Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Efficiency based on DEA Model: Empirical Analysis of Efficiencies of Regions, Provinces and Anhui

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1 Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Efficiency based on DEA Model: Empirical Analysis of Efficiencies of Regions, Provinces and Anhui Abstract Xueyun Chen, Changming Cheng School of Economics and Management, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou , China This paper built the measure model of agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency and evaluation index system according to statistical data. On basis of evaluation of total efficiency of agricultural science and technology innovation in China, this paper measured the agricultural science and technology innovation efficiencies of eastern China, western China and central China, provinces and Anhui and results show that total efficiency of agricultural science and technology innovation in China is not high and agricultural science and technology innovation resource allocation and output ability per unit input should be further enhanced. Efficiencies of eastern China, western China and central China present obvious high-low gradient feature. Anhui agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency is above the average and presents fall-rise-fall horizontal S shape during investigation period. From the efficiency decomposition, the increase in technical efficiency of Anhui agricultural science and technology innovation is mainly driven by scale efficiency and restricted by pure technical efficiency. Agricultural science and technology innovation efficiencies of cities in Anhui have time-space difference but have risen generally. Keywords: Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation, Regions, Provinces, Anhui. 1. INTRODUCTION Because increase of agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency is of great significance to promoting agricultural scientific and technological progress and industrial growth and achieving sustainable agricultural development, many scholars have carried out research on agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency. Some scholars measured China s agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency by Malmquist index approach and compared agricultural science and technology innovation efficiencies of 30 provinces, direct-controlled municipalities and autonomous regions (Zhang et al., 2011). Yang Chuanxi et al. made the analysis from agro-ecological zones and found that the technical efficiency of agricultural science and technology resources has time-space difference. Efficiency level of key subject of agricultural science and technology innovation directly affects the development level of agricultural science and technology innovation. Some scholars measured the transformation efficiency of agricultural science and technology innovation achievements and discovered that total transformation efficiency is not high, meanwhile different transformation subjects have differences in efficiency level, and public research institutions have high and stable transformation efficiency and play a leading role in agricultural science and technology achievements. This paper interpreted agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency based on Shephard distance function and Farrell efficiency. Agricultural resource allocation efficiency means how to distribute limited economic resources by different production units, regions or industries to make production input resources allocated in the best use aspects and directions and maximize the effectiveness of economic resources. The research results of this paper help to promote agricultural science and technology innovation. 2. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS 2.1 Establishment of index system This paper adheres to representative and comprehensive principle and refers to research achievements of some scholars when building the agricultural science and technology innovation measure indexes. Input index selects 108

2 agricultural science and technology innovators, full-time equivalent R&D persons and total R&D expenditure; output index selects domestic patents granted, technical market turnover and total output of farming, forestry, husbandry and fishing. This paper evaluates agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency by DEA model and it is required that DMUs shall not be less than the sum of input and output indexes and not be more than 3 times of the sum. Table 1 Selection of Indexes of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Efficiency Index category Index selection Unit Description Input index Output index X 1 X 2 X 3 Y 1 Y2 Y 3 Agricultural science and technology innovators Full-time equivalent R&D persons Total R&D expenditure Domestic patents granted Technical market turnover Total output of farming, forestry, husbandry and fishing Person Man-year RMB ten thousand Copy RMB one hundred million RMB one hundred million Use agricultural technicians of public economic, enterprise and public institutions Use full-time equivalent R&D persons Replaced by Total internal R&D expenditure One of indexes of science and technology innovation achievements Reflect the transformation ability of agricultural science and technology innovation achievements and measure output value Total output index of farming, forestry, husbandry and fishing converted into constant price with 2014 as base period According to evaluation principles and index requirements of DEA model, this paper selected a decade of data of 30 provinces in China (the data come from China Statistical Yearbook and China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology) and acquired 1,800 sets of statistical data of 6 indexes and Table 2 shows the descriptive statistics of sample data in details. Table 2 Descriptive statistical Analysis of Samples ( ) Variable X 1 X 2 X 3 Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Minimum Maximum Average Standard deviation Data sources: sorting according to China Statistical Yearbook and China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology 2.2 Analysis of total efficiency We calculated agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency of each DMU of China with DEAP2.1 software based on above model, obtained agricultural science and technology innovation efficiencies of 30 provinces in China and decomposed technical efficiency (TE) of agricultural science and technology innovation into pure technical efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE), of which TE=PTE SE. PTE is to evaluate production capacity under certain input and agricultural science and technology innovation input resource allocation, technological progress and management of DMUs; SE reflects the development scale of agricultural science and technology innovation of provinces. Calculation results are shown in Table 3. Table 3 China s Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Efficiency and Decomposition ( ) 109

