Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)

Transcription

1 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Southern Area Development Project (KP-SADP) Dera Ismail Khan, Lakki Marwat and Tank Districts Final Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) 23 rd October 2012 PCNA Secretariat Planning and Development (P&D) Department Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Civil Secretariat - Peshawar

2 Executive Summary This document presents the report of the Southern Area Development Project (SADP), which is to be implemented in Dera Ismail Khan (DI Khan), Lakki Marwat and Tank districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. The Government of Pakistan (GoP) has requested the World Bank (WB) to establish a Multi-Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) for the recovery and rehabilitation of the crisis affected areas of KP, Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), and Baluchistan. The KP-SADP is planned to be funded through the MDTF. Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework The Bank has prepared an Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework (ESSAF), in accordance with the OP 8.0 for emergency operations applicable to all interventions under the MDTF. It specifies the environmental and social assessment requirements that the implementing agency will need to fulfill before any Project under MDTF is implemented. The present ESA has been carried out in pursuance of the environmental assessment requirements defined in the ESSAF. Project Overview KP-SADP aims to improve the well-being of unserved and underserved low income communities of the three districts (DI Khan, Lakki Marwat and Tank) where people have been badly affected by militancy and are deprived of basic facilities and livelihood opportunities. The project components include: Component A: Community Development support; Component B: Community Investment Program, - Sub-component B1: Social Infrastructure, - Sub-component B2: Productive Infrastructure, - Sub-component B3: Assets building for ultra poor; Component C: Project Implementation Support. Regulatory Framework The present study has been carried out in response to the requirements defined in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 which requires an environmental assessment to be carried out for each development project listed in scheduled I and/or II of the EIA/IEE Regulations 2000, and the World Bank s Operational Policy 4.01, which requires the environmental assessment to be carried out for Category A and B projects being considered under the Bank s financing. Brief Description of the Project Area DI Khan DI Khan is situated on the right side bank of the River Indus, and is the Divisional Head Quarter of the southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It borders the Punjab and Baluchistan provinces. Total area of DI Khan district is 7,326 square kilometers (sq km), with a population density of 181 persons per sq km. The total population of DI Khan district is 1,329,456 in Agriculture and fisheries are the main sources of livelihood of rural population. The total cultivated area in DI Khan district is 246,802 hectares (ha). Lakki Marwat District Lakki Marwat came into being as a new district of Bannu Division on 1 st July The area consisting of arid plains could not be developed due to a number of constraints, including water shortage and lack of irrigation networks - due to which it inherited an extremely weak agricultural base. Transport and mineral sectors are the main stay of the economic life of the people of the area, while agriculture is the main source of livelihood of the rural population. ii

3 Total area of Lakki Marwat district is 3,164 sq km with a population density of 238 persons per sq km. The total population of Lakki Marwat district is 753,572 in The total cultivated area in Lakki Marwat district is 116,900 hectares. Tank Tank, an old Tehsil of district DI Khan, was upgraded to a full-fledged district on July 1, It has since long commanded a very important position in the whole southern districts belt of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, in general and in ex-di Khan Division in particular, due to its location, trade and commerce which flows from tribal areas and Afghanistan. The district is dominated by Bhittani and Mahsud tribes and the topography is partly plain and partly hilly. The road linking Quetta with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa originates from Tank via Wana and Zhob. Total area of Tank district is 1,679 sq km with a population density of 217 persons per sq km. The total population of Tank district is 364,863 in Agriculture and trade are the main sources of livelihood of rural population. The total cultivated area in Tank district is 24,445 hectares. Stakeholders Consultations During the pre-appraisal mission of the project the Project Planning and Implementation Cell (PP&I) of the Planning and Development Department was delegated the task to organize a series of consultations with district level stakeholders as well as provincial stakeholders aimed at creating awareness amongst the decision-makers, civil society, local opinion leaders, community elders and communities at large on the respective roles and tasks including different needs and priorities for implementing this project. The objective was to sensitize the stakeholders including policy makers, participating communities on the KP-SADP s development objectives, components, opportunities, methodologies, and potential constraints in the implementation process. These consultations on KP-SADP provided a forum for various stakeholders to exchange views and fill the knowledge gap and promote synergies amongst them for a greater efficiency during the project implementation. Impact Assessment and Mitigation The project components B and C are likely to include and finance infrastructure and livelihood related schemes such as water supply, sanitation, solid waste disposal, rehabilitation/reconstruction of water courses/channels, renewable energy systems, storage facilities, processing/packing facilities, rural link roads, and livestock sector development schemes that would be implemented in the three districts. The potentially negative environmental and social impacts of the above-listed schemes are likely to include water sources not safe for drinking purposes, contamination of soil and water resulting from inappropriate waste disposal, health and safety hazards for the communities, unavailability of land on voluntary basis, inadequacy of the schemes sighting, inequitable distribution of the intended benefits of schemes, blocked access routes, damage to the public infrastructure, damage to crops and cultivated fields, trees cutting and felling, and damage to cultural heritage sites and graveyards. The impact assessment carried out during the ESA exercise has revealed that most of these potential impacts are temporary and localized in nature with low to moderate severity, and are mostly reversible. Furthermore, with the help of appropriate mitigation and control measures/application of mitigation checklists, most of these potential impacts will either be avoided altogether, or their likelihood of occurrence and severity will be further reduced, thus making these sub-projects/schemes environmentally responsible and socially acceptable. These mitigation measures include screening the water sources for their suitability against the drinking water standards; appropriately treating/disposing the sewage and solid waste; properly iii

4 locating the schemes; ensuring community participation and consent in designing and locating the infrastructure/facilities; ensuring equitable distribution of scheme s benefits; ensuring that the land for the schemes is voluntarily donated by the community; avoiding/minimizing damages to crops, trees and infrastructure and repairing/rehabilitating/compensating any damages; compensatory tree plantation; and educating the community through awareness raising campaigns on aspects such as waste disposal, water conservation and efficient use, and modern irrigation and cultivation techniques. Environmental and Social Management Plan An Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been included in the ESA, in order to provide implementation mechanism for the mitigation measures identified during the study. The salient features of the ESMP are briefly described below. The overall institutional responsibility for the implementation of ESMP as well as environmental and social performance of the project rests with the Project Management Unit (PMU) and thus with the Project Director (PD). H/she will be supported by the Deputy Director, Infrastructure, who will be the Environmental and Social Focal Point (ESFP) in the PMU. In addition, ESFPs will be nominated separately in the District Implementation Units (DIUs), and within the line directorates. These ESFPs will coordinate the effective implementation of ESMP including integration of environmental and social guidelines into the schemes design, monitoring, and preparing quarterly progress reports on ESMP implementation. A part-time safeguard specialist will also be engaged for SADP during the first year of the project to support the ESFP at PMU in the execution of the mitigation measures/plans and reporting on each subproject type, and designing additional mitigation measures if required for scheme types not already covered in the present ESA. District Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Officers at DIUs and selected facilitators at Tehsil level will be given additional responsibilities for ESMP integration, implementation, compliance and reporting at the field level. The consolidated Quarterly Progress Reports on the overall ESMP implementation of the project will be prepared by the PMU s ESFP on the basis of the district level quarterly reports, which will regularly be shared with the Bank at the close of each reporting quarter. The ESMP also includes separate Mitigation Plans for each type of intervention included in the project. These Plans will be made an integral part of the scheme design and its proposal-approval-implementation process. The ESMP also defines environmental and social monitoring to be carried out to ensure effective implementation of the mitigation measures. Third party validation (TPV) exercises will also be carried out at annual basis to capitalize on validated actions and improve the future performance. Furthermore, the ESMP identifies the training needs as well as describes the detailed documentation and reporting requirements, which include preparing quarterly progress reports and annual reports. Cost of ESMP Implementation The estimated cost of the ESMP implementation for KP-SADP over a period of three years is Pak Rupees (PKR) 2.2 million. This cost is included in the overall cost of the Project. iv

5 List of Acronyms ACS Additional Chief Secretary ADB Asian Development Bank BOS Bureau of Statistics CBO Community Based Organization CDD Community Driven Development CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species DDT Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane DI Khan Dera Ismail Khan DIU District Implementation Unit DLA District Level Association DNA Damage and Needs Assessment EA Environmental Assessment EC European Commission ECA Employment of Child Act EHS Environment, Health, and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIG Economic Interest Group EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPP Emergency Project Paper ESA Environmental and Social Assessment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESSAF Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework ESFP Environmental and Social Focal Point ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan EU European Union FATA Federally Administered Tribal Area FR Frontier Region GIS Geographical Information System GoKP Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa GoP Government of Pakistan GPS Global Positioning System Ha / ha Hectare ICT Information Communication Technology IDP Internally Displaced Person IEE Initial Environmental Examination KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Province) LAA Land Acquisition Act (1894) LGE&RD Local Government, Elections and Rural Development Department LOS Law of Seas MDTF Multi-Donor Trust Fund MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement MoU Memorandum of Understanding M&E Monitoring and Evaluation NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards NGO Non-Governmental Organization NWFP North-West Frontier Province (now called KP) OP Operational Policy O&M Operation and Maintenance PBS Pakistan Bureau of Statistics PCNA Post-Crisis Needs Assessment v

6 PCO Population Census Organization (of Pakistan) PDO Project Development Objective PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (1997) PEPC Pakistan Environmental Protection Council PHED Public Health Engineering Department PKR Pakistan Rupees PMU Project Management Unit POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants PP&I Project Planning and Implementation Cell PRP Progress Review Partner PSC Project Steering Committee SADP Southern Area Development Project SWA South Waziristan Agency TLA Tehsil Level Association TPV Third Party Validation UN United Nations UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNDP United Nations Development Program WB World Bank vi

7 Table of Contents Executive Summary ii List of Acronyms v 1 Introduction Background Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework Project Overview ESA Study Need of the Study Study Objectives Study Scope Study Methodology Document Structure Legislative and Regulatory Review National Laws and Regulations Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, National Environmental Quality Standards Land Acquisition Act, Wildlife (Protection, Reservation, Conservation and Management) Act, Ordinances and Rules Forest Act, Canal and Drainage Act, Antiquity Act, Factories Act, Employment of Child Act, Pakistan Penal Code, The World Bank Operational Policies Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) Forestry (OP 4.36) Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) Pest Management (OP 4.09) Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50) Cultural Property (OP 4.11) Indigenous People (OP 4.10) Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60) Applicability of Safeguard Policies Obligations under International Treaties Institutional Setup for Environmental Management Environmental and Social Guidelines Environmental Protection Agency s Environmental and Social Guidelines World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines Project Description Project Location Project Objectives Project Components Project Implementation Arrangements Communication Strategy Monitoring and Evaluation Baseline Conditions Physical Environment Climate, Temperature and Rainfall Land Use Energy Water Resources and Irrigation Schemes Surface Water Waste Water Disposal Industry Minerals Resources vii

