Emerging recommendations from GENESIS. Matteo Balderacchi, Marco Trevisan, & Björn Klöve

Transcription

1 Emerging recommendations from GENESIS Matteo Balderacchi, Marco Trevisan, & Björn Klöve

2 16 groundwater bodies & GW dependent ecosystems: Different GW characteristics Different ecosystems GENESIS - Case study Different substances

3 Trace elements Radionuclides Salt Nutrients Pesticide Synthetic subs. OWC Substances Compounds Areuse, Switzerland Bitterfeld, Germany Bogucice, Poland Czestochowa, Poland Feucherolles, France Grue, Norway Köycegiz-Dalyan, Turkey Kromme Rijn, The Netherlands Lule River, Sweden Mancha, Spain Murtal, Austria Po - Ferrara, Italy Po - Lombardy, Italy Rokua-Hailuoto, Finland Šumava, Czech Republic Vosvozis, Greece Zagreb, Croatia

4 Common Implementation Strategy Approach

5 Drivers Household Industry (operating, historical) Agriculture Forestry Mines, quarries Dump, storage sites Abstraction Flow enanchement Substances Trace Elements Radionuclides Salt water intrusion Nutrients Pesticides Chlorinated aliphatics and petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants Organic Wastewater contaminants

6 Trace elements

7 Trace elements Sources Primary Mines Bedrock Secondary Industry Soil & vegetation Atmosphere Tertiary Agriculture Animal farming Domestic household Landfill Comments No additional comments on current GWD Importance of Natural Background Level and Quasi-Natural Background Level

8 Radionuclides

9 Radionuclides Sources Primary Mines Bedrock Secondary Industry Soil & vegetation Atmosphere Tertiary Agriculture Comments No GENESIS case study Not included in GWD tritium (DWD) and radon (EC Recommendation 2001/928/Euratom, US EPA). gross alpha and beta activities of water samples

10 Salt Water intrusion

11 Salt Water intrusion Sources Primary Sea water Bedrock mines Secondary Industry Atmosphere Tertiary Agriculture Household Vegetation Comments Already included in GWD Indicator of water abstraction

12 Nitrogen

13 Nitrogen Sources Primary industry Animal farming Domestic house holds Secondary Industry Atmosphere Tertiary Agriculture Household Vegetation Comments Already included in Annex I Other nutrient ( P, K) are not considered of interest for GW Because of the landuse change, the contamination from household is more frequent

14 Pesticides

15 Pesticides Sources Primary Industry Secondary Agriculture Household Tertiary Soil / vegetation Wastewater treatment plant Aquaculture Atmosphere Comments Already included in Annex I The established theshold value is only a political decision Because of the landuse change, the contamination from household is more frequent

16 Chlorinated aliphatics and petroleum hydrocarbon

17 Chlorinated aliphatics and petroleum Sources Primary Industry Secondary Soil / Vegetation Households Wastewater treatment plant Landfill hydrocarbon Comments Not included in GWD Chlorinated ethenes (used in many industrial processes, dry cleaning, solvents, petrochemical activities) Benzene (petrol stations) methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (Petrol stations)

18 Organic Wastewater contaminants

19 Organic Wastewater contaminants Sources Primary Industry Secondary Soil / Vegetation Households Wastewater treatment plants Landfill Agriculture Animal farming Aquaculture Comments Not included in GWD wide heterogeneous class and comprise all the compounds that reach water via sewage systems Scarce information on: Toxicity Fate A Pandora Box

20 Main OWC Compound group Compound class Pharmaceuticals Veterinary & human antibiotics; Analgesics, antiinflammatory & anti-histamine drugs; Psychiatric drugs; Lipid regulators; β-blockers& antihypertensive; X-ray contrasts; Steroids & hormones; Blood-viscosity affecting agent; Antidiabetic; Antidepressant; Drugs Personal-care products Fragrances; Sun-screen agents; Insect repellents; Antiseptics; moth repellant; Surfactant Pesticides Insecticides, Fungicides, Herbicides, Nematocides, Food additive Antioxidant, sweeteners Manufacturing additive Corrosion inhibitor; flame retardant; gas propellant, plasticizer, plastic additive; Stain repellent; Surfactant, Antioxidant, Solvent, paraffines Biocides

21 Max. concentration 1>µg l -1 in GW Class Chemical Conc. Source Antiseptic terbafine 1.70 Fick et al (2009) Antioxidant BHT 1.55 Fries and Püttmann (2004) Corrosion inhibitor 1H-benzotriazole 1.03 Loos et al. (2010) Fragrance 1,4-dichlorobenzene 1.17 Barnes et al. (2008) Insect repellant N,N-diethyltoluamide Barnes et al. (2008) Manufacturing additive, ethanol,2-butoxyphosphate 1.34 Barnes et al. (2008) plasticizer Manufacturing additive, bisphenol A 2.55 Barnes et al. (2008) used in plastics Combustion product, Naphthalene 1.51 Barnes et al. (2008) moth repellant Pharmaceutical AMDOPH (metabolite 1.20 Reddersen et al. (2002) of phenazone)

