Global perspective of air quality surveillance programmes Perspectiva Mundial de los Sistemas de. International programmes

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1 Global perspective of air quality surveillance programmes Perspectiva Mundial de los Sistemas de Vigilancia de la Calidad del Aire 1 Presentation by Dr Dietrich Schwela World Health Organization, Geneva at the II Taller de Air Limpio para Lima y Callao de Julio, 2001, Lima, Perú International programmes Air Management Information System (AMIS) Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) GURME ICOS EMEP 2

2 AMIS Global Air Quality Partnership AMIS Objectives Conduct global assessments of environmental quality and the related burden of disease Act as a data/information broker Run global databases with validated data from cities Run databases with estimates of the burden of disease due to air pollution 4

3 Current status of data bases in AMIS Air quality concentration trends from 1-5 sites of 150 cities in core data base Air quality guidelines/standards Data base on air quality management capabilities and procedures in 70 cities Emissions characterization Rapid inventory assessment system (RIAS) PAHO - World Bank: DSS IPC 5 AMIS Core Database A database of summary data for SO 2, NO 2, CO, O 3, Black Smoke, Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), PM 10, Lead, and other contaminants describing the air quality in a city by annual means, high percentiles and the number of days on which WHO air quality guidelines are exceeded Trends between 1986 and 1999 are available in 150 cities 6

4 Data base on air quality management capabilities and procedures Indicators of the capacity to measure air quality and health impacts analyze and disseminate data estimate emissions of all types of sources reliably comply with standards, impose emission controls, penalties and land-use planning techniques 7 Aim: Identify information required for the development of appropriate air quality management strategies. Raise awareness of innovative and effective air quality management strategies used locally which could be adapted and adopted in a wide range of cities in the world. Objectives: Provide assistance to countries in formulating effective, appropriate air quality management procedures; Perspective on the air quality management capabilities; Raise policy relevant information for AMIS. 8

5 Definition of air quality management capability of a city: Capacity to generate and utilize appropriate air quality information within a coherent administrative and legislative framework; Enable the rational management of air quality. 9 I. Capabilities to provide decision- relevant and public information i. Ambient air quality monitoring ii. Emissions inventories iii.air quality models estimated by indicators (indices) 10

6 II.Capabilities to enable more effective air quality management i. Administrative and legislative framework ii. Emission standards iii.air quality standards estimated by indicators (indices) 11 III. Capability enhancing capabilities i. Quality control/quality assurance ii. Data assessment to provide value-added added information for decision makers iii.data dissemination for transparent decision-making process and public information estimated by indicators (indices) 12

7 Assessment of air quality management capability City: Alexandria Measurement of air quality Data assessment and availability Emissions inventory Air quality management Overall score 13 Minimal Limited Moderate Good Excellent Overall score of air quality management capability I City: Alexandria Ankara Belo Horizonte Birmingham Ekaterinburg Hong Kong Hyderabad Johannesburg Katowice Kiev 14 Minimal Limited Moderate Good Excellent

8 Overall score of air quality management capability II City: Lagos Lahore Madras Nairobi Pusan Quito Santiago Singapore St. Petersburg Taipei 15 Minimal Limited Moderate Good Excellent Future plans for AMIS Database on exposure of population to ambient and indoor air pollution Database on health impact estimates on a global, regional and local level Number of participating cities to increase to

9 AMIS: Exposure to and health impact of air pollution 17 Total excess mortality due to ambient and indoor SPM exposure # EME EE China India SEAWP EM AL SSA Urban ambient air lower estimate Urban ambient air upper estimate Urban indoor air lower estimate Urban indoor air upper estimate Rural indoor air lower estimate Rural indoor air upper estimate

10 Global causes of death 7% 21% 6% 5% 5% 6% 3% 6% Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) Tuberculosis Diarrhoe HIV/Aids Malaria Other infectuous and parasitic diseases Cancers 29% 12% Diseases of the circulatory system Diseases of the respiratory system Other and unknown causes 19 Percentage of AP - related mortality: 4-8% ( ) Air Management Information System AMIS CD ROM Version 3 December 2001 Future: On the Internet, with password 20

11 Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Scope Global and regional climate change Long range atmospheric transport Deposition of potentially harmful substances Anthropogenic impacts on the natural cycling of elements in the global atmosphere/ocean/biosphere system Activity areas: Global Ozone Observing System (GO OS) 3 Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network (BaPMoN) Dispersion, transport, chemical transformation, deposition, exchange of pollutants between environmental compartments 21 THE GAW NETWORK Global observatories - 22 Regional stations Contributing stations 50 + Associated stations numerous 22

12 Global Atmospheric Watch Observatories 23 GAW Parameters I Greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, CFCs, methane, nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone) Ozone (surface, total column, vertical profile by both ground-based and satellite) Solar radiation including ultra-violet Precipitation chemistry Chemical and physical properties of aerosols including optical depth Reactive gases (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds) 24

13 GAW Parameters II Persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals Radionuclides (krypton 85, radon, beryllium 7, lead 210) Meteorological parameters 25 Ground and space-based parameters to monitored on a long-term, operational basis Water vapor A Aerosols (AOD) Ozone Methane Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide CFCs Nitrogen Oxides Nitrous Oxide Sulfur Dioxide Ultra-Violet Radiation 26

14 GURME GAW Urban Research Meteorology and Environment project WMO Congress XIII 1999 established GURME GURME questionnaire Meteorological, air quality measurements; modelling Twinning GURME contact person First Workshops: Beijing 1-4 November 1999 and Moscow 8-11 December 1999 First Forecasting Workshop August, Kuching Gurme - Goals Enhance capabilities of NMHSs in urban-environmental forecasting and air quality services Provide NMHSs easy access to information on measurement and modelling techniques Collaborate within WMO, with WHO and environmental agencies to better define measurements, especially urban forecasting Promote series of pilot projects

15 FORECASTING WORKSHOP - OBJECTIVES: Familiarize participants with different options for urban forecasting Present a spectrum of forecasting tools, discuss uses Assist NMHSs in their deliberations on what role to undertake in urban forecasting; identify suitable systems How can GURME help? Provides international framework Assist NMHSs develop a better understanding of what models can be used Training Resource-rich rich web site Passive samplers: Several projects of networks of passive samplers in the world supported by different sponsors such as NOAA, Japan, World Bank, Sweden covering mainly the regional background monitoring. WMO started to contribute to such project in order to enhance the URBAN component. Advantage of passive samplers: Inexpensive; robust and easy to implement in developing countries. Good measurements of the cumulated concentration of major pollutants and precursors: SO2, NO2, VOC, O3...

16 31 Integrated Global Observing Strategy - IGOS A strategic planning process with a thematic approach. Partners: CEOS, WCRP, IGBP, IGFA, FAO, IOC, ICSU, UNESCO, UNEP, WHO, WMO, GCOS, GOOS, GTOS Integrated Global Atmospheric Chemistry Observations (IGACO) Theme To support the full spectrum of atmospheric chemistry observations (and associated meteorological parameters) needed to ensure: The monitoring of atmospheric composition parameters related to climate change and environmental conditions; Integrated Global Atmospheric Chemistry Observations (IGACO) Theme (cont.) The research required to improve understanding of Earth processes so that observations can be properly interpreted and climate and air quality evolutions predicted; The estimation of the exposure of populations to air pollution on a global, regional and local scale. To assure the most effective use of available ground and space-based resources within an integrated framework for global atmospheric chemistry observations (and associated meteorological parameters) by establishing priorities for upgrading existing and/or establishing new systems. 32

17 EMEP Particulate matter 33