8 4.1.9 Biodiversity Socioeconomic Baseline Demography Access to Education Access to Health Services Housing and Settlements Water Supply and Sanitation Social Setup Local Conflict Management Mechanism Economy and Livelihood Governance Poverty Gender Issues Road and Transport Social Issues Agriculture/Crops Agricultural Improvement Livestock Fisheries Cultural Heritage Consultation and Participation Objectives of Stakeholder Consultations Stakeholders Consultation Process and its Outcome Participation during Project Implementation Information Dissemination Dispute Resolution Suggested Indicators Impact Assessment and Mitigation Environmental Assessment Process Screening of the Environmental Impacts Potential Impacts and Mitigation Water Supply Schemes Sanitation Schemes Solid Waste Management Schemes Renewable Energy Schemes Micro-Hydro Power Projects Construction of Water Courses/Channels, Rehabilitation of Irrigation Infrastructure and installation of drip/sprinkler irrigation schemes Tube-Wells and Dug Wells Water Tanks, Ponds, Check Dams Flood Protection Schemes Land Leveling and Development Storage, and Packing/Processing Facilities Rural Roads, Culverts and Bridges Livestock Schemes Rehabilitation/Construction of Schools HealthCare Facilities Rural Electrification Training Centers Environmental and Social Management Plan ESMP Objectives ESMP Components Institutional Arrangements Mitigation Plans Monitoring Plan Training Plan Documentation and Reporting Disclosure Requirements ESMP Implementation Cost 7-24 viii

9 List of Figures and Tables Figure 3.1: Scheme Development Flow Chart Table 4.1: Land Use (Area in Hectare) Table 4.2: Area Irrigated by Different Sources in the Project Districts and KP. 4-2 Table 4.3: Population Data (1998) Table 4.4: Demographic Indicators (Pakistan, KP and KP, 1998) Table 4.5: Household Size Table 4.6: Population by Gender (1998) Table 4.7: Education Indicators for Pakistan, KP and KP (1998, ) Table 4.8: Public Sector Health Institutions (KP, 2006) Table 4.9: Rural Settlements (KP, 1998) / Housing Indicators Table 4.10: District-wise Area, Production and Yield Share Indicators of KP Table 4.11: Cropping Pattern Table 4.12: Livestock Population Table 4.13: Veterinary Services Table 4.14: Fish Production Figure 5.1: Details of Stakeholders Consulted Table 5.1: District-wise Bifurcation of Stakeholders Consulted Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Screening Matrix (Unmitigated) Table 7.1: Mitigation Plan for Water Supply Schemes Table 7.2: Mitigation Plan for Sanitation Schemes Table 7.3: Mitigation Plan for Street Pavement Schemes Table 7.4: Mitigation Plan for Solid Waste Management Schemes/Systems Table 7.5: Mitigation Plan for Renewable Energy Schemes Table 7.6: Mitigation Plan for Micro Hydro Schemes Table 7.7: Mitigation Plan for Construction of Water Courses/Channels and Rehabilitation of Irrigation Infrastructure Table 7.8: Mitigation Plan for Tube-Well and Dug Well Schemes. 7-9 Table 7.9: Mitigation Plan for Water Tanks, Ponds and Check Dams Table 7.10: Mitigation Plan for Flood Protection Schemes Table 7.11: Mitigation Plan for Land Development and Leveling Schemes Table 7.12: Mitigation Plan for Storage, and Packing/Processing Facilities Table 7.13: Mitigation Plan for Rural Link Roads Table 7.14: Mitigation Plan for Livestock Schemes Table 7.15: Mitigation Plan for the Rehabilitation /Construction of Schools Table 7.16: Mitigation plan for the Healthcare Schemes Table 7.17: Mitigation Plan for the Rural Electrification Schemes Table 7.18: Mitigation Plan for the Training Centers Table 7.19: Environmental and Social Training Plan Table 7.20: ESMP Implementation Budget ix

10 1 Introduction This document presents the of the Southern Area Development Project (SADP) which is to be implemented in Dera Ismail Khan (DI Khan), Lakki Marwat and Tank districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. The Government of Pakistan (GoP) has requested the World Bank (WB) to establish a Multi-Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) for the recovery and rehabilitation of the crisis affected areas of the KP and Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). The SADP is planned to be funded through the MDTF. 1.1 Background In early 2009, the GoP launched major military operations in the KP. The conflict has imposed a huge economic cost, on top of the obvious human tragedy. The military operations led to a significant damage to physical infrastructure and services while displacing some 3 million people. Although, majority of the internally displaced persons (IDPs) have returned to their places of origin, many have lost their homes and livelihoods. Those who stayed behind have suffered equally and tend to be just as poor and vulnerable as the IDPs. In 2009, the GoP asked the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the World Bank to jointly conduct a Damage and Needs Assessment (DNA) to ascertain the extent of post-crisis impact on various sectors and local communities. The DNA first covered the areas affected by the GoP s action to combat the militants. 1 In view of the complex nature of the crisis and in order to address the root causes that lead to the crisis on a long term and in a sustainable manner, the Government also requested development partners including the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the United National Development Program (UNDP) and the European Union (EU) to collectively prepare a Post Crisis Needs Assessment (PCNA) that was completed in The PCNA assessed and quantified the short and medium term social and economic needs of the region. Recognizing the need for a harmonized approach to respond to the crisis, the GoP requested the Bank to establish the MDTF for the recovery and rehabilitation of the crisis affected areas of KP, FATA and Baluchistan. The PCNA provides support for long term peace building in KP and FATA. Drawing on extensive stakeholder consultations, the report identifies key crisis drivers and the consequent priority areas that need to be addressed to hold up a coherent and durable peace-building strategy. These have been organized into four strategic objectives related to political and governance reforms, employment and livelihood opportunities, provision of basic services, and efforts for counter-radicalization and fostering reconciliation. 2 The SADP responds to the Strategic Objectives 2 and 3 of the PCNA. The SADP design is flexible to ensure demand driven planning and implementation with communities setting their own development agenda and priorities. It responds to financing Pillars 3 and 4 of the MDTF. The design flexibility also caters for externalities such as the high likelihood of natural disasters in the region including landslides, floods, drought and earthquakes. 1.2 Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework The Bank has prepared an Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework (ESSAF), in accordance with the OP 8.0 for emergency operations applicable to all interventions under the KP/FATA/Baluchistan MDTF. It specifies the environmental and social assessment requirements that the implementing agency will need to fulfill before any project component under the MDTF can be implemented. The Framework also describes the generic environmental/social monitoring and reporting requirements to be fulfilled during the project implementation, in addition to defining the broad institutional arrangements required for environmental and social safeguard aspects associated with the individual projects under the MDTF portfolio. Procedures for screening of all possible environmental and social impacts will be described in detail in the project s Operations Manual. 1 2 Five districts in KP: Swat, Dir Upper and Lower, Buner and Shangla; and two agencies in FATA: Mohmand and Bajaur. The key strategic objectives of the PCNA are: (i) enhance responsiveness and effectiveness of the state to restore citizen trust; (ii) stimulate employment and livelihood opportunities; (iii) ensure provision of basic services; and (iv) counterradicalization and foster reconciliation. 1-1

11 The present ESA has been carried out in pursuance of the environmental assessment requirements defined in the ESSAF. 1.3 Project Overview KP-SADP aims to improve the well-being of unserved and underserved low income communities of the southern areas of the KP province that are becoming accessible after military operation and where families are being facilitated by the Government to return and reestablish their livelihoods. The project components include: Component A: Community Development Support Component B: Community Investment Program - Sub-Component B1 Social Infrastructure; - Sub-Component B2 Productive Infrastructure, and - Sub-Component B3 Asset Building for Ultra-Poor. Component C: Project Implementation Support Further details of the Project are provided in the following sections of this document. 1.4 ESA Study The various aspects of this study including its need and objectives, its scope, and the methodology employed for conducting it, are described in the following sections: Need of the Study The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (PEPA 1997) requires the proponents of every development project in the country to submit either an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or where the project is likely to cause an adverse environmental effect, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to the concerned environmental protection agency (EPA). The IEE/EIA Regulations 2000 issued under the PEPA 1997 provide separate lists for the projects requiring IEE and EIA (The Act and Regulations are further discussed later in the document). The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 (OP 4.01) states that the Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. 3 The present study has been conducted in response to both of the above requirements Study Objectives The objectives of the present ESA are to: Assess the existing environmental and socioeconomic conditions of the project area; Identify potential impacts of the proposed project on the natural and human environment of the area, to predict and evaluate these impacts, and determine their significance, in light of the technical and regulatory concerns, Propose appropriate mitigation measures that should be incorporated in the design of the project to minimize if not eliminate, the potentially adverse impacts, Assess the compliance status of the proposed activities with respect to the national environmental legislation and WB s OPs, and Develop an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) to provide an implementation mechanism for the mitigation measures identified during the study Study Scope The present ESA study covers all the components of the proposed Southern Area Development Project with special focus on Component-A: Community Development Support; and Component- B: Community Investment Program. The area where the project components would be located will be referred to as the project area in this report. The study addresses the potential 3 Excerpts from OP4.01 Environmental Assessment. January,

12 environmental and social impacts that may be encountered during the design, construction and operational phases of the proposed project Study Methodology The ESIA has been carried out by Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (GoKP) in coordination and collaboration with line departments and the Bank Task Team while using the following steps: Primary data was collected through extensive consultations with the concerned stakeholders on the concept and methodology to conduct ESA by the Bank. The PCNA Secretariat has prepared this report in collaboration with the line departments and the Bank Task Team. The secondary social data was collected from the Bureau of Statistics (BOS) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS). 1.5 Document Structure o Chapter-2 discusses national legislation and regulations relevant to the environmental and social aspects of the Project. Also covered in the Chapter is the WB safeguard polices, national and international environmental guidelines, and multilateral environmental agreements. o Chapter-3 presents the simplified project description. o o o o Chapter-4 describes the environmental and social baseline conditions of the project area. Chapter-5 covers the stakeholders consultation already carried out and a framework for future consultations. Chapter-6 identifies potentially negative environmental and social impacts of the project and proposes mitigation measures to address these impacts. Chapter-7 provides the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Project. 1-3

