Responsible Deep Sea Mining AUV Launch. DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested

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1 Responsible Deep Sea Mining AUV Launch DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 19

2 Responsible Deep Sea Mining Resource Definition Step 1 Deployment of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) flying five meters above the seabed, taking pictures every two seconds. Step 4 Software analyzes the different dimensions of nodules and determines the nodule coverage of each picture. Step 2 Pictures of the seabed are collated into a Geographic Information System (GIS), denotating the exact position and collating with other sample and survey information. Step 5 Volume and weight for each nodule can be deduced based on the physical data measured on the nearest box core sample. Step 3 Raw pictures are analyzed and transferred into binary pictures being able to identify nodule dimensions. Step 6 Correlation between calculated nodule abundance, side scan sonar imagery and backscatter intensities will complete our methodology for an optimal estimation of the mineral resource. DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 20

3 Responsible Deep Sea Mining Project Development Responsible Deep Sea Mining Geological considerations Technological considerations Environmental considerations Economic considerations Regulatory considerations DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 21

4 Responsible Deep Sea Mining Concept of Operations DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 22

5 Responsible Deep Sea Mining ProCat #1 Trafficability Sinkage Slippage Bearing Capacity Turbidity DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 52 23

6 Responsible Deep Sea Mining ProCat #1 Trafficability Sinkage Slippage Bearing Capacity Turbidity DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 52 24

7 Responsible Deep Sea Mining ProCat #1 Trafficability Sinkage Slippage Bearing Capacity Turbidity DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 52 25

8 Responsible Deep Sea Mining ProCat #1 Trafficability Sinkage Slippage Bearing Capacity Turbidity DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 52 26

9 Responsible Deep Sea Mining GSRNOD17 A-Frame for boxcores, MUC, CTD, Apollo, DSM Buoys Umbilical winch 0.1m/s to 0.5 4,500m Crane for Patania deployment Control Unit Outboard platform DEME Solutions for global challenges 27

10 Responsible Deep Sea Mining ProCat #1 CFD simulations: Laboratory test: WatLab (Borgerhout) Wave flume L70m 10 weeks testing Artificial sediment Artificial nodules Q Optimizing collector head geometry Optimization control parameters (speed vs. efficiency) Define final design(s) to be tested in laboratory DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information 28

11 Responsible Deep Sea Mining ProCat #1 Pick-up efficiency Speed Visor height Jet location Waste DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 52 29

12 Responsible Deep Sea Mining Project Development Responsible Deep Sea Mining Geological considerations Technological considerations Environmental considerations Economic considerations Regulatory considerations DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 30

13 Environment Four impacts Carbon Footprint Following industrial activity, there will be GHG emissions. The global warming potential of the entire cradle-to-cradle life cycle of polymetallic nodules harvesting activity needs to be minimal. Removal of hard substrate The abyssal fauna with a high biodiversity but low biomass of which a minority is connected to the nodules will be removed after harvesting operations. Noise & Light Following industrial activity, there will be additional acoustic, light and electromagnetic emissions that needs to be monitored & controlled. Turbidity (1) Resulting from the harvesting operation (2) Resulting from the vertical transport (3) Resulting from the [filtered] tailings return water Engineering Spatial Planning Engineering Engineering & Adaptive Management DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 31

14 Environment Biodiversity, Connectivity, Habitat & Eco-system Function Oceanic Taxa Census of Marine Life (2010) [Biodiversity] Spatial variability & connectivity of species [Habitat Mapping] Ecosystem processes Ecosystem function Ecosystem service DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information 32

15 Environment Biodiversity, Habitat, Connectivity & Eco-system Function Tanaidacea sp. Acari sp. Calanoida sp. Isopoda sp. Ophiuroidea sp. Amphipoda sp. Ostracoda sp. Mysida sp. Polychaeta sp. COI (also 16S) Polychaeta Neighbour-joining tree with sequences from Janssen et al. (2015) DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information 33

16 Environmental Impact Biomass in CCZ Biomass 11% 2% 87% Macrofauna Meiofauna Microbes Bacteria, not Macrofauna, are the key players in the short-term degradation of Phytodetritus in Abyssal CCZ sediments (Results from the AB01 Cruise), Sweetma, A.K., Smith, C.R., Maillot, B. Schulse.C, Church, M.J., Gooday, A.J.,Moodley, L. Megafauna is less than 1% DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 34

17 Environment ISA Taxonomy Workshop 2015 DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 35

18 Responsible Deep Sea Mining Deep Sea Mooring Buoys Ecoplume offers a big-data, modelling-based approach to forecast and hindcast actual turbidity generated by dredging activities on site DEME Solutions for global challenges 36

19 Responsible Deep Sea Mining MIT & UCSD PROJECT DATA PLUMEX Dewatering Plume Experiment Partners: MIT, Scripps Institution of Oceanography ROV and AUV Included DEME Solutions for global challenges 37

