Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences 17

Transcription

1 Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences 17 Co-ordinating Editor: B. Yaron, Bet-Dagan Editors: E.Bresler, Bet-Dagan, G.W. Thomas, Lexington L. D. Van Vleck, Ithaca

2 Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences Volumes already published in the series Volume 1: A. P. A. Vink Land Use in Advancing Agriculture Volume 2: H. Wheeler Plant Pathogenesis Volume 3: R. A. Robinson Plant Pathosystems Volume 4: H. C. Coppel, J. W. Mertins Biological Insect Pest Suppression Volume 5: J. J. Hanan, W. D. Holley, K. L. Goldsberry Greenhouse Management Volume 6: J. E. Vanderplank Genetic and Molecular Basis of Plant Pathogenesis Volume 7: J. K. Matsushima Feeding Beef Cattle Volume 8: R. J. Hanks, G. L. Ashcroft Applied Soil Physics Volume 9: J. Pa/ti Cultural Practices and Infectious Crop Diseases Volume 10: E. Bresler, B. L. McNeal, D. L. Carter Saline and Sodic Soils Volume 11: J. R. Parks A Theory of Feeding and Growth of Animals Volume 12: J. Hagin, B. Tucker Fertilization of Dryland and Irrigated Soils Volume 13: A. J. Koolen, H. Kuipers Agricultural Soil Mechanics Volume 14: G. Stanhill Energy and Agriculture Volume 15: E. A. Curl, B. Truelove The Rhizosphere Volume 16: D. P. Doolittle Population Genetics: Basic Principles Volume 17: A. Feigin, 1. Ravina, J. Shalhevet Irrigation with Treated Sewage Effluent Volume 18: D. Gianola, K. Hammond Advances in Statistical Methods for Genetic Improvement of Livestock

3 A. Feigin I. Ravina J. Shalhevet Irrigation with Treated Sewage Effluent Management for Environmental Protection With 46 Figures and 66 Tables Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona

4 Dr. AMOS FEIGIN Institute of Soils and Water ARO, The Volcani Center P.O. Box 6 Bet-Dagan , Israel Prof. Dr. ISRAELA RA VINA Faculty of Agricultural Engineering The Technion Haifa, Israel Dr. JOSEPH SHALHEVET Institute of Soils and Water ARO, The Volcani Center P.O. Box 6 Bet-Dagan , Israel ISBN-13: DO!: / e-isbn- I 3: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Feigin, A. (Amos), Irrigation with treated sewage effluent : management for environmental protection / A. Feigin, I. Ravina, J. Shalhevet. p. cm. --(Advanced series in agricultural sciences ; 17) Includes index. 1. Sewage irrigation. I. Ravina, I. (Israela) 11. Shalhevet, Joseph Title. TD760.F '623--dc This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permiued under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1991 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. 31/3145(3011) Printed on acid-free paper

5 Preface The growing volume of municipal wastewater resulting from the rapidly increasing world's urban population creates severe environment al and health hazards, such as uncontrolled flows of sewage-polluting surface and groundwaters, soil, and agrieultural products. Different technologies have been developed to prevent this type of environmental degradation, among which the use of land as a living filter for removing pollutants from wastewater is especially popular. This technology, which is based on the soil-vegetation complex, is a viable, environmentally sound and costeffective method for the disposal of wastewater. Irrigation is one of the main land treatment approaches, and as other land treatment methods (e.g. infiltration-percolation), it is considered an efficient method of waste disposal. Numerous publications provide information on different components of existing sewage disposal systems. However, wastewater should also be seen as an alternative source of irrigation water, especially in dry regions, where reclaimed wastewater is sometimes the only source of irrigation water for agricultural development. The increasing use of sewage effluent for irrigation is documented in many relevant publications, many of which are reviewed and diseussed in this book. The present volume describes the main components of effluent-soilplant systems necessary for the development of appropriate irrigationfertilization-cropping management systems and cites representative case histories recorded in Israel and elsewhere. Comprehensive information has been provided on the following topics: (1) sourees, treatment methods and properties of treated sewage effluent; (2) the main processes of different effluent constituents (e.g. salt, nutrients, trace elements, organisms) in soil-plant systems; (3) irrigation and fertilization management; and (4) irrigation systems for effluent irrigation. The objective of the book is to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the principles and practices of using sewage effluent for irrigation. Although all aspects of irrigation management are diseussed, special attention is given to the praetices required to overcome the specific limitations imposed by the quality of the water, i.e., pathogenic microorganisms, high salinity and sodicity, high nutrient eontent, and under specific circumstanees, the presence of toxie levels of microelements, organic pesticides, and suspended solids.