13 2 Legislative and Regulatory Review This Chapter discusses the policy, legal and administrative framework as well as institutional setup relevant to the environmental and social assessment of the proposed project. Also included in the chapter are the environmental and social guidelines from the national agencies as well as international donors and other organizations. 2.1 National Laws and Regulations Pakistan s statute books contain a number of laws concerned with the regulations and control of the environmental and social aspects. However, the enactment of comprehensive legislation on the environment, in the form of an act of parliament, is a relatively new phenomenon. Most of the existing laws on environmental and social issues have been enforced over an extended period of time, and are context-specific. The laws relevant to the developmental projects are briefly reviewed below: Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 ( the Act, or PEPA ) is the principal legislative tool empowering the government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment (the environment has been defined in the Act as: (a) air, water and land; (b) all layers of the atmosphere; (c) all organic and inorganic matter and living organisms; (d) the ecosystem and ecological relationships; (e) buildings, structures, roads, facilities and works; (f) all social and economic conditions affecting community life; and (g) the interrelationships between any of the factors specified in sub-clauses a to f ). The Act is applicable to a broad range of issues and extends to socioeconomic aspects, land acquisition, air, water, soil, marine and noise pollution, as well as the handling of hazardous waste. The discharge or emission of any effluent, waste, air pollutant or noise in an amount, concentration or level in excess of the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specified by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak- EPA) has been prohibited under the Act, and penalties have been prescribed for those contravening the provisions of the Act. The powers of the federal and provincial Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs), established under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance , have also been considerably enhanced under this legislation and they have been given the power to conduct inquiries into possible breaches of environmental law either of their own accord, or upon the registration of a complaint. The requirement for environmental assessment is laid out in Section 12 (1) of the Act. Under this section, no project involving construction activities or any change in the physical environment can be undertaken unless an initial environmental examination (IEE) or an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is conducted, and approval is received from the federal or relevant provincial EPA. Section 12 (6) of the Act states that the provision is applicable only to such categories of projects as may be prescribed. The categories are defined in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 and are discussed in Section below. The requirement of conducting an environmental assessment of the proposed project emanates from this Act Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 (the Regulations ), developed by the Pak-EPA under the powers conferred upon it by the Act, provide the necessary details on preparation, submission and review of the initial environmental examination (IEE) and the EIA. Categorization of projects for IEE and EIA is one of the main components of the Regulations. Projects have been classified on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts. Project types listed in Schedule I are designated as potentially less damaging to the environment, and those listed in Schedule II as having potentially serious adverse effects. Schedule I projects require an IEE to be conducted, provided they are not located in environmentally sensitive areas. For the Schedule II projects, conducting an EIA is necessary. 4 Superseded by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act,

14 The proposed project falls under the Schedule I of the Regulations National Environmental Quality Standards The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), promulgated under the PEPA 1997, specify the following standards: Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from industrial sources; Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of numbers), Maximum allowable emissions from motor vehicles, Ambient air quality standards, Drinking water standards, and Noise standards. The above NEQS s are presented in Tables A.1 to A.6 in Annex A. Some of these standards will be applicable to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged to the environment as well as noise generation from the activities under the proposed project Land Acquisition Act, 1894 The Land Acquisition Act (LAA) of 1894 amended from time to time has been the de-facto policy governing land acquisition and compensation in the country. The LAA is the most commonly used law for acquisition of land and other properties for development projects. It comprises 55 sections pertaining to area notifications and surveys, acquisition, compensation and apportionment awards and disputes resolution, penalties and exemptions. The GoKP will exclude those sub-projects that may require land acquisition and/or displacement or damages to private assets/public utilities Wildlife (Protection, Reservation, Conservation and Management) Act, Ordinances and Rules This law has been enacted to protect the province s wildlife resources directly and other natural resources indirectly. It classifies wildlife by the degree of protection, i.e., animals that may be hunted on a permit or special license, and species that are protected and cannot be hunted under any circumstances. The Act specifies restrictions on hunting and trade in animals, trophies, or meat. The Act also defines various categories of wildlife protected areas, i.e., National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Game Reserve. This Act will be applicable to the construction as well as operation and maintenance (O&M) activities of the project Forest Act, 1927 The Act authorizes Provincial Forest Departments to establish forest reserves and protected forests. The Act prohibits any person to set fire in the forest, quarry stone, remove any forestproduce or cause any damage to the forest by cutting trees or clearing up area for cultivation or any other purpose. The project activities will have to be carried out in accordance with this Act. No activities will be carried out in any protected forests, and no unauthorized tree cutting will be carried out Canal and Drainage Act, 1873 The Canal and Drainage Act (1873) prohibits corruption or fouling of water in canals (defined to include channels, tube wells, reservoirs and watercourses), or obstruction of drainage. This Act will be applicable to the construction and operation and maintenance (O&M) works to be carried out during the proposed project Antiquity Act, 1975 The Antiquities Act of 1975 ensures the protection of cultural resources in Pakistan. This Act is designed to protect antiquities from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade and export. Antiquities have been defined in the Act as ancient products of human activity, 2-2

15 historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, and national monuments. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the Government of Pakistan to prohibit excavation in any area that may contain articles of archeological significance. Under this Act, the project proponents are obligated to: Ensure that no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected antiquity, and If during the course of the project an archeological discovery is made, it should be protected and reported to the Department of Archeology, Government of Pakistan, for further action. This Act will be applicable to the construction and O&M works to be carried out during the proposed project Factories Act, 1934 The clauses relevant to the proposed project are those that address the health, safety and welfare of the workers, disposal of solid waste and effluents, and damage to private and public property. The Act also provides regulations for handling and disposing toxic and hazardous substances. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 (discussed above), supersedes parts of this Act pertaining to environment and environmental degradation Employment of Child Act, 1991 Article 11(3) of the Constitution of Pakistan prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory, mines or any other hazardous employment. In accordance with this Article, the Employment of Child Act (ECA) 1991 disallows the child labor in the country. The ECA defines a child to mean a person who has not completed his/her fourteenth years of age. The ECA states that no child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupation set forth in the ECA (such as transport sector, railways, construction, and ports) or in any workshop wherein any of the processes defined in the Act is carried out. The processes defined in the Act include carpet weaving, biri (kind of a cigarette) making, cement manufacturing, textile, construction and others. The project proponent, participating farmers and their contractors will be bound by the ECA to disallow any child labor at the project sites Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 The Code deals with the offences where public or private property or human lives are affected due to intentional or accidental misconduct of an individual or organization. The Code also addresses control of noise, noxious emissions and disposal of effluents. Most of the environmental aspects of the Code have been superseded by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, The World Bank Operational Policies The World Bank Operating Policies (OPs) relevant to the proposed project are discussed in the following sections: Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. 5 The OP defines the EA process and various types of the EA instruments. The proposed project consists of activities which may potentially have environmental and social consequences, including: o Damage to assets, o Deterioration of air quality, o Water contamination and consumption, 5 Excerpts from WB OP WB Operational Manual. January

16 o o Damage to top/fertile soil, land erosion, and Safety hazards. Since none of the potential impacts of the project are likely to be large scale, unprecedented and/or irreversible, the project has been classified as Category B, in accordance with OP Furthermore, the present ESA is being carried out in conformity with this OP, to identify the extent and consequences of the intended effects, impacts, and to develop an EMP for their mitigation Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) The WB s experience indicates that involuntary resettlement under development projects, if unmitigated, often gives rise to severe social, economic and environmental risks: production systems are dismantled; people face impoverishment when their productive assets or income sources are lost; people are relocated to environments where their productive skills may be less applicable and the competition for resources is greater; community institutions and social networks are weakened; kin groups are dispersed; and cultural identity, traditional authority, and the potential for mutual help are diminished or lost. This policy includes safeguards to address and mitigate these impoverishment risks. 6 The overall objectives of the Policy are given below: Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs. Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to get share in the project benefits. Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have the opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs. Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, which one is higher. In light of the scope of works, which comprise rehabilitation of existing social infrastructure such as roads, schools, and health centers, and establishment of small-scale productive physical and socioeconomic infrastructure, income-earning assets, and extension service-type activities, the risks of triggering negative social impacts in the project areas are minimal. Further, OP4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement is not triggered as the project does not anticipate any involuntary land acquisition. While the project footprint remains to be determined during the course of project implementation, the project anticipates that land requirement for sub project activities, however small, will be met through voluntary land donation or through direct purchase using the principles of willing-buyer willing-seller. As part of the subproject selection process, the screening will include an assessment of whether there are potential land acquisition and/or involuntary resettlement issues. All such sub-project locations requiring involuntary land acquisition shall be avoided without compromising the project development objectives. The screening checklists and the selection criteria will be fully explained in the Operations Manual along with procedures for documenting voluntary contribution in the form of land Forestry (OP 4.36) The objective of this Policy is to assist the WB s borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development, and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests. None of the project components would be located inside any forested areas. Hence, the OP 4.36 is not triggered. 6 Excerpts from WB OP WB Operational Manual. December

17 2.2.4 Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank, therefore, supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions 7. All of the proposed project components would be located in areas where the natural habitat has already been significantly modified, as a result of cultivation and associated activities; therefore, the OP 4.04 is not triggered for the proposed project Pest Management (OP 4.09) Through this OP, the WB supports a strategy that promotes the use of cultural, biological or environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. Though, the proposed project includes activities such as development of irrigation schemes, however these activities are not likely to induce any increased usage of pesticides, which are mostly used in the canal irrigated areas. The usage of chemical inputs particularly pesticides is not widespread in KP, primarily because of its arid nature and shortage of irrigation water. Hence, the Pest Management OP is not triggered for this project Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) The Policy seeks to ensure that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety of dams that the WB finances. However, this OP is not relevant since the proposed project does not involve construction of dams Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50) This OP defines the procedure to be followed for projects that the WB finances which are located on any water body that forms a boundary between, or flows through two or more states. However, no project components will be located on any such waterways. Hence, this OP is not triggered Cultural Property (OP 4.11) The World Bank s general policy regarding cultural properties is meant to assist in their protection and to avoid their elimination. The specific aspects of this Policy are given below 8 : The Bank usually declines to finance projects that significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and assists only those projects that are located or designed so as to prevent such damage. The Bank assists in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. In some cases, the project is best relocated in order that sites and structures can be preserved, studied, and restored intact in situ. In other cases, structures can be relocated, preserved, studied, and restored on alternate sites. Often, scientific study, selective salvage, and museum protection before destruction is all that are necessary. Mostly such projects should include the training and strengthening of institutions entrusted with safeguarding a nation s cultural patrimony. Such activities should be directly included in the scope of the project rather than being postponed for some possible future action, and the costs are to be internalized in computing overall project costs. Deviations from this policy may be justified only where expected project benefits are great, and the loss of or damage to cultural property is judged by competent authorities to be unavoidable, minor, or otherwise acceptable. Specific details on the justification should be discussed in project documents. This policy pertains to any project in which the Bank is involved, irrespective of whether the Bank is itself financing the part of the project that may affect a cultural property. 7 8 Excerpts from WB OP WB Operational Manual. June Excerpts from the OPN WB Operational Manual. September

