Index. ball grid array 13, 19, 20 battery 117 Bi 52, 90, 142, 167, 169 price 90 bioavailability metals 157 bisphenol-a 7 bumping 11

Transcription

1 Index A absolute uncertainties 147 ACA 17 accuracy 96 Ag 47, 128, 148, 156, 157, 162, 163, 169, 176 price 90 resources 119 solder alloys 90 substitution 126 Ag ore 47 Ag-free adhesives 151 solder materials 128 air concentration 122 air pollution 29 air toxicity 122 alarm clock 72 ALCA 5, 6, 46, 75, 76, 77, 99, 117, 119, 121, 122, 123, 162 ALCI 5, 83, 93 allocation 27 multi-input 27 multi-output 28 alternative Pb products 85 alternative Pb use 85 attributional LCA 46, See ALCA Au 47, 55, 137, 138, 139, 146, 167, 176 B ball grid array 13, 19, 20 battery 117 Bi 52, 90, 142, 167, 169 price 90 bioavailability metals 157 bisphenol-a 7 bumping 11 C Cd 124, 134, 157 characterisation 61, 75, 139 characterisation factors 26 China vi, 2 coal usage 30 mobile phones 51 Chinese electricity mixes 141 Energy Foundation 30 PhD student 63 wisdom 145 chip scale package 19, 20 chlorofluorocarbons 43 CLCA 48, 75, 76, 80, 85, 99, 102, 117, 119, 121, 123, 124, 142, 162, 171, 173, 176 CLCI 5, 76, 78, 83, 93, 175 CMLCA 60, 61, 75, 126, 132, 145, 146 Co 133, 163 CO 2 31, 49, 55, 77, 117, 158, 162, 167, 169 comparison of adhesives 155 electricity production 119 coefficients of variation 71, 126 compatibility of Pb-free with Sn Pb 20 complementary product 85 conductive adhesives 1, 5, 55, 150 high temperature 7 conjoint analysis 45 contribution analysis 75 cost life cycle 94 social 39 Cu 128 D DALY 40, 41, 133, 134, 139, 157, 167,

2 180 Index damage category 40 factors 32 functions 43 indicator 40 oriented impact assessment method 31 damage assessment 44 damage functions 44 divinylbenzene 17 dose-response functions 44 E ECA niche usages 148 eco-efficiency 94, 95 eco-efficient recycling 74 eco-factor 95 Eco-Indicator 99 45, 46, 139 EcoLab 79 ecological destruction 94 ecomaterials 168 econometric data 117 econometrics 80 economic burdens 90 generation 94 indicators 40, 94 input-output tables 102 eco-re-design 29 ecotoxicity 166 aquatic 48, 125 elasticity 83 electrically conductive adhesive 16 electricity Pb emissions 2 production 2 usage 138 electricity usage vi electronics recycling 52 EMLCA 60, 63 end-of-life 48, 124 treatment 74 energy per Pb content 117 energy usage vi environment European 139 loadings 95 environmental accounting 32 assessment 49 assessment models 46 burden 26 cost 30, 94, 148, 171, 173 damages 29 efficiency 32 hazard 16 impact 27, 53, 99 impact assessments 176 impact category 26, 102 impact of electronics 52 impacts 121 implications of Ag substitution 148 improvement 117 load analysis 23 load of Ag 146 loadings v, 72 management 94 problems v, 41, 43 profile 168 research 142 systems vii environmentally expanded input output tables 93 EPS 54, 94 equilibrium models general 93 partial 5, 83, 93, 102 EU directive 2 Europe 12 e-waste 2, 55, 133, 156, 157, 164, 166, 169, 170, 175 exemptions due to cost and reliability concerns of Pb-free vii from Pb usage ban high-temperaturesolders 165 reason for Pb-based HMP solders 12 F functional unit 27, 48, 102, 119, 128, 165 G global resources 53 global warming 3, 24, 25, 29, 41, 43, 48, 55, 94, 117, 119, 126, 142 cost 31 gravity analysis 75 greenhouse effect v H hazard 169 Pb-free materials 166 Hg 157