3 Efficiency TE PTE SE Year Mean value Data source: the same as that of Table 2. According to Table 3, average TE, PTE and SE of China s agricultural science and technology innovation during investigation period are 0.727, and respectively. Generally speaking, agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency is not high. In view of time, TE rises constantly and average TE from 2006 to 2015 is 0.727, with the maximum and minimum points in 2015 (0.795) and 2009 (0.675). In view of efficiency decomposition, PTE of China s agricultural science and technology innovation is on top and SE and TE follow. PTE is rising because China attaches importance to the development of agricultural industry. Promote the development of agricultural science and technology innovation through macro policy guidance, research project inclination, innovation environment construction, cultivation of agricultural technicians, and so on, to increase the efficiency of agricultural resource allocation led by technology (Zhang et al., 2017). 2.3 Analysis of regional efficiency With a vast territory, China has a big imbalance in regional economy's development level and agricultural development degree. This paper contrasted and researched the agricultural science and technology innovation efficiencies of east China, central China and west China by reference to classification of Statistical Yearbook and showed results in Table 4. Table 4 Average Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Efficiencies of Major Three Regions of China ( ) Year Mean value Eastern region Central region Western region Nationwide Data source: the same as that of Table 2. According to Table 4, average agricultural science and technology innovation efficiencies of major three regions of China are 0.827, and respectively, presenting obvious gradient feature. There is high such efficiency of eastern region, low such efficiency of western region and lower such efficiency of central region decline. According to regional difference range, the agricultural science and technology innovation level of eastern region is significantly higher than the level of central and west regions and national average level (except being surpassed by the level of western region in 2014), overall change range is small and slow, with the maximum point of in 2007 and 2015 and minimum point of in 2006, having a difference of 3.97%. The agricultural science and technology innovation level of central region is always lowest and lower than the levels in western and eastern regions and national average level, presenting fluctuant rise, with the minimum point of 110

4 0.535 in 2009 and maximum point of in Both overall efficiency and annual efficiency are relatively low. Central provinces should further promote to increase the agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency and promote the upgrade of agricultural industry. During investigation period, increase range and trend of western region were obvious. Compared to total efficiency of China s agricultural science and technology innovation, western region ever surpassed economically and technically developed eastern region changed from backward state thanks to west development strategy and the Belt and Road Initiative, besides, with the addition of technical support from eastern region, increase trend of agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency in western region is more favorable [10]. 2.4 Analysis of provincial efficiency From above analysis results, it can be seen that China s agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency has obvious time-space and regional difference, and to explore the difference of agricultural science and technology innovation efficiencies of provinces and degree, this paper carried out differentiation research on agricultural science and technology innovation efficiencies of provinces in China and specific results are shown in Table 5. Table 5 Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Efficiencies of Provinces in China ( ) Year Mean value Beijing Tianjin Hebei Shanxi Inner Mongolia Liaoning Jilin Heilongjiang Shanghai Jiangsu Zhejiang Anhui Fujian Jiangxi Shandong Henan Hubei Hunan Guangdong Guangxi Hainan Chongqing Sichuan Guizhou Yunnan Shaanxi Gansu