18 Since the project activities will be carried out in the cultivated fields and inhabited areas, it is unlikely that any sites of cultural, archeological, historical, or religious significance will be affected. However, in case of discovery of any such site or artifacts during the project implementation, the work will be stopped at that site and the provisions of this Policy will be followed. Additionally, the provincial and federal archeological departments will immediately be notified, and their advice sought before resumption of the construction activities on such sites Indigenous People (OP 4.10) For purposes of this policy, the term Indigenous People is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees 9 : Self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; Collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories, Customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are distinct from those of the dominant society and culture, and An indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country or region. The OP defines the process to be followed if the project affects the indigenous people. Since no indigenous people - with a social and cultural identity distinct from the dominant society that makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the development process are known to exist in the proposed districts of KP, this OP is not triggered. However, if such groups are identified during the project implementation, the proponents will develop an Indigenous People Development Plan, in compliance with the OP and get it approved by the Bank Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60) Projects in disputed areas may raise a number of delicate problems affecting relations not only between the Bank and its member countries, but also between the borrower and one or more neighboring countries. In order not to prejudice the position of either the Bank or the countries concerned, any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located, is dealt with at the earliest possible stage. The Bank may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed for country A should go forward without prejudice to the claims of country B. 10 This OP is not triggered since no part of the three proposed districts (DI Khan, Lakki Marwat and Tank) is located in any disputed territory Applicability of Safeguard Policies Applicability of the WB safeguard policies on the basis of the discussion in Sections to above - with respect to the environmental and social issues associated with the proposed project is summarized below: Operational Policy Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) Forestry (OP 4.36) Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) Pest Management (OP 4.09) Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) Triggered Yes No No No No No 9 Excerpts from the OP WB Operational Manual. July Excerpts from the OP WB Operational Manual. November

19 Operational Policy Projects in International Waters (OP 7.50) Cultural Property (OP 4.11) Indigenous People (OP 4.10) Projects in Disputed Area (7.60) Triggered No No No No 2.3 Obligations under International Treaties Pakistan is signatory to several Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), including: Basel Convention; Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar), Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Kyoto Protocol, Montreal Protocol, UN Convention to Combat Desertification, Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), UN Convention on the Law of Seas (LOS), Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), Cartina Protocol. These MEAs impose requirements and restrictions of varying degrees upon the member countries, in order to meet the objectives of these agreements. However, the implementation mechanism for most of these MEAs is weak in Pakistan and institutional setup mostly nonexistent. The MEA most applicable for the Project is the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), under which certain pesticides such as dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (commonly known as DDT) cannot be used. 2.4 Institutional Setup for Environmental Management The apex environmental body in the country is the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC), which is presided by the Chief Executive of the Country. Other bodies include the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA), provincial EPAs (for four provinces, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan), and environmental tribunals. The EPAs were first established under the 1983 Environmental Protection Ordinance; the PEPA 1997 further strengthened their powers. The EPAs have been empowered to receive and review the environmental assessment reports (IEEs and EIAs) of the proposed projects, and provide their approval (or otherwise). The proposed project would be located in three southern districts of KP. Hence, this ESA report will be sent to the Provincial EPA for review. 2.5 Environmental and Social Guidelines Three sets of guidelines, the Provincial EPA s guidelines, Pakistan-EPA and the World Bank Environmental Guidelines are reviewed here. These guidelines address the environmental as well as social aspects Environmental Protection Agency s Environmental and Social Guidelines The Federal and Provincial EPAs have prepared a set of guidelines for conducting environmental assessments. The guidelines derive from much of the existing work done by international donor agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The package of regulations, of which the guidelines form a part, includes the PEPA 1997 and the NEQS. These guidelines are listed below: Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports; Guidelines for Public Consultation, Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Areas, and Sectoral Guidelines. 2-7

20 It is stated in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 that the EIA or IEE must be prepared, to the extent practicable, in accordance with the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency s Environmental Guidelines World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines The principal World Bank publications that contain environmental and social guidelines are listed as under: Environment, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines prepared by International Finance Corporation and World Bank in Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998: Towards Cleaner Production Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I: Policies, Procedures, and Cross- Sectoral Issues. Social Analysis Sourcebook. All environmental and social safeguard operational policies. 2-8

21 3 Project Description This Chapter describes the salient features of the proposed Project, including its objectives, location, components and implementation arrangements. Further details are available in the WB Emergency Project Paper (EPP). 3.1 Project Location This project is located in the three southern districts of KP. The project will be implemented in the districts of DI Khan, Tank and Lakki Marwat. 3.2 Project Objectives KP-SADP project aims to reach the un-served and underserved low income communities in the targeted three districts of DI Khan, Tank and Lakki Marwat. The project will focus on these districts in order to concentrate project coverage and monitor the progress for quick impacts and demonstrative effects. The key principles for project design are flexibility, scalability and community participation. For this the project would adopt a saturation approach of working in villages in the districts to ensure that a demonstrable impact of the project interventions can clearly be seen. The project aims to provide opportunities for livelihood support for the vulnerable groups and poorest households, building social capital in particular through skill development and organization of youth groups, delivery of cost-effective productive infrastructure, and capacity building of the local governments. The SADP will contribute to the economic rehabilitation of local communities in these districts under the recently completed Post-Crisis Needs Assessment (PCNA) supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), European Commission (EC), United Nations (UN) and the World Bank (WB), that was formally made public in October The Bank is targeting its interventions through a Multi-Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) established for KP, FATA and Baluchistan. Additional resources would be sought for specific interventions to generate knowledge and in-depth analysis of the post-crisis rehabilitation through community participation. 3.3 Project Components The Project aims to reach the un-served and underserved low income communities in the targeted districts of KP in a phased manner. The project components include the following: Component A Community Development Support: The objective of this component would be to help the communities to mobilize themselves into Economic Interest Groups (EIGs) and federate as District Level Associations (DLAs). The project would hire Facilitators to undertake social mobilization, training and community planning process. The Facilitators themselves would first receive training to improve awareness and skills development of the communities concerned and to assist DLAs in carrying out needs assessments, preparation of the Community Action Plans (CAPs), and to implement, operate, and maintain sub-projects. Each team shall comprise of one male and one female Facilitator. The above-mentioned activities will be conducted with a full participation of the EIG members, with special focus on women. DLAs will also be trained to administer funds and to negotiate and manage contracts. DLAs do not currently exist, but will be created to facilitate the Project's objectives at the village level. Each DLA will comprise representatives of concerned EIGs, which currently exist or which will be encouraged to form to engage in project activities. DLAs will elect a management committee, adopt a basic set of rules and regulations governing their functioning, and will have bank accounts to receive and manage financial resources as part of the community contracting arrangements. Priorities of individual DLAs will be identified through an inclusive participatory planning process, with special attention paid to giving voice to marginalized and vulnerable groups. The output of this planning process will be a CAP on which consensus has been reached with the members of the DLA. The CAP will provide a basis on which most of the project financing will be directed, and will comprise, at a minimum: (a) an agreed list of priority private and public infrastructure subprojects that are technically and economically feasible, environmentally sustainable, and will contribute towards raising the productivity and incomes of participating EIGs; (b) a list of constraints and opportunities to be addressed through advisory services with respect to enterprise production and marketing; (c) agreed mechanisms for financing the operations and maintenance of subproject investments; (d) a plan for training and building the capacity of DLAs in financial 3-1

22 management, community-based procurement, social and environmental impact screening of subprojects, conflict mitigation and management and other aspects of organization and management of the associations; (e) identification of recipients for a matching grant if applicable; and (f) an agreed mechanism to manage and resolve conflicts, especially concerning user group rights. This component would also provide: (i) Advisory Services; and (ii) Input Support. The Advisory Services would be provided to the farmers (organized into various EIGs) and their federations (DLAs). The project would provide support to empower EIGs comprising of farmers/ pastoralists and other economic affinity based groups, working within their own villages and through their respective DLAs, to purchase advisory services from both public and private sources. The Input Support would include adoption of new technology by the farmers to enhance their financial capacity to purchase farm inputs (mainly seed, fertilizers, and farm tools, etc.). The project would build capacity of DLAs and their constituent EIGs, so that they are equipped to access Advisory Services and Input Support. This training support will also give them the skills and know-how to carry out participatory planning as well as to implement, operate and maintain subprojects. In addition, this Component will also finance a communication education program designed to enhance the quality of participation and increase transparency and accountability in the project implementation. This support would include: (i) improved communication dissemination campaigns at district and community levels to raise awareness and understanding about the project objectives, approach, guidelines, implementation arrangements and mechanisms for discussing and resolving conflicts; and (ii) hands-on training in communication education. For the information dissemination campaign, the project would finance local technical assistance in the design and development of the campaign; the implementation costs, including appropriate, simplified posters, leaflets, radio/tv spots and videos. The communication media to be used to reach the local communities and other stakeholders and will include the use of print and electronic media including FM radio, sensitization meetings, advocacy visits to communities, use of handbills and posters, use of traditional institutions, and use of folk songs, street theatre, and cultural displays, etc. The target groups for the communication education program will include community members, opinion leaders and traditional authorities, religious leaders, CBOs, NGOs, district government and local councilors. Component B Community Investment Program: This component has three sub-components that respond to the social infrastructure, productive infrastructure and addressing the asset building needs of the ultra-poor and most vulnerable groups including women headed households, disabled, elderly, and other socially and economically marginalized groups. A cap of US$ 10,000 would initially be set for individual EIG s community action plans. Sub-Component B1 Social Infrastructure: This would include rebuilding and improving precrisis social service infrastructure. The project would finance social infrastructure identified in the CAPs that are public-good subprojects for example local schools, feeder roads, culverts, bridges, drifts and stock routes, street pavement schemes, boreholes (with or without pumps), community healthcare facilities, potable water supply facilities, sanitation schemes, rural electrification, and community water storage tanks. Sub-Component B2 Productive Infrastructure: This sub-component will operate on an open menu and will provide small-scale infrastructure as an engine of growth in the affected communities. The project would finance small scale physical and socio-economic infrastructure, income-earning assets and extension service-type subprojects. But most of the subprojects will revolve around livelihood related activities in agriculture and livestock sectors and focus on farm activities, youth income generation and sustainable livelihood. The examples may include vocational training/skill development centers, community grain storage facilities, community agroprocessing facilities, cattle trough, small to medium irrigation schemes, check dams, flood protection bunds, land development / land leveling, resting points (along stock trading routes), and livestock water pools, ponds, etc. Additionally, on-farm technology improvement such as solar convergence of water pumps, drip and sprinklers for small scale irrigation, agricultural 3-2