22 Max. concentration 1>µg l -1 in GW Class Chemical Conc. Source Pharmaceutical amidotrizoic acid 1.10 Sacher et al. (2001) Pharmaceutical carbamezapine 1.10 Heberer (2002) Pharmaceutical cetirizine 28 Fick et al. (2009) Pharmaceutical ciprofloxacin 14 Fick et al. (2009) Pharmaceutical citolopram 1.40 Fick et al. (2009) Pharmaceutical clofibric acid 4 Heberer (2002) Pharmaceutical enoxacin 1.90 Fick et al. (2009) Pharmaceutical ibuprofen 3.11 Barnes et al. (2008) Pharmaceutical ketoprofen 2.89 Loos et al. (2010) Pharmaceutical pentobarbital 1 Eckel et al. (1993; Heberer (2002) Pharmaceutical phenazone 3.95 Reddersen et al. (2002)

23 Max. concentration 1>µg l -1 in GW Class Chemical Concent Source ration Pharmaceutical sulfamethoxazole 1.11 Barnes et al., (2008) Solvent acetophenone 2.67 Barnes et al. (2008) Surfactant 4,4' -dihydroxybiphenyl 1.41 Rudel et al. (1998) (4,4' -biphenyldiol) Surfactant 4-nonyl/octylphenol 38 Rudel et al. (1998) diethoxylate (NP/OP2EO) Surfactant alkylphenol ethoxylates 48 Rudel et al. (1998) Surfactant NPE1C Loos et al. (2010) Hormones, antibiotics, endocrine disruptors have effect at lower concentrations

24 From GWD It is necessary to distinguish between hazardous substances, inputs of which should be prevented, and other pollutants, inputs of which should be limited. Annex VIII to Directive 2000/60/EC, listing the main pollutants relevant for the water environment, should be used to identify hazardous and non-hazardous substances which present an existing or potential risk of pollution

25 Contaminant Vs Pollutant Contamination is simply the presence of a substance where it should not be or at concentrations above background. Pollution is contamination that results in or can result in adverse biological effects to resident communities. All pollutants are contaminants, but not all contaminants are pollutants. A grey zone exists

26 A strategy for GWD Preventing pollution Pollutants Minimum standard Good quality standard Pollutant and contaminants Goal of the directive Risk assessment for identify pollutants from contaminants

27 Environment Human EFFECTS (NOEL,EC50, LD50) Hydrology RISK Ecosystem EXPOSURE (ECs & PECs ) Climate Soil Use Substance

28 Problem formulation Risk assessment Effect characterization (exposure, response, assessment) Exposure characterization (assessment) Risk characterization

29 Indicator vs pollutant Indicators Are not necessary pollutants

30 Protection goals Pollution prevention principle, Ecological threshold principle, Community recovery principle Functional redundancy principle Brock, T. C. et al. (2006) Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management

31 The inclusion of OWC in monitoring program is complex because: OWC are a wide class of compounds with different origin and different uses Wastewater treatment techniques have different removal efficiency Not all the OWCs are pollutant Establishing clear protection goal Lacking of a scientific priority system

32 Ranking approaches Chemical properties Toxicity Exposure man Consumption/Use environment Human metabolism LCA WWTP efficiency Literature occurrence Predicted concentration Multicriteria / (PEC) in surface water multiutility Measured concentration in sw PEC in soil

33

34 Criteria used in the base documents Criterion # Regulation 1 Consumption / Sales 2 Physicochemical properties 3 Toxicity (human) 4 Eco-toxicity 4 Occurrence in surface water, groundwater, drinking water Occurrence in wastewater 5 Degradablity, persistence 6 Resistance in treatment 7 5

35 Suggestion for inclusion of OWC Debate on substances (most of those have patents) Caffeine (?) Inclusion of fecal sterols Indicators of sewage pollution Produced in digestive tract of humans and mammals Coupled with caffeine or pharmaceuticals provides that domestic waste is a source of some nitrate

36 Isotopes for dating young groundwater

37 Conclusions Household OWC CE, MTBE, Benzene Nitrate Industry CE, MTBE, Benzene Point contamination Agriculture Pesticides Nitrate Dump CE, MTBE, Benzene OWC Trace elements Abstraction Saline intrusion Water isotopes Flow enrichment OWC Water isotopes Natural load Metals Radionuclides