5 Qinghai Ningxia Xinjiang Nationwide Data source: the same as that of Table 2. Above data show that Beijing, Zhejiang, Guangdong and Hainan have realized DEA efficiency of agricultural science and technology innovation resource allocation and they are in efficiency production frontier, and provinces with DEA efficiency account for 13.33% of all provinces and are in the eastern region. Unit output of four provinces needs low capital, labor, technology and other inputs and their efficiency of resource allocation is optimal. Table 6 Distribution of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Efficiencies of Provinces in China Agricultural science and technology Provinces Quantity innovation efficiency Beijing, Zhejiang, Guangdong and Hainan 4 ( ) Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang 11 [ ] Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Jiangxi, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Shaanxi and Ningxia 15 Data source: sorting according to average efficiency of agricultural science and technology innovation. Table 6 shows that 11 provinces such as average efficiencies of agricultural science and technology innovation in Shanghai, Jiangsu and Anhui are in and above the average. For economically developed cities represented by Shanghai, Jiangsu and Fujian, although the proportion of agricultural output value of gross output does not reach the average, but because of social and economic environment, development of scientific research, professionals and other advantages, they make relatively high agricultural science and technology innovation resource allocation, of which, Shanghai realized DEA efficiency from 2006 to 2013 and Jiangsu was also in DEA efficiency stage from 2011 to 2012; agricultural science and technology innovation efficiencies of 15 provinces such as Tianjin, Hebei and Shanxi are lower than national average level of 0.727, accounting for half of all provinces, of which Shanxi has the lowest agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency of Hence, it should adjust the resource investment structure, quality and quantity, and appropriately reduce or increase agricultural science and technology innovation resource investment according to difference in actual scale efficiency to increase the agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency level. Table 7 Distribution of agricultural science and technology innovation efficiencies of provinces in China Efficiency Quantity Efficiency Quantity Efficiency Quantity ( ) 5 ( ) 8 ( ) 11 [ ] 18 [ ] 13 [ ] 15 Table 7 shows that the proportion of provinces with above-average agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency from 2007 to 2015 is increased to 56.67% from 40%, indicating that China s agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency develops in good way generally. The efficiency results clearly show that Anhui agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency is above the average and ranks the fourteenth in all provinces. Anhui efficiency presents fall-rise-fall horizontal S shape during investigation period, with the minimum value of in 2009 and maximum value of in But even above the average, for Anhui, big agricultural province, how to give full play to rise of central China, Yangtze River Delta strategy and other 112

6 policy advantages and increase agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency is the key to solve three rural issues, get out of middle-income trap and escalate socioeconomic status. Data source: sorting according to average efficiency of agricultural science and technology innovation. 3. ANHUI EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENTS 3.1 Specifications of index system For the purpose of more detailed development status of Anhui agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency, take cities in Anhui as decision-making units of efficiency evaluation and build Anhui agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency model. In view of availability of data index, extending above agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency index system, and lack of indexes of agricultural science and technology innovation of cities in Anhui, this paper carried out the conversion according to the proportion of Anhui agricultural science and technology innovators of total agricultural science and technology innovators to form the input-output index system of Anhui agricultural science and technology innovation. Table 8 is data descriptive statistical table. Table 8 Descriptive Statistical Analysis of Samples ( ) Variable X 1 X 2 X 3 Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Minimum Maximum Average Standard deviation Data sources: sorting according to China Statistical Yearbook and China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology 3.2 Efficiency analysis We calculated agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency of each DMU of Anhui with DEAP2.1 software based on above model, and obtained agricultural science and technology innovation efficiencies of 16 cities during investigation period, including technical efficiency (TE), pure technical efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE) (as shown in Table 9 and 10). Table Average Efficiencies of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation of Cities in Anhui City TE PTE SE Hefei Huaibei Bozhou Suzhou Bengbu Fuyang Huainan Chuzhou Lu an Maanshan Chizhou Anqing Huangshan Average Data source: the same as that of Table