23 machines (power tillers and processing equipment e.g. maize shellers, oil press, rice thresher, drying platforms, fruit processing/packaging equipment, etc.) would be financed. Sub-Component B3 Asset Building for Ultra-Poor: This sub-component would focus on recognizing the need to specifically address the development needs of the ultra-poor and most vulnerable groups in the targeted villages. Emergency assistance to vulnerable groups would include re-acquisition of lost assets e.g. home/shelter or income source (livestock, poultry, etc.). The objective would be to relieve stress from the vulnerable groups in order to regain their lost assets and rejoin the economic activities. The assessment of vulnerability and guidelines for categories of asset related subprojects will be specified in the Project s Operations Manual. Community-led identification, prioritization, decision-making and implementation will remain the guiding principles in implanting all parts of the Components A and B. While the detailed village selection criteria based on inclusion and exclusion parameters would be developed as part of the operational plan for implementing this component. The scheme development cycle with various stages is presented in the following process flow diagram for the KP-SADP: Figure 3.1: Scheme Development Flow Chart Needs Identification (Consultative process leading to needs assessment and prioritization) Facilitation through EIGs (Community consultation and mobilization) Prioritization (Assessing eligibility for project support as per project criteria and ESMP mitigation measures) Development of Community Action Plan (CAP) (Communities undertaking detailed assessment incl. ESA, walkthrough surveys, design and cost discussions, and community contribution and O&M arrangements before DRC) consideration DRC review and feedback to EIGs/CEIGs (Technical/financial review, ES Assessment & approval for fund release) CAP approved (Subject to scheme type, ESMP mitigation measures, contract awarded with specified roles of all parties involved) Implementation Supervision and Quality Control (By community and DRC/DIU with 3 rd Party Verification) Scheme Completion (Formally inaugurated by community and district administration and handed over to community for O&M) Component C: Project Implementation Support: This component would include: (i) project management through establishing an efficient, effective and responsive entity for successful project implementation at the provincial, district and sub-district level; (ii) development of a communications strategy together with a governance and accountability framework to ensure that adequate and appropriate mechanisms are in place to monitor and support project implementation; and (iii) development of an effective monitoring and evaluation system that will 3-3

24 take regular stock of project performance and inform any course correction. Additionally, this sub-component would explore introduction of new/innovative approaches for communitygovernment partnerships. Examples of these innovations may include introducing ICT-based technologies for monitoring and community O&M. 3.4 Project Implementation Arrangements A. Provincial Level Project Implementation Project Steering Committee (PSC): For overall policy guidance to the Project Management and supervision, a provincial level Project Steering Committee will be established that will be headed by the Additional Chief Secretary (ACS) KP and represented by the Secretaries of the respective departments (Finance, P&D, LGE&RD, Agric. and Livestock, and Social Welfare and Women Development) with PCNA Coordinator and PD, KP-SADP as its member and secretary, respectively. The PSC will meet on quarterly basis to review the overall implementation progress and advice on corrective measures as needed. Project Management Unit (PMU): The LGE&RD department of the Govt. of KP will establish a Project Management Unit (PMU), headed by the Project Director (PD) at provincial level that will be responsible for the overall project management functions (i.e. planning, implementation and M&E including adherence to environmental and social management framework (ESMP), as well as coordination with concerned line departments and respective District Governments and reporting; under the technical guidance of PCNA - Implementation Support Unit. The PMU will be strengthened with core staff for technical and support functions through new recruitments as well as interdepartmental deployments. The PMU would also perform the overall fiduciary management tasks, including procurement and financial management for all project components. The PD, besides his/her usual management functions, will also be in-charge for the overall implementation of ESMP as well as environmental and social performance of the project. H/she will be supported by the environmental and social focal points (ESFPs) appointed/nominated separately in the PMU, DIUs, and within Line Directorates. These ESFPs will coordinate the effective implementation of ESMP including integration of environmental and social guidelines into the sub-projects design, monitoring, and preparation of quarterly progress reports on the ESMP implementation. A part-time Safeguard Specialist will be engaged for SADP during the first year of the project to support the Deputy Director, Infrastructure (Focal Person for ESMP implementation at PMU) in the design and execution of plans/mitigation measures and reporting on each sub-project. District M&E Officers at DIUs and selected Facilitators at CEIGs/Tehsil level will be given additional responsibilities for ESMP integration, implementation, compliance and data collection at field level. B. District Level Project Implementation District Implementation Unit: At the District level, the PMU shall be supported through the District Implementation Units (DIUs) responsible for implementation, monitoring and coordination with line departments and district administration. The social mobilization would be carried out by facilitators hired by the PMU and stationed at DIUs. These facilitators/mobilizers shall organize the communities and arrange for technical assistance including observance of ESMF at the district level. The DIUs will closely coordinate with the field based staff of the line departments at all stages of implementation and for monitoring and reporting functions as well as quality control of the ongoing subprojects. The District Review Committee (DRC) that is to be established by the PMU, with the assistance of project-supported facilitators. The DRC would be chaired by the DCO and the EDO-CDD would be the Secretary to this Committee. The DRC would include representatives from key line departments including agriculture, livestock, irrigation and works and services. A key aspect of the DRC would be the community representation. At least, two traditional or community leaders designated by the Clustered Economic Interest Groups would be the members, one of which 3-4

25 would also serve as the deputy chairperson of the DRC. Responsibilities of the DRC are as follows: - Review and approve CAPs which have been screened against a checklist of criteria including the ESMP, by the EDO-CDD. - Review and approve proposed micro-projects from the CEIGs. - Transmit approved micro-projects to the PMU for funding. - Harmonize agricultural projects within the district to avoid duplication and ensure judicious use of scarce resources. The District Coordination Officer (DCO) would be the de facto project manager at the district level. A new position of the Executive District Officer for Community Driven Development (EDO- CDD) would be created. This position would report to the PMU and under the administrative reporting of the DCO, the office of the EDO-CDD would serve as the secretariat of the DRC. Proposed tasks of the EDO-CDD are as under: (i) (ii) Collection of CAPs submitted by the CEIGs; Screening of the CEIGs to ensure that they conform to the checklist of criteria specified in the PIM, submitting the screened CEIGs which have been cleared to the DRC, or returning rejected CAPs to the CEIGs with specific recommendations on how to improve them before the resubmission. (iii) Convene meetings of the DRC to review and approve CEIGs, (iv) Monitoring of community mobilization efforts. (v) Ensure that CEIGs priorities are reflected in the CAPs, and (vi) Help coordinate the technical assistance from relevant ministries to support the input or advisory services actions of the project. C (I). Community-level Project Implementation: Clustered Economic Interest Groups (CEIGs) At Tehsil level, the CEIG is an apex organization of the economic interest groups (EIGs) which derive their livelihood from the shared natural resources of the communities within that Tehsil. The CEIGs are entities to be created for the Project and would be registered according to the existing local and district laws. They identify, prepare, implement, operate and maintain their micro-projects, assisted by facilitators and technical specialists whom they contract either through the relevant district departments or directly, and through technical assistance and training organized by the PMU. The role of the CEIGs is to link EIGs with the project resources to facilitate capacity-building, advisory services and investment financing for their development activities. To gain such access, CEIGs must meet specific eligibility criteria and follow specific procedures. Once micro-projects are approved by the DRC, CEIGs can access a share of costs for the design and implementation. Micro-project agreements are signed between the PMU (or through delegated powers of PMU to DCO/DRC) and CEIGs. Resources are then transferred directly from the PMU level Special Account to a district level special account different from the normal district account (dedicated account for the CEIGs). The responsibilities of the Tehsil level Clustered Economic Interest Group (CEIG) are as follows: (i) Get registered as a legal entity in accordance with the existing local and district laws; (ii) Elect a management committee, including a monitoring committee, (iii) Assign representatives to DRC meetings, (iv) Identify, through a consensus-building process, priority investments for the members they represent, (v) Use technical assistance, if needed, to prepare micro-project proposals that deal with members' priority concerns, 3-5

26 (vi) Ensure that all the required procedural and substantive elements are contained in the CAPs, especially broad-based participation from the respective community has been ensured during the CAP preparation, (vii) Make sure that all members receive appropriate training, (viii) Prepare draft CAPs, following a participatory and socially-inclusive process and ensure timely submission to the EDO-CDD, (ix) Sign any necessary agreements with the Project and with the required service providers, (x) Open a specific bank account to receive subproject funds, (xi) Open a specific account for deposits of CEIG members funds for a revolving investment recovery fund, (xii) Carry out approved and agreed upon activities, with responsibility for members' contributions to the financing of such activities, (xiii) Contract goods and technical assistance to develop operation and maintenance programs and techniques. (xiv) Operate and maintain micro-projects, with responsibility for collecting user fees that ensure the resources needed for the operation, maintenance and future replacement of financed investments, (xv) Be equipped with physical and financial control instruments. (xvi) Keep records of bookkeeping and other relevant information for project supervision missions. Membership of the CEIG management committee is not to exceed nine persons. The CEIG will have a management committee, consisting of: A Chairperson; A Treasurer; A Secretary; A Maintenance sub-committee (2 persons); A monitoring and evaluation sub-committee (2 persons); and A procurement sub-committee (2 persons). The committee should be transparently elected and should include representatives of different user groups. To ensure the representation of women on the committee, it is stipulated that at least one quarter of membership of the CEIG management committee should be reserved for women. Community-Level Project Implementation: Economic Interest or User Groups Members of Economic Interest or User Groups (EIGs) are the primary beneficiaries of the Project. A user group would be defined by the members themselves. The size of Economic Interest Group is projected to be between 8 and 10 households and as such, may comprise from 80 to 100 individuals. Members of various communities in the district are engaged in different types of on- or off-farm activities for income generation. In the context of this project, the EIGs may be organized along the following economic activities. Orchid growers associations Pastoralists (sedentary or nomad) Hunters Fishermen Gatherers of edibles and non-edible plants Food and crop processing, marketing and distribution Other economic interest groups Each user group/eig would have an association that represents its interests with the following responsibilities: (i) Select a management committee, including a monitoring sub-committee; (ii) Represent members at the CEIG level and sign any necessary agreements, (iii) Identify, through a consensus-building process, priority investments for the members they represent. 3-6

27 (iv) Use technical assistance, if needed, to prepare micro-project proposals that deal with members' priority concerns, (v) Be equipped with physical and financial control instruments, (vi) Operate and maintain micro-projects, with responsibility for collecting user fees to fund the resources needed for the operation, maintenance and future replacement of financed investments. (vii) Keep records and other relevant information for project supervision missions. The EIG should have a management committee not exceeding three persons, consisting of a chairperson, a treasurer and a secretary Facilitators EIGs should require project assistance to constitute CEIG as their apex organization and they later would require assistance for community needs assessment and conducting participatory rural appraisal. Facilitators should be hired by and report to the PMU and EDO-CDD on performance contracts. Responsibilities of Facilitators are as follows: (i) Introduce and sensitize EIG members to the goals and procedures of the project; (ii) Assist with the formation of CEIGs, (iii) Liaise with the EDO-CDD desk, (iv) Facilitate needs assessments for EIGs, (v) Preparation of CAPs, (vi) Raising awareness about the environmental implications of micro project implementation. 3-7

28 The implementation arrangements and funds flow chart are given as under: Implementation and Funds Flow Chart of KP-SADP PSC - Chairperson: ACS - PD (Secretary to PSC) - Frequency: Six-monthly Provincial Assignment Account LGE&RD PMU Provincial level - Secretary - PD District Designated Account DIUs/DRC EDO-CDD CEIGs District level - Chairperson: DCO - Deputy Chair: from CEIG - EDO-CDD: Secretary Apex level CEIGs Tehsil level - Chairperson - 9 Elected members - ¼ Gender - CBOs/TLO Tehsil Designated Account EIGs/User Groups U/C /Village level - Chairperson - Management Committee HH (80-100) Facilitators/SOs/ PPP/ PPCP/ NGOs/ RSPs/ CSO/Consultants 3.5 Communication Strategy The project would develop a detailed communication strategy reflected in the project s Operations Manual. The strategy would focus on providing various stakeholders with relevant project design information; bringing transparency to the process; and developing a close link with, and understanding of the targeted beneficiaries of the project procedures for different interventions. As recommended by the PCNA findings also, the need to bridge the trust deficit between local communities and the Government agencies is a critical first step in limiting the crisis relapse. The 3-8