6 VI Preface The book is not intended to be a comprehensive scientific review of published literature related to effluent irrigation, although major contributions in this field have been cited. Naturally, we have relied heavily on the Israeli experience to provide examples and demonstrations of some of the ideas and principles. The book is intended especially for the field irrigation manager (agro~omists, engineers and farmers), but it can also be used as a general reference for students and other specialists interested in the use of sewage effluent for irrigation. The reader will find valuable information on soil and plant processes taking place in the irrigated field, and on management methods suitable for effluent irrigation. The authors greatly appreciate the help of Mrs. Shulamit Gordon for her skillful and patient typing of the manuscript. We would also like to express our appreciation to our colleagues in the Institute of Soils and Water, ARO, The Volcani Center, Israel for their constructive suggestions during the preparation of the manuscript. Summer 1990 A. FEIGIN I. RAVINA J. SHALHEVET

7 Contents Chapter1 Introduction 1 Chapter2 Sourees, Treatment Processes and Uses of Sewage Effluent. 2.1 Sources of Sewage Water 2.2 Composition of Raw Sewage. 2.3 Principal Treatment Methods Considerations in Selecting Treatment Level Primary Treatment Methods Secondary Treatment Methods Disinfection Advanced Wastewater Treatment 2.4 Reuse and Disposal of Sewage Effluent and Sludge Reuse of Effluent Sludge Disposal Land Treatment of Sewage Effluent: Approaches, Systems and Methods Integrating Treated Sewage Effluent in the Overall Water Resources Storage of Treated Effluent Properties of Secondary Effluent Introduction : Salinity and Sodicity of Effluents Macronutrients Organic Compounds, COD, and BOD Trace Elements and Trace Organics Suspended Solids and Clogging Hazard Pathogens Chapter 3 Effect of Irrigation with Treated Sewage Effluent on Soil, Plant and Environment 3.1 Salinity and Sodicity Determination of Soil Salinity The Control of Soil Salinity. 35

8 VIII Soil Sodicity and Soil Physical Properties The Crop-Salinity Production Function Total Salinity (Osmotic) Effect Specific Ion Toxicity Effects Direct Injury to the Foliage Transport of Chemicals and Hazardous Materials inthe Soil Introduction Mechanistic-Deterministic Approach Stochastic Approach. 3.3 Nitrogen Introduction Nitrogen Transformations in Soil Nitrate Leaching from the Root Zone Uptake ofn by Crops Effect of Overdose ofn on Crop Production and Quality 3.4 Phosphorus Introduction Phosphorus Concentration and Forms in Soils Phosphorus Transformations in Soils Soil Processes Affecting P Movement Effect of Irrigation with Sewage Effluent on Soil P and P Movement in Soil Profile Phosphorus Uptake by Crops Prediction of P Movement and Leaching Through the Soil Potassium Role of Effluent K in Agriculture Sources, Phases lind Transformations ofsoil-k Potassium Uptake by Crops Potassium Transport in Soils. 3.6 Trace Elements Introduction Practical Considerations Trace Element Reactions in Soil Beneficial and Hazardous Effects of Trace Elements on Plants and Animals Food Chain Aspects Effects of Specific Trace Elements on Soil, Plant, and Food Chain Contents

9 Contents IX 3.7 Organic Compounds Organic C and N Trace Organics Reactions oftrace Organics in Soil 3.8 Suspended Solids Health Aspects Sources ofhealth Problems Health Criteria Health Guidelines for the Use of Sewage Effluent in Agriculture Chapter 4 Practical Use of Effluent Irrigation Introduction Arid and Semi-Arid Regions Arizona California New Mexico Mexico Werribee, Australia Frankston, Australia Alberta, Canada Israel Humind Regions Pennsylvania Florida Braunschweig, Germany 137 Chapter 5 Irrigation and Fertilization Management Site Selection - SoH, Hydrologieal and Climatic Characteristics Topography SoH Properties Geologie Factors Groundwater Depth Climatic Factors Practical Recommendations Irrigation Scheduling Crop Water Requirements Determination of the Irrigation Interval Irrigation-Fertilization Interrelations General Considerations Nitrogen Management

10 x Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and Sulfate Management 5.4 Trace Elements 5.5 Crop Selection Drainage Introduction Criteria for Drainage Needs and Design 5.7 Monitoring.... Chapter 6 Irrigation Systems for Sewage Effluent 6.1 Considerations in Irrigation System Design Introduction Theoretical Considerations Surface Irrigation Systems Pressurized Irrigation Systems. 6.2 Piping Systems Materials Safety Storage and Pumping Storage Pumps Chlorination Precipitation of CaC Fertilizer and Chemical Injection Systems 6.7 Filters General Considerations Hydrocyclon (Centrifugal) Filters Screen Filters Gravel or Sand Media Filters 6.8 Irrigation System Maintenance. References. Subject Index Contents