7 According to Table, it can be seen that TE, average PTE and average SE of Anhui agricultural science and technology innovation during investigation period are 0.828, and respectively, indicating that Anhui agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency is not high overall and agricultural science and technology innovation resources should be adjusted. According to these three efficiencies, the increase in TE of Anhui agricultural science and technology innovation is mainly driven by SE and restricted by PTE, indicating that system operation efficiency and management level is poor during the development process of Anhui agricultural science and technology innovation and these aspects should be valued during future development process. And there is certain difference in efficiencies of cities. From the efficiency difference of cities, Hefei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Lu an and Wuhu reach DEA efficiency during investigation period, accounting for 37.50% of all cities in Anhui. These six cities have reasonable input-output ratio of agricultural science and technology innovation and optimal efficiency. Table 10 Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Efficiencies of Cities in Anhui ( ) City Hefei TE PTE SE RTS TE PTE SE RTS TE PTE SE RTS Unchanged Unchanged Unchanged Huaibei Ascending Ascending Ascending Bozhou Unchanged Unchanged Unchanged Suzhou Unchanged Unchanged Unchanged Bengbu Unchanged Unchanged Unchanged Fuyang Unchanged Decreasing Unchanged Huainan Ascending Ascending Ascending Chuzhou Decreasing Decreasing Decreasing Lu an Unchanged Unchanged Unchanged Maanshan Decreasing Ascending Decreasing Chizhou Ascending Ascending Unchanged Anqing Ascending Decreasing Decreasing Huangshan Ascending Ascending Ascending Average Data source: the same as that of Table 8. According to Table 10, we can see that Anhui agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency has timespace difference. Average TE, PTE and SE of 16 cities in Anhuiwere 0.795, and respectively in 2013 and 0.829, and respectively in 2015, presenting reversed U-shape development trend and rising overall. From the regional difference, there is a big difference in agricultural science and technology innovation efficiencies of cities in Anhui, specifically speaking, Hefei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Bengbu, Lu an and Wuhu are in efficiency production frontiers, and reach DEA efficiency in agricultural science and technology innovation resource allocation, and cities with DEA efficiency accounts for 37.50%; Lu an and Bozhou have top-ranking agricultural output value and high relative input-output efficiency, have realized optimal resource allocation and are in effective status during investigation period. 4. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY SUGGESTIONS Agricultural science and technology innovation efficiencies in eastern China, western China and central China present obvious high-low gradient feature and main reasons are: eastern region has advantages of good location, strong economic strength, many agricultural scientific research institutions, universities, enterprises, etc. gathered, solid development foundation and quite perfect agricultural science and technology innovation system; regional conditions and economic condition of central region have limited agricultural science and technology innovation ability, so the innovation efficiency is lower than that of eastern region; relatively high level of agricultural science and technology innovation of western region benefits from its high primary marginal efficiency. To increase total efficiency of agricultural science and technology innovation, people should optimize the innovation foundation and environment, internalize technical conditions and lay emphasis on long-term development. PTE imposes restrictions during investigation period according to decomposition of TE of agricultural science and technology innovation. From situations of cities in Anhui, Xuancheng, Tongling and other cities have lower PTE and must 114

8 conduct mechanism innovation for optimization, transformation and upgrading of agricultural structure. Chizou, Huangshan and other cities must enhance SE to realize the industrial transformation and increase input into innovation elements and allocate resources properly. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research has been financed by The Humanities and Social Science Major Research Base Project in 2014 of Anhui Research on the Agricultural Industrialization Operating System of Jianghuai Watershed Area (SK2014A061) and The Soft Science Research Project of Anhui Research on the Innovation System of Agricultural Science and Technology under the Action of Adjusting structure, transferring mode and promoting development in Anhui (1607a ). REFERENCE Bednarz A. (2007). Evaluating the effectiveness on integrating agricultural science and technology with algebra I on the Texas assessment of knowledge and skills mathematics test, International Journal of Clinical Practice, 68(2), Cooper W.W., Seiford L.M., Tone K. (2007). Data envelopment analysis: A comprehensive text with models, applications, references and DEA-solver software, 2nd ed. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. Farrell M.J. (1957). The measurement of productive efficiency, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (General), 120(3), Hao H., Zheng P., Zong J.F. (2009). Judgment criterion of scale income based on C2R model decision unit, Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, (6), Shen H.F., Liao X.Y., Chen J.F., et al. (2008). Efficiency evaluation of agricultural scientific research institutions and analysis of its influencing factors -- a case study of agricultural scientific research institutions in Sichuan, China Science and Technology Forum, (10), Shephard R.W. (1970). Theory of Cost and Production Functions, Princeton: Princeton University Press, Xiao X., Mao S.P., Sun C.F., et al. (2015). Measurement and analysis of the efficiency of transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, China Science and Technology Forum, (8), Yang C.X., Zhang J.B., Li S.M. (2011). Measurement and analysis of the technical efficiency of agricultural science and technology resources -- Based on the angle of agricultural ecological zoning, China Science and Technology Forum, (6), Zhang J., Zhang B.W. (2011). An empirical analysis of agricultural scientific and technological innovation efficiency in China based on the Malmquist index method, Progress of Science and Technology and Countermeasures, (7), Zhang L.J., Yuxi Z., Lijuan Z., et al. (2017). The effect of science and technological resources on agricultural science and technology innovation, Boletin Tecnico/technical Bulletin, 55(4),