29 project s communication strategy would, therefore, ensure that the intended benefits of the planned interventions are widely communicated amongst the local populations, while simultaneously managing emerging expectations. The PMU would hire requisite resources to develop the strategy together with a communication campaign and community outreach plan. The communications strategy would essentially serve the following objectives: Ensure that communities are kept aware and well informed on a continuous basis, about the project s objectives and interventions; Respond to requests from persons with queries on the project; Stakeholders are aware of complaints registration and tracking system especially in relation to voluntary land donations; Manage expectations. The main parameters will include: Information and how it reaches the potential clients and how their first contact is made. The manner in which activists and representatives are identified and involved in dialogue and participate in decision making forums i.e. forms of representation. The formation of community organization/working committees, the influences that guide the formation process and its potential impact on the overall community organization. Decisions on priorities; sharing/contributions how they are made; and the role of women. The forum and medium of consultations between stakeholders: community members, Govt. of KP and line departments staff and the World Bank. Types of agreements and Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) and their social and legal worth. Consultation process during the survey, planning and design, costing and financing, implementation and the O&M stages as well as the tendering and procurement of land, materials and labor. The process of taking ownership and satisfaction on work done, including links established between stakeholders beyond the project period. 3.6 Monitoring and Evaluation M&E Responsibilities of the PMU and DIUs: The monitoring and evaluation of project would be the overall responsibility of the project s PMU. PMU would be responsible to undertake regular supervision of all project activities and prepare quarterly reports to be shared with the Project Steering Committee, PCNA Secretariat s, Directorate of Monitoring and Evaluation, the World Bank, and any other stakeholder. The PMU staff would include a dedicated focal point for M&E and a small team of for regular field monitoring and report preparation. Additionally, the DIU would also have focal points for monitoring and evaluation (M&E) to collect information, prepare district level updates and facilitate preparation of project s quarterly reports. Participatory Monitoring Processes: The project would adopt participatory M&E approaches with in depth involvement of local communities and beneficiaries in monitoring of project outreach and performance of various components. Periodic beneficiary surveys, community score cards, project feedback fora, interactive case studies, etc. would be some of the tools to be used for this purpose. Additionally, the project would have a complaint handling system which would be widely communicated. Annual Reviews: The Bank team would also organize detailed annual review to evaluate implementation progress against the annual work plans approved by the PSC. These annual reviews would be held with project staff from PMU and DIUs and the field staff of involved line departments as well as District Governments. Progress Review Partners (PRPs): The project would also explore involving youth for monitoring and case studies as being done by other development partners in the province. This would encourage youth-to-youth knowledge sharing and learning process as well as raise the profile of development initiatives in the region. The young PRPs would be identified from amongst university students in the province and other interested organizations. 3-9

30 Independent Third Party Monitoring: The Third Party Monitoring Agent will be used for the project who would interact with the communities, local administration, project staff, line departments and other stakeholders for independent appraisal of project performance and impact evaluation. The third party monitors would be engaged in the first year of the project implementation and would remain engaged during the remaining project period. The third party monitors would collect information on quality assurance and cross verification as an independent assessment of the reported progress. They will also be responsible for investigating compliance with voluntary land donation procedures. The third party monitors would report directly to the Provincial Steering Committee on the findings and recommendations. Technology Based Monitoring: The project would make use of the ICT based monitoring tools including (but not limited to) Global Positioning System (GPS) enabled cameras for geo referencing and physical verification of all project interventions. Other hand-held and mobile based technologies for beneficiary verification and feedback would also be used. Additionally, the project would also make use of the Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) for satellite-based monitoring across the border areas for the entire MDTF portfolio, which is being arranged by the MDTF Secretariat. Communications and Feedback Mechanisms: The project would have a comprehensive communications strategy included in the Operations Manual. The strategy would primarily focus on establishing a two-way process that engages stakeholders, understands their socio-political context, and takes their perspectives into account. The communications strategy would be an integral part of the project design for all interventions in order to ensure that an effective and interactive flow of information is generated amongst all stakeholders. The strategy would be fully owned and internalized by the PMU and AIU staff as well as the line directorate staff as project implementers and would be used for facilitating coordination and transparency for the project. 3-10

31 4 Baseline Conditions This Chapter presents the baseline conditions of the physical, biological and human environment of the Project area. The description is based upon the primary and secondary data sources. 4.1 Physical Environment Climate, Temperature and Rainfall 11 In general, the southern districts of DI Khan, Tank and Lakki Marwat (of KP) are the hottest with maximum temperature ranges between 46 C and 50 C. Temperatures in summer are quite oppressively hot, whilst in winter; however, this region is both warmer and generally drier than the rest of KP. Nights, however, can still be quite cold during the winter. Southern KP experiences little and very erratic monsoonal rains, averaging around mm in July and August and almost nothing in June or September; whereas the average annual rainfall varies from 295 mm to 1048 mm in the project area. Moreover, in many years no summer rains of significance occurs. In winter, rainfall usually peaks in March but Dera Ismail Khan averages less than mm. The project area has been climatically sub divided into three zones i.e. semi-arid sub-tropical, sub-humid sub-tropical and sub-humid temperate. The DI Khan division contains two main physiographic units, 1) the alluvial lowlands, which include the structurally undisturbed Indus plains, and 2) the folded belt, which includes the Khisor, Marwat, Bhittani, and Sulaiman ranges. These ranges and highlands form a nearly continuous mountain system between Salt Range and Potwar Plateau extending to the Baluchistan province in the southwest. More than 80% population of the southern districts is living in rural areas. These people obtain their domestic water from dug-wells and shallow drilled wells equipped with hand-pumps, ponds, stored runoff, the Indus and Gomal Rivers and perennial streams. The Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) drilled tube wells for the supply of drinking water in major towns. Indus River forms the eastern boundary of the D.I. Khan while the Gomal River flows through most parts of the region. The total surface covered by vegetation rarely exceeds ten percent as compared to the whole land Land use The land use pattern and climate indicate water scarcity across the project area. Farmlands are small in size and farming practices are old fashioned with very low yields per hectare. Most of the land is unproductive, only 7.2 % is cultivated area. Ranged land is extensively used for grazing. Table 4.1 presents the land use data of the three districts and overall for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Table 4.1: Land Use (Area in Hectares) and other Indicators of the three districts and KP, 2007/08 12 Land Use Indicators DI Khan Lakki Marwat Tank KP Cultivated Area (000 ha) ,690 Irrigated Area (000 ha) Irrigated Area as % of Cultivated Area Forested Area (000 ha) Population per Cultivated Ha (Persons) * Population per Irrigated Ha (Persons) * Total Reported Area 730, , ,599 5,619,653 Total Cultivated Area 246, ,900 49,661 1,690,152 Net Sown Area 89,679 72,749 9,264 1,127,209 Current Fallow Area 157,123 44,151 40, ,943 Total Cropped Area 101,933 80,066 9,802 1,625,938 Area Sown More than Once 12,254 7, , Mohammad Tahir Shah et. al., Environmental Geochemistry of Surface and Subsurface Water from Dera Ismail Khan Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; J.Chem.Soc.Pak., page 243, Vol. 34, No. 1, Agriculture Statistics of KP (NWFP), Peshawar. 2007/

32 Total Uncultivated Area 483, , ,938 3,929,501 Cultrable Waste Area 346,641 85,920 63,373 1,036,598 Forest Area 3, ,411 1,283,955 Area Not Available for Cultivation 133, ,153 7,154 1,608,948 Data of year 2009/10* Energy In these districts 95% of people use electricity as source for lighting, more than 3% use gas/oil for lighting while less than 2% use candle and other sources for lighting. Less than 0.2 %, in these districts, use electricity as fuel for cooking, more than 2% use gas/oil for cooking while more than 97% use charcoal for cooking Water Resources and Irrigation Schemes Some 38 per cent of agricultural land in these districts is under irrigation, while the remaining farms rely exclusively on rainfall. Water for irrigation is provided through a combination of delivery systems, including tube wells, dug wells, lift pumps, check dams, rain/ flood water harvesting, surface irrigation networks and traditional community-built canals. In some areas, however, entire irrigation systems have ceased to function; therefore, provision of flood protection works is also one of the major requirements. 14 According to the Agricultural Statistics of NWFP (KP)/Bureau of Statistics data of to , the total area under canals irrigation (both public and private) in DI Khan, Tank and Lakki Marwat was , 8727, and hectares whereas the total area under tube wells, dug-wells, left pumps and others was 15,955, 503, 982 hectares, respectively. District-wise breakdown of area irrigated by different sources along with percentage distribution of households by source of drinking water is provided in Table 4.15 below: Table 4.2: Area Irrigated by Different Sources in the Project Districts and NWFP (KP); to Province/ District Years 2005/06 to 2007/08 Area in Hectares Canals Tube Left Total Tanks Wells Others Govt. Private Wells Pump NWFP/KP 817, , , ,434 39,985 32,013 25,004 DI Khan 144, , , Lakki Marwat 36,296 21,439 13, Tank 8,727-8, Percentage Distribution of Household by Source of Drinking Water District Tap Water Hand Pump Motor Pump Dug Well Others DI Khan Lakki Marwat Tank KP Province Other development indicators paint a similarly dismal picture of the basic services. Official record shows that 56 per cent of the population is supplied with drinking water but less than a third of this supply is in the form of individual connections to households. In many rural areas, women 13 Bureau of Statistics of NWFP (KP) Agricultural Statistics of NWFP (KP) /Bureau of Statistics, NWFP (KP); Peshawar Agricultural Statistics of NWFP (KP) /Bureau of Statistics, NWFP (KP); Peshawar to