20 Responsible Deep Sea Mining Objectives of GSRNOD19 ProCat Project Technical challenges In situ validation, in the operational environment of the CCFZ, of The design of a pre-prototype vehicle (PPV), integrating driving and collection mechanisms; The maneuverability of the PPV; The reliability and the robustness of the technology; The nodule pick-up efficiency of the hydraulic head JPI-O MiningImpact 2 project Environmental challenges Evaluation of the environmental impacts of the PPV, in order to: Reduce existing knowledge gaps and uncertainties about environmental impacts of Deep Sea polymetallic nodules mining; Gather data about operational impacts; design of fit-for-purpose monitoring programs, and industry-led standard development Develop a precautionary approach for an environmentally acceptable, socially responsible and economically viable, integrated potential future mining plan DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 38

21 Responsible Deep Sea Mining Environmental Impact PROJECT DATA JPIO II JPIO II: Proposal for SONNE Ship Time Impact test of GSR 2019 PRE-PROTOTYPE International collaboration people involved Independent validation R/V Sonne (2014) DEME Solutions for global challenges 39

22 Responsible Deep Sea Mining Environmental understanding (1) Biodiversity, connectivity, resilience: Prior and after (2) Fate and toxicity of the plume: Monitoring in space and time (3) Biogeochemistry and ecosystem functioning: Prior and after Boxcore AUV ROV SyPRID Deep sea Moorings Water samplers Pushcores Multicore CUBE Landers Benthic chamber DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 40

23 Responsible Deep Sea Mining Prior EIS Environmental Impact Statement 1. Introduction 2. Policy, legal and administrative context 3. Project description 4. Description of the existing environment 5. Assessment of impacts and proposed mitigation 6. Accidental events and natural hazards 7. Environmental management, monitoring and reporting 8. Abbreviations 9. Study team 10. Expert review 11.References Ref: Following ISBA/23/LTC/CRP.3* DEME Solutions for global challenges 41

24 Responsible Deep Sea Mining Project Development Responsible Deep Sea Mining Geological considerations Technological considerations Environmental considerations Economic considerations Regulatory considerations DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 42

25 Responsible Deep Sea Mining Commodity Prices Polymetallic Nodules Moving Averages [Deflated] 1,800 [USD x tonne^-1] 1,600 1,400 1,200 1, CAGR = 0.994% [Due to scarcity] y-avg 5y-M_avg 10y-M_avg Linear (1y-avg) DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 43

26 Responsible Deep Sea Mining Operating cost curves c/lb Paid Ni Mudd, G. M. Global trends and environmental issues in nickel mining: Sulfides versus laterites. Ore Geology Reviews 38, 9 26 (2010). Cum Ni kt DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 44

27 Responsible Deep Sea Mining Project Development Responsible Deep Sea Mining Geological considerations Technological considerations Environmental considerations Economic considerations Regulatory considerations DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 45

28 Project development Regulations DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 46

29 Responsible Deep Sea Mining Public participation DR18.1 Applicant submits Environmental Scoping Report ESR: comment by Interested Persons 60 days DR18.2 DR18.3/4 Commission considers ESR (+ may recommend modification) DR18.5/6 & 19 Applicant may revise and conducts EIA based on ESR DR4.3 DR20.2 DR21 DR20.3 DR22.1 and 29 DR22.2 DR22.8.c DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 47

30 Project Development Schedule Activity Initiation [Concessions, Technology evaluation, Legislation] Scoping Study ProCat JPIO II Exploration [Environmental baseline, Resource Definition, Engineering, Continuous monitoring] Technology De-Risking [Component test, Prototype test collector, Processing] System Integration Tests [Collector Vehicle, Riser & pump System, Processing batch, Transshipment] Construction of Harvesting Fleet Int. & Nat. Reg. Dev. MIT-UCSD Production Ramp-Up Full Scale Harvesting DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 48

31 How can the world meet an increasing metal demand, in the most environmentally responsible manner? DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information 49

32 DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information 50

33 Responsible Deep Sea Mining References 1. MacLean, H. L. et al. Stocks, Flows, and Prospects of Mineral Resources. in Linkages of Sustainability (eds. Graedel, T. E. & van der Voet, E.) (The MIT Press, 2009). 2. Norgate, T. E. Deteriorating Ore Resources. in Linkages of Sustainability (eds. Graedel, T. E. & van der Voet, E.) (The MIT Press, 2009). doi: /mitpress/ Mudd, G. M. Global trends and environmental issues in nickel mining: Sulfides versus laterites. Ore Geology Reviews 38, 9 26 (2010). 4. Graedel, T. E. et al. What Do We Know About Metal Recycling Rates? Journal of Industrial Ecology 15, (2011). 5. Vidal, O., Goffé, B. & Arndt, N. Metals for a low-carbon society. Nature Geosci 6, (2013). 6. Graedel, T. E., Harper, E. M., Nassar, N. T. & Reck, B. K. On the materials basis of modern society. PNAS 112, (2015). 7. Ali, S. H. et al. Mineral supply for sustainable development requires resource governance. Nature 543, (2017). 8. The World Bank. The Growing Role of Minerals and Metals for a Low Carbon Future. 112 (The World Bank, 2017). 9. Bazilian, M. D. The mineral foundation of the energy transition. The Extractive Industries and Society 5, (2018). 10. Tilton, J. E. et al. Public policy and future mineral supplies. Resources Policy (2018). doi: /j.resourpol DEME Solutions for global challenges GSR Proprietary Information Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 51