas, but the blend of R32/1234yf with GWP 150 gives the worst result. Difference in total effect [refrigerant charge x GWP] is not so large with GWP more than kW RAC (COP=4.5) Size Ref-Amount Cost GWP*Ref-Amount R32/1234yf R32-Concentration wt% GWP

12 3.3 Blend Evaluation 12 Performance drops are caused by heat transfer deterioration in blend. 1) Average condensing heat transfer coefficient 2) Average evaporating heat transfer coefficient R32-R1234ze(E) blend [R32 mass%] R32-R1234ze(E) blend [R32 mass%] Source:Akio Miyara et.al. Proeedings from 46 th The society of Heating, Air-Conditioning Sanitary Engineers of Japan (2012)

13 3.4 TEWI & LCCP for refrigerant choice 13 Simple GWP reduction may adversely affect on Climate Change. Energy efficiency of refrigerant is another key factor to choose refrigerant. 1234yf 32/ R290 (sec) CO2 410A H 410A LCCP Comparison Energy use End of life release Leak

14 3.5 EER in the Australian Market 14 Choice of Efficient refrigerant is necessary!

15 3.6 Possible next generation refrigerants 15 High temp. Residential HP water heater R410A CO 2 Commercial HP water heater CO 2 /etc Mid. Temp. Low temp. Residential A/C R410A R32/etc Home refrigerator Auto A/C R134a R1234yf Light Commercial R410A,R407C R32/etc Commercial refrigerated cabinet Multi A/C Bldg. R410A,R407C (refrigerant management) Screw, Chiller R410A R134a R1234ze/etc Centrifugal R134a R123 R1234ze/etc Refrigerated warehouse 0 R134a HC R404A R410A,CO 2 /etc R22 NH 3 NH 3 /CO 2 Capacity Ultra-low temp. equipment R22/R23 (Air)/etc 1KW 10KW 100KW 1000KW

16 4.1 Risk Assessment National A2L Refrigerant Assessment Project started in Safety and performance (property) evaluation JRAIA is assessing the flammability risk from 2011, because 1234yf appeared. Japan Society of Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, JSRAE 16 Secretary:JSRAE Chair: Prof. Hihara Sub: Fujimoto Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, JAMA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association, JRAIA Risk Assessment Working Group for A2L refrigerant Mini-Split Sub WG VRV Sub WG Chiller Sub WG The University of Tokyo Tokyo University of Science, Suwa Kyushu University National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Observers -NEDO -METI Mini-Split Sub WG II Refrigeration Sub WG

17 4.2 Safety- Flammability 17 R32 is excellent refrigerant, but it had not been used, since it is flammable. Ammonia is flammable, but it does not require anti-explosion provisions in many regulations and standards, such as ASHRAE 15 in the US and the high pressure safety regulation in Japan. In order to categorize similar substances into the same flammability class, 2L classification was established in ISO817. R32 is in this class as well as R1234yf and ze with low toxicity. In Japan, R32 is not categorized as flammable gas (explosive gas) in the general high pressure gas safety law, but 1234yf and ze. After various tests and assessments in Japan, many manufacturers started using R32 in residential air conditioners. Besides Japan, Other countries like India, Australia, Europe, China started using R32.

18 4.3 Risk Assessment Results The JRAIA WG conducted and conducting risk assessments of flammability of R32 with various type of products. Risk should be below 10-9 level for residential products. The risk is acceptable for mini-split ACs. Further studies are ongoing for larger units. The reports are available. The major results will be presented at the Kobe symposium in November Stage Risk : Ignition probability R32 (final) Judgment Reference R290 Logistic Acceptable ~ Installation Acceptable ~ Using Acceptable ~ Servicing Acceptable ~ Disposal Acceptable ~

19 5.1 Commercialization of R32 19 Indoor Unit Outdoor Unit More than 1 million mini-splits with R32 have been sold in Japan by last October Daikin, Panasonic, Mitsubishi Electric, Hitachi, Sharp, Corona and Fujitsu General commercialized mini-split air-conditioners with R32. Three companies almost phased out R410A already from mass-produced mini-splits. Light commercial air conditioners with R32 sales also started. Reduction of GHG consumption is estimated to be 3Mt or more in FY2014.

20 5.2 Commercialization of non-fc refrigerant 20 SANDEN CO2 vending machines Panasonic CO2 Refrigeration Display cabinet MAYEKAWA Air Refrigeration System ultra-low temperature ( ) TOYO Engineering Works CO2/NH 3 Secondary Refrigerant Circulation System Issues of non-fc Refrigerant Safety (Flammability,Toxicity) Performance (Low energy efficiency) Cost (High pressure, Compatibility) Some products are already on the market other than air cooled AC/HP, but they are not yet popular because of many challenges.

21 6. 1 Draft Implementing Acts 21 Product category Target Year Target GWP Residential Split AC/HP excluding floor mounted and multi-split. Light Commercial split AC/HP up to around 20 kw capacity excluding floor mounted, multi-split and commercial kitchen use equipment Refrigeration equipment (Several options, Cost and performance issue) To be determined according to the risk assessments results. FY FY Under discussion (FY2025 GWP????) Target GWP has to be achieved any manufacture or importer except SMEs in simple weighted average GWP. [ (GWP 1 x n 1 +GWP 2 x n 2 )/(n 1 +n 2 ) ] Phase down schedule of HFC supply will be determined according to these restrictions in use. [ Bottom Up Approach ] -

22 6.2 Outline of Risk Assessment Plans 22 Basic Research Mini-Split VRF Chiller Other FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 FY2015 Residential Commercial, Multi Report GHP, Refrigeration equipment Risk Assessment will conclude by the end of FY2014 for more complicated and larger AC products refrigeration. For GHP and refrigeration equipment it will finish in FY2015. Implementation measures on these products will follow soon.

23 7. Summary 23 HFC emission is increasing and would be dominant in BAU scenario. Conventional Law achieved significant recovery scheme, but not sufficient to mitigate HFC emission significantly. The New Framework Law to mitigate HFC emission was promulgated in June The Performance study suggests R32 is the best option for air cooled AC/HP. The risk assessment of JRAIA indicates the risk of mini-splits is acceptable level. It will be presented in November.. ( ) R32 is commercialized in Japan in mass. Non-FC refrigerants are also commercialized various applications other than air conditioning, but not yet popular. Implementing Acts of the New Framework Law are going to be established to require GWP 750 in average in mini-split and light commercial splits.

24 24 End Thank you for your attention!