33 are required to travel long distances, up to 2-3 kilometers, to fetch water. Water from pipelines is supplied directly, either through indoor or outdoor connections, to less than 40% per cent of households Surface Water The climatic classification of the region is arid to semi-arid. Rainfall in the project area is rather scanty. Most of the rainfall converts into flash floods due to steep slopes and drains into main rivers like Kabul, Kurram, Indus and Gambila. These rivers run in deep gorges in the project area and no irrigation systems exist in the project area except a few. There is no discharge measurement facility in the project area. Few rain gauges exist but their data is not properly recorded and reported, therefore, there is a total lack of the required authentic data. As a result, rainfall data of Kohat, DI Khan and Bannu rain gauging stations, located in the immediate vicinity of the project area, has been used for estimating runoff generated from rainfall. GoKP and Pakistan Metrological Department are presently in the process of installing rain gauges in various parts of KP. Since most of the surface runoff generated in the project area drains out due to lack of infrastructure instead of being utilized for productive purposes, there is a dire need for enhancing utilization and conservation of surface water by constructing small storages, diversion and harvesting structures and recharge/delay action dams. Major focus is proposed on construction of small recharge/delay action dams to enhance groundwater recharge, which is a major source of water being utilized for irrigation and other purposes. One such long-awaited project the Gomal Zam Dam is being constructed on River Gomal in the South Waziristan Agency (SWA), west of Tank and DI Khan districts of KP province having a power generation capacity of 17.4 megawatt (MW) - will be operational shortly i.e. the third quarter of Official sources of the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) have confirmed that work on the infrastructure of this mega project, situated in the tribal belt of South Waziristan, has been completed; 85 percent work on the installation of two large turbines has also been accomplished. Sources further added that water was being stored in the reservoir, while power generation from the project would start working soon. Similarly, work on the edifice of irrigation channels linked to Gomal Zam is underway, where more than 55 percent construction work has also been completed on this component of the project. Authorities had maintained that after the completion of irrigation channels, the barren lands of Dera Ismail Khan and Tank districts, down town areas of Waziristan belt could be irrigated, which would help in habitation and development of the area. The project will irrigate 163,086 acres barren lands of Tank and DI Khan districts thus opening up the area for development. Furthermore, the upgraded infrastructure of the dam would have 1.14 million acre feet (MAF) gross live storage capacity of water, and MAF of perennial and flood flow of River Gomal to provide irrigation water to barren lands. 17 The second water project of the southern districts of KP after Gomal Zam Dam the Tank Zam Dam located at district Tank was expected to be completed under the Drought Elevation Relief Assistance (DERA) program at the cost of Rs70.20 million, but could not be undertaken due to various reasons. Its inauguration took place on August 5, 2005 as its construction was the long standing demand of the people of this area. The main idea behind this dam is to streamline hilly water to meet the irrigation and drinking requirements of more than 180,000 residents of the district, besides hydro-power generation. Tank Zam is situated in the south west of the Tank city at a distance of 16 km and is one of the biggest hill torrents of the area. Its three-year construction work is expected to be completed in June 2017/ Waste Water Disposal Sanitation facilities are even less widely available and more difficult to assess. Overall, it appears that just 33% per cent of the population has access to adequate sanitation in the form of toilets, 16 KP-Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2008; GoKP and UNICEF. 17 Daily Times, Islamabad, Saturday, December 24,

34 sewerage, drainage and solid waste disposal. Results show that 21 per cent of houses in these districts have separate latrines while 65% per cent have no latrines at all Industry With one or two exceptions, industrial activity is restricted primarily to small, owner-financed units, operating without government oversight. These include stone processing, textile weaving, and furniture manufacture. In DI Khan, the total numbers of industrial units are 73 out of which 33 units are running while 40 are closed. In Lakki Marwat there are a total of 20 units of which 14 are running and 6 are closed while in Tank there are no industrial units. It is estimated that some 15,000 workers are currently employed in the industrial sector in the region. With the exception of those engaged in furniture manufacture, most local workers are unskilled. Some mineral extraction is also taking place in various parts of the three districts, using outdated technology and antiquated methods. 19 Lucky Cement Limited is one of the largest export houses of Pakistan with the production capacity of 25,000 tons per day of dry process cement and 7.75 million tons per annum. Over the years, the company has grown substantially and is expanding its business operations with production facilities at strategic locations in Karachi to cater to the Southern regions, Pezu and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to furnish the Northern areas of the country. Lucky Cement is Pakistan s first company which exports sizeable quantities of loose cement being the only cement manufacturer to have its own loading and storage terminal at Karachi Port Minerals Resources Significant reserves of minerals and commercially valuable stone remain unexplored with the exception of a large-scale mining of lime stone that is carried out in Sheikh Badin s hills for the Lucky Cement Complex. The average annual production of limestone is 8697 Metric tons and used mainly in the manufacture of cement, road making, building construction and in the chemicals industries. 20 With few industries and only limited unorganized mining, unemployment and under-employment are high. Many seek employment as short-term unskilled laborers or enlist in the local security and paramilitary forces. Those who are able to travel find work in cities across Pakistan as well as in the other countries, using their earnings to support families at home. The more highly qualified among them have in many cases migrated permanently with their families. They and their children are reluctant to return to these areas, leading among other things to an acute shortage of doctors, teachers and skilled workers generally and in particular to a dearth of qualified female teachers and doctors. The local economy operates on an informal basis in the region. Access to financing is also limited in these areas Biodiversity Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has a rich biodiversity at the ecosystem, species and genetic level. These biological resources provide essential ecological services and a wide range of social, cultural, and economic benefits to the people of KP. Biodiversity in KP has never been systematically evaluated, although some surveys do exist that reflect a parochial picture of this domain. 21 DI Khan, the southernmost district of KP, is lying at an elevation of meters from the sea level. It has a total geographical land of million hectares out of which million ha is cultivated. Most of the DI Khan district is a dry alluvial plain commonly referred to as Daman. The only hills, within the district, are those of Khisore Range which lies in the north - eastern part of the district. The Khisore Range is also known as the Ratta Koh or Koh-e-Surkh, meaning the red mountain. It runs close to the Indus River, in the north- east to south-west direction. 18 KP-Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2008; GoKP and UNICEF. 19 Directorate of Industries, Commerce and Labour, (KP) NWFP, Peshawar / Bureau of Statistics, NWFP (KP); 2007/ Muhammad Omar Nawaz, Economic Mineral Deposits of Pakistan, page 8; January, Environmental Profile of NWFP (KP), page-120, June,

35 A study on the floating aquatic weeds in DI Khan has collected and identified 11 such weed species belonging to 9 genera and 9 families. These plants include Bryophytes: 1 species, Ricciocarpus natans (L.) Corda; Pteridophytes: 2 species, Azolla pinnata R.Br. and Marselia quadrifolia L., and Spermatophytes: 8 species, Lemna aequinoctialis Welw., L. gibba L., Marselia quadrifoliata L. Nelumbo nucifera Gaerth., Nymphoides cristata (Roxb.) O. Ketze. Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze:, Pistia stratiotes L. Potamogeton nodosus Poiret and Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. Floating weeds on one hand, cause serious problems and on the other hand they are used for various useful purposes. Data inventory consists of botanical name, family, major group, habit and habitat, flowering period, availability, distribution in DI Khan, Pakistan and the world, beneficial and harmful effects. Key to the floating aquatic species of the area was developed for easy and correct identification and differentiation. 22 The delicious Dhakki dates (DI Khan) which are famous for their taste and high nutritional value is one the main cash crops of the area and a livelihood earning commodity for a large number of the local population. Mazri (Nannorrhops ritchieana) is another local flora (found mainly in Kurram, Orakzai, Northand South Waziristan Agencies and some parts of district Hango and coming to the targeted districts) having good economic value. It is the best source of earning amongst the local flora. It is used for making different types of ropes, utensils and handicrafts. It is the alternate source of income of the arid areas inhabitants. In Tank, there is a total 38 plant species used as fodder forage out of which 3 are listed as the most preferred ones by the local farmers and herdsmen. These are Acacia nilotica, Zizyphus Mauritania and Con vol vulus arvensis. The most frequently mentioned criteria were palatability, ability of the fodder to satisfy hunger and resistance to drought (ever green nature), storage capability, and property to induce milking and nutritious values. 23 Another important study enumerates the traditional use of 52 plant species belonging to 45 genera and 30 families that are used by the local villagers of Darra Pezo, district Lakki Marwat for various purposes. Out of the 52 plant species, 47 are medicinal. While some of useful species are under serious threat due to unsustainable activities that necessitates a proper documentation about their present status and local traditional knowledge and practices. 24 The physiographic diversity of the KP province has given a unique status to the province in the country with respect to its wildlife resources. The lowest elevation at Dera Ismail Khan support xerophytic vegetation and their associated species of wild fauna whereas the highest elevation near Tirichmir peak supports charismatic species like snow leopard, Himalayan ibex, snow cock and snow partridge. In addition to, the river Indus near DI Khan abode the rare and endemic blind dolphin. 25 In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, there are five National Parks out of which one is in Sheikh Badin, DI Khan on an area of hectares. DI Khan and Lakki Marwat districts also host the Wildlife Refuge Areas of 3774 and 5180 hectares, respectively for Waterfowl, Crane, Ducks, Chakor, Grey Partridge, Black Partridge, and Houbara Bustard to provide safe heavens to the species concerned. Hunting and shooting of all wildlife species found in a refuge is strictly prohibited Marwat et al., Biodiversity and Importance of Floating Weeds of DI Khan District of KP, Pakistan, Afr. J. Tradit Complement Altern Med. (2011) 8(S): Lal Badshah and Farrukh Hussain, Farmers preferences and use of local fodder flora in Tank District, Pakistan, African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 10(32), pp , 4 July, M. Zahoor et. al., Ethnobotany of Some Plants from Darra-e-Pezo, District Lakki Marwat, Pakistan, Pak. J. Pl. Sci., 15 (1): 75-80; S.A. Shah, Conservation of Endangered Species in KP, The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 21(2 Suppl.): 2011, Page: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Wildlife Department, Peshawar 4-5

36 4.2 Socioeconomic Baseline Demography According to the 2010 population estimates the total population of KP is about 24.7 million people with an annual growth rate of 2.8% but certain districts and Frontier Regions (FRs) do not follow this trend, showing a decline during the same period. Population density, according to 1998 Census, stands at persons per sq km in KP as a whole, with wide variations between individual districts and FRs. In FR Dera Ismail Khan, for example, the population is thinly scattered with 116 persons per sq km. The key demographic data for the Project area is presented in Tables 4.3 and 4.4 below: Table 4.3: Population Data (1998) 27 Total Population Annual Projected Area (sq Population Density Growth % Population km) 1998 (Persons per sq km) ( ) in 2010 DI Khan 7, , ,253,522 Lakki Marwat 3, , ,794 Tank 1, , ,819 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 74,521 17,743, ,772,739 Table 4.4: Demographic Indicators (Pakistan and KP, 1998) 28 Indicator Pakistan KP Geographical area (sq km) 796,096 74,521 Average annual population growth rate, (%) The average annual population growth for these districts is slightly higher than the provincial average of 2.8 per cent and the national average of 2.7 per cent. The average household in KP consists of 8 persons, compared to 6.8 persons in the country as a whole. The household data is presented below: Table 4.5: Household Size 29 Indicator Pakistan KP Average household size (persons) Urban population (% of total) Population density (persons per sq km) The data on gender is presented in Table 4.6 below: Table 4.6: Population by Gender (1998) 30 Total Male Female Ratio* Khyber Pakhtunkhwa DI Khan Lakki Marwat Tank * Number of males per 100 females. 27 Population Census 1998, Population Census Organization, Govt. of Pakistan. Projections were calculated on the basis of the intercensal growth rate for the two censuses of 1981 and 1998, and do not factor in changing fertility patterns. 28 PCO, Govt. of Pakistan, Islamabad. 29 PCO, Govt. of Pakistan, Islamabad. 30 PCO, Govt. of Pakistan, Islamabad