3 Index 181 human health damage 48 Eco-indicator public 125 risks of Pb in landfills 170 safeguard subjects 40 stress on 24 hypothesis 119 I ICA 17 42Sn 58Bi 147, Ag 151, AlN Ni 150 illegal dumping 142 impact indicators 26 incineration 123, 142 indium 53 integrated circuit v integrated methodology 51, 54 integration 32, 44 interconnection materials 7, 171 J Japan ix, 6, 31, 32, 42, 45, 48, 72, 95, 142, 148, 165, 168, 170, 175 input output model 50 Tokyo 63 L landfill 27, 142, 171, 175 LCA quality-assured studies 72 LCA 24 free-ware 61 programs 59 scores 55 tools 70 LCA 170, 173 crucial question 167 data 60 databases 72 practice 166 programs 95 purpose of book 161 quantitative index 168 screening 177 solder paste 128 LCIA 25, 46, 61, 72, 175 leachability 52, 169 Pb-free solders 164 leaching Al 157 life cycle assessment 23 impact assessment 25 impact assessment 31 interpretation 25 inventory 25 LIME vii, 7, 31, 39, 40 46, 48, 54, 60, 94, 95, 99, 119, 121, 126, 132, 133, 137, 139, 141, 148, 155, 157, 158, 170, 173, 174, 175, 176 limit values 122 M marginal application 84 data 83 Pb usage 119 production technologies 84 technology 77 material consumption 53 content declarations 73 flow analysis 46 mathematical framework 25 MATLAB 142, 148 melting point 15 metal fillers 7 spheres for ball grid arrays 19, 20 microcircuit 20 mini disc player 50 Monte Carlo simulation 60, 126 N nano materials 177 metal alloy spheres 15 particles 75 particles of Pb-free 18 NCA 18 Ni 150 nitrogen oxides 124 NOAEL 169 normalisation 26 factors 26, 40 null hypothesis 139

4 182 Index O ore-tmr 147, 177 own-price elasticities mathematical definition 78 ozone layer depletion 43 P partial equilibrium modeling 77 passive materials 1 Pb vi, 90, 169 air emissions 125 emissions 141, 166 leaching 163 supply 85 uses 1 PBA 2, 52, 80, 151, 158 Pb-free vii, 11, 48, 117, 161, 166, 170, 173 design 70 high-melting-point solders 7 Japan 51 solders 2, 170 Pd 167 plating materials 139 precision 96 price elastic price inelastic price sensitive demand 88 printed board assembly vi, 122, 124, 126, 138, 156, 164, 168 printed wiring board vi, 102, 137, 138, 139 probability density functions 151 productivity resource 168 PWB 12 Q quad flad pack thin 19 quad flat pack 49, 138 replaced by flip-chip 49 questionnaire 45, 74 R recycling 168 Ag 121 resource issues 3 risk assessments 171 RoHS vi, 51 Pb ban vii S scope 25 sensitivity 28, 95 sensitivity analysis 75 SimaPro 60, 141 compared to EcoLab 60 sensitivity analysis 95 uncertainty analysis 96 simulation 138 Simulink 142 SMT interconnection 54 Sn 122, 134, 137, 147, 167, 169 markets 85 mining cycle 166 price 162 SO 2 122, 158 solar cell 117 solder 10Sn 90Pb Sn 58Bi Sn 37Pb 12 alloy consumption 4 life cycle 3, 117 low-temperature 15, 134, 175 Pb-free 13 solder paste 48, 122, 128, Sn 58Bi Sn 36Pb 2Ag Sn 37Pb 19, Sn 3.8Ag 0.7Cu 48, 93, 119, 121, 123, 126, 128, 132, 162 solder-free alternatives 18 sustainability 52 system boundaries 48 system expansion 76 T tables input output 93 TCLP 52, 169 theories 171 TMR 167 calculations 145 top-down approach 40 total threshold limit concentration test 133

5 Index 183 toxic potential indicator 51 Ag 51 toxicity human 133, 157 indicators 122 metals 163 Pb compared to Ag 169 substance 168 t-test 126, 132, 134, 148, 167, 176 U uncertainty 31, 71, 97 weighting factor 130 uncertainty analysis 75 unit elastic W waste extraction test 133 waste management 85 WEEE vi, 51 weighting factors 27, 121 Z Zn 133 toxicity 134