Analysis of waste flows in food manufacturing industries. Dr Guillermo Garcia-Garcia

Transcription

1 Analysis of waste flows in food manufacturing industries Dr Guillermo Garcia-Garcia

2 Contents Waste Flow Modelling and life cycle considerations Identification of waste streams and current waste management practices in two food sectors: Peas Citrus fruits Main results from WFM Environmental impact analysis and LCA Conclusions 2

3 Waste Flow Modelling To achieve a comprehensive understanding and quantification of the amount of food being under-utilised in the industry through the outputs of bespoke waste flow modelling To study current practices for waste generation and disposal to propose key indicators such as: Amount of waste Location of waste Pattern of generation Possible contamination with other food waste Inconsistency of waste quality and seasonality Impact of waste on business logistics 3

4 Industrial production process for peas Harvest Blanching Cooling Blast freezing Packing Storage Pea vine 4

5 By-products and residues from peas industries Main streams and current management practices: Pea vine (steam, pod, leaves and some peas): Ploughed back to the soil Less than a third of the crop mass is the edible pea Only 1/8 of pea vine is needed to maintain the properties of the soil Excess nitrogen is leached or volatilised to atmosphere 5

6 Industrial production process for citrus fruits Uneatable waste Class 2 waste Out of spec citrus fruits Packing Visual inspection Storage Storage 6

7 By-products and residues from citrus fruit industries Main streams and current management practices: Uneatable waste (rotten, damaged ): sent to anaerobic digestion Presence of D-limonene is a problem due to its antimicrobial activity Need to remove D-limonene or co-digest with manure Eutrophication impact is high Class 2 waste (does not meet aesthetic requirements, e.g. spots on skin, wrong colour tone ): sold for wholesale markets Significant decrease in economic value 7

8 Citrus by-products and residues Overall figures Class 2 Oranges 17% Total by-products and residues Class 2 Grapefruit 4% Rotten Soft Citrus 9% Rotten Limes 1% Rotten Lemons 4% Rotten Oranges 1% Rotten Grapefruit 2% Class 2 Lemons 11% Class 2 Soft Citrus 29% 8 Class 2 Limes 22%

9 Sankey diagrams

10 Sankey diagrams

11 Indicators for WFM 100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% Eco-efficiency Rate waste/food sold Rate waste/food purchased 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 11

12 Life cycle considerations: goal & scope 12

13 Environmental analysis through LCA LCA is being used to analyse environmental impacts to: Air Water Soil Indicator Example or unit FWMA Reference Total emissions to air m 3 /day T, AD, C, TT T: (den Boer et al. 2009), AD: (Whiting & Azapagic 2014), C: (Khoo et al. 2010), TT: (European Commission 2006c) CO 2 mg/m 3 T, AD, C, TT T: (den Boer et al. 2009), AD: (Whiting & Azapagic 2014), C: (Khoo et al. 2010), TT: (European Commission 2006c) CH 4 mg/m 3 T, AD, C, TT T: (den Boer et al. 2009), AD: (Whiting & Azapagic 2014), C: (Börjesson & Berglund 2007), TT: (European Commission 2006c) N 2 O mg/m 3 T, AD, C, TT T: (den Boer et al. 2009), AD: (Møller et al. 2009), C: (Amlinger et al. 2008), TT: (European Commission 2006c) NOx mg/m 3 T, AD, C, TT T: (den Boer et al. 2009), AD: (Styles et al. 2016), C: (Peigne & Girardin 2004), TT: (European Commission 2006c) Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) Total organic carbon (TOC) mg/m 3 T, AD, C, TT T: (Environmental Protection UK n.d.), AD: (Gerardi 2003), C: (Amlinger et al. 2008), TT: (European Commission 2006c) mg/m 3 T, TT T: (Wada et al. 2015), TT: (European Commission 2006c) NH 3 mg/m 3 AD, C, TT AD: (Whiting & Azapagic 2014), C: (Khoo et al. 2010), TT: (European Commission 2006c) SOx mg/m 3 AD, C, TT AD: (Beylot et al. 2015), C: (Zhao & Deng 2014), TT: (European Commission 2006c) HCl mg/m 3 AD, C, TT AD: (Zhao & Deng 2014), C: (Zhao & Deng 2014), TT: (European Commission 2006c) Dioxins, furans, mg/m 3 AD, C, TT AD: (Haight 2005), C: (Haight 2005), TT: (European Commission 2006c) PAH, PCBs and products alike H 2 S mg/m 3 AD, C AD: (Gerardi 2003), C: (Peigne & Girardin 2004) CO mg/m 3 AD, C, TT AD: (Gerardi 2003), C: (Zhao & Deng 2014), TT: (European Commission 2006c) Dust mg/m 3 T, TT T: (Wada et al. 2015), TT: (European Commission 2006a) PM<10 mg/m 3 T, AD, C, TT T: (den Boer et al. 2009), AD: (Cherubini et al. 2009), C: (Zhao & Deng 2014), TT: (European Commission 2006c) PM<2.5 mg/m 3 T, TT T: (den Boer et al. 2009), TT: (European Commission 2006c) As mg/m 3 TT (Lee et al. 2007) Cd mg/m 3 TT (Lee et al. 2007) Hg mg/m 3 TT (Lee et al. 2007) Zn mg/m 3 TT (Lee et al. 2007) Cr mg/m 3 TT (Lee et al. 2007) Ni mg/m 3 TT (Lee et al. 2007) Pb mg/m 3 TT (Lee et al. 2007) Cu mg/m 3 TT (Lee et al. 2007) 13

14 Impact factors based on LCA Structure of LIME2 (Life cycle Impact assesment Method based on Endpoint modeling) Inventory ILCD Handbook

15 Data collection 15

16 Conclusions There are vast quantities of by-products and residues from the food industry which could be valorised and used to manufacture new food ingredients An exhaustive study of the status quo of current waste management practices is needed When alternative waste management options are identified, an assessment of their environmental and economic performance is needed Life cycle analysis is a useful methodology to compare environmental ramifications of current and proposed waste management practices A UK Industrial Strategy was published on 27/11/17 which potentially supports a Systems Change approach. This Systems Change approach may create an opportunity for entrepreneurs to carry out processing of food waste 16

17 Thank you for your attention Guillermo Garcia-Garcia EPSRC project Whole Systems Understanding of Unavoidable Food Supply Chain Waste for Re-nutrition Grant Reference EP/P008771/1 17