37 4.2.2 Access to Education Overall literacy in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is low; it was per cent in the KP and per cent at the national level in the year Almost 20 per cent of females aged 10 years and above are literate in KP and 34 per cent across the country. While 53 per cent of males over the age of 10 are literate in KP, this figure trails the national average (56 per cent) by not a wide margin. See Table 4.7 below for the key education indicators for Pakistan and KP: Table 4.7: Education Indicators for Pakistan, KP and the Three Southern Districts of DI Khan, Lakki Marwat and Tank , and Indicator Pakistan KP DI Lakki Tank Khan Marwat Literacy ratio (both sexes, %) 43.92* 35.41* 31.3% (+10 years)* 29.7% (+10 )* 26.2% (+10)* Male literacy ratio (%) 54.81* 51.39* 43.19* 50.3* 42.44* Female literacy ratio (%) 32.02* 18.82* 17.86* 8.6* 8.59* Govt. Primary Schools (total number) 155,000* 22,466 1, Government Primary Schools for boys 111,100* 14, Government Primary Schools for girls 43,900* 7, Total enrolment in primary schools 19,781,000* 2,758, ,917 79,419 36,106 Govt. Middle Schools (total number) 28,700* 2, Govt. Middle schools for boys 22,100* 1, Govt. Middle schools for girls 6,600* Total enrolment in middle schools ,792 25,779 19,883 5,943 Govt. High schools (total number) 1, ,100* Govt. Higher Secondary Schools (total No.) 272** 14** 10** 1** Government High Schools for boys 1, ,100* Govt. Higher Secondary Schools for boys 185** 9** 9** 1** Govt. High Schools for girls ,000* Govt. Higher Secondary Schools for girls 87** 5** 1** 0** Total enrolment in high / higher 1,357 10,111 3, ,076 secondary schools 1,350** 1,239** 152** *Literacy rates and Pakistan figures according to Census Report 1998; all other figures for 2007/08. ** Information of the Higher Secondary Schools of KP Access to Health Services Health care indicators are equally disappointing in KP; there are 4,916 persons per doctor in KP and 1,226 persons for every doctor in Pakistan. These highlight the poor state of the health care system. Access to health services is severely limited. Public-sector health services available in are shown in table 4.8 below: Table 4.8: Public Sector Health Institutions (KP, ) 32 Health DI Khan Lakki Marwat Tank KP a. Government Hospitals (#) b. Dispensaries (#) c. RHCs / SHCs (#) d. BHUs functioning (#) e. MCH Centers f. Total ,518 g. Beds (Hospital:/Dispensary) (#) ,017 h. Population per bed (#) 2,926 3,209 1,895 1,654 i. Government Doctors (#) ,916 j. Population per Doctor (#) 6,217 19,211 7,696 6, Directorate of Schools and Literacy, GoKP, Peshawar. 2007/2008./ Bureau of Statistics, Peshawar Director General Health Services, GoKP, Peshawar / Bureau of Statistics, Peshawar

38 k. Family Welfare Centre (#) ( ) l. Population per Welfare Center 13,011 14,659 10,793 15,290 The more vulnerable segments of the population women, children, the elderly and the disabled depend on others to access health services. Cultural norms discourage the movement of women in public and inhibit them from consulting male health care providers. Coupled with a shortage of female doctors and nurses, this restricts women s access to health services. For younger people, the absence of constructive recreational opportunities and the easy availability of drug places them at risk of narcotics addiction. Care of the elderly is a tribal custom but the lack of adequate health facilities leads to problems in this area as well. The population is clearly bifurcated into the haves and the have-nots. Those with the financial means to do so seek care from tertiary hospitals and specialists in other parts of KP and Pakistan. For those who do not have this opportunity, the choice of providers is restricted to practitioners available locally Housing and Settlements More prosperous residents of the region maintain large homes with expansive courtyards, guest rooms and separate quarters for the women of the household. Occasionally, a meeting place to entertain visitors, known as a hujra, and a mosque are also attached to the dwelling. The average house is modest by comparison. According to the figures for 1998, a total of housing units are reported. Of these, per cent are made up of just one room, 34.51% are made up of two rooms; percent have 3 rooms, per cent have 4 rooms, 3.97 per cent have 5 rooms and 4.7 per cent have 6 rooms or more. Large or small, the vast majority of dwelling units are owner-occupied (80.61 per cent), while a small number of homes are recorded as rented accommodation (8.5 per cent) or rent-free housing (10.88 percent). Nearly 36 per cent of all houses are built of unbaked brick, earth, wood or bamboo, while pucca (permanent, cemented) houses account for 64 per cent of the total. Roofing for nearly 84 per cent of all homes is made of wood or bamboo. Less than 73 per cent of houses are supplied with electricity, which is used for lighting. Fuel for cooking comes primarily in the form of wood: 83 per cent of all households use wood-burning stoves and barely 9 per cent have access to natural gas. Water from pipelines is supplied directly, either through indoor or outdoor connections, to less than 56 per cent of households. The key housing indicators for KP are presented in Table 4.9 below 33 : Table 4.9: Housing Indicators (KP, 1998) 34 Indicator Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Total number of housing units 2,210,455 Persons per housing unit 7.9 Persons per room 3.3 Pucca (brick, stone) units (%) 64 Owner-occupied units (%) Rented units (%) 8.51 Rent free (%) Separate kitchen (%) Indoor and outdoor water supply (%) and Electricity supply (%) Natural gas supply (%) 8.42 The vast majority of the population resides in rural areas with hectares under agricultural use 35 in these three districts. Rural settlements number 2,560 in total, most of which are small, with populations ranging from 500 to 2,000. Some 748 localities are home to less than 500 individuals, another 697 have a population of 500 to 999, and 708 are home to between 1, Provincial Census Report of NWFP (KP) by PCO, Islamabad Provincial Census Report of NWFP (KP) by PCO, Islamabad Development Statistics, Bureau of Statistics, Planning and Development Department, Peshawar

39 and 1,999 people. There are 359 localities with a population of 2,000 4,999, while just 48 have more than 5,000 residents Water Supply and Sanitation Springs, streams, rivers and perennial watercourses serve as the primary source of water for drinking and domestic use. In mountainous areas, where natural surface and ground sources are not available, people rely on rain-water ponds. In the plains where surface water is scarce, shallow wells allow the people to meet their basic requirements. Most of the KP is situated in the arid and semi-arid zone, with low annual precipitation. A combination of factors, including the large-scale movement of displaced persons from neighboring Afghanistan, has adversely affected the forest reserves which are critical for watershed protection. The depletion of forest resources has reduced the water retention capacity of the soil, while ecological and climatic conditions have led to the low recharge of groundwater sources. As a result, many springs, streams and perennial watercourses have dried up, forcing people to turn to deep groundwater sources. The Southern region of KP province includes the districts of Lakki Marwat, Bannu, Karak, Tank and Dera Ismail Khan occupying a total area of about sq kms and population ranging up to 2 million. People still live in tribal systems and large fortified houses and mostly depend upon agriculture for sustenance. But, due to the scarcity of arid groundwater and surface water agricultural activities mainly depend upon rain fall, which is not a dependable source due to its irregular nature. Since the watershed and even the piedmont plains are more or less completely devoid of vegetation, flash floods are common in the area. Local people have developed a strategy of coping with the intermittent flash floods by developing soil bunds 2 to 3 feet high around their fields and constructing houses on two three feet high mud foundations. The soil bunds are used to retain the water from hill torrents and flash floods for use as irrigation water. Such a system is called Rod Kohi. The rod kohi cannot be considered as a reliable source of irrigation due to the erratic nature of precipitation in the region, i.e. more water may destroy the fields and may render them uncultivable for a period and less water may not reach beyond a limited area 36. Official records for show that 56 per cent of the population is covered by water supply schemes, mainly through community tanks and taps. Just 27 per cent of supply through these schemes consists of individual residential connections. Some 85 per cent of public-sector schemes rely on groundwater, while the remainder uses surface sources. The majority of groundwater schemes consist of tube wells, while dug wells and infiltration galleries using electric or diesel pumps are few in number. The normal water table in most parts of KP is between 300 and 500 feet. Surface schemes are gravity-based, using slopes and gradients to carry water to distribution points. Sources developed by the works and services department are analyzed for physical and chemical properties alone, and these results show that the water is fit for human consumption. Water supply schemes constructed prior to 1992 are operated by the government. The maintenance of these schemes consumes almost one third of the total budget for the sector each year. Since 1992, however, the Works and Services department has only developed water supply schemes in areas where the resident clan or tribe agrees beforehand to take over operation and maintenance. Some 27 per cent of all schemes currently in operation were constructed after 1992 and have been handed over to local beneficiaries. Where the source is located within the territorial boundaries of one clan or tribe but the water is to be supplied to another, the department requires a formal agreement between the political agent and the clans or tribes concerned before commencing work. In areas not covered by water supply schemes, women are responsible for fetching water for drinking, cooking and washing, while clothes are usually washed at the source. The point where women congregate to collect water or do laundry, known locally as a gudar, also serves as a meeting place. Women are required to travel long distances, in some cases up to 2 kilometers, to 36 Report of the Watershed Management and Land Rehabilitation, North-West Frontier Region, Pakistan. Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad. December,

40 fetch water. Where the source is located outside the area controlled by their own clan or tribe, water is brought to the village by men and payment is made for the service. Water was traditionally transported by donkey but today motorized vehicles are used. Traditionally, settlements in the tribal areas have always been widely dispersed. For reasons of security, meanwhile, communities have generally preferred to build their houses on mounds and hill-tops. In such areas, the drainage of rainwater and domestic wastewater was never a problem. Perhaps as a result, most communities failed to pay much attention to sanitation infrastructure. But as the population has grown and settlements have expanded, this arrangement is no longer safe or practicable. The physical growth of settlements without any provision for basic sanitation is degrading the living environment and polluting water sources. Commerce, trade and business activities, and related services, add to the congestion. Today, the lack of adequate sanitation infrastructure poses a serious health hazard. Children, women and the elderly are particularly vulnerable. Recent figures on sanitation coverage in KP are not available. Results from the 1998 housing census show that per cent of houses have separate latrines, 6.99 per cent have access to shared latrines and per cent have no latrines. No details about the type of latrine (flush or pit) are given in the census report, making it difficult to assess what percentage of the population has access to hygienic sanitation facilities. Overall, it appears that just 10 per cent of the population has access to adequate sanitation in the form of toilets, sewerage, drainage and solid waste disposal Social Setup Pashto and Seraiki are the main languages spoken in these districts. More than 99 per cent of the population is Muslim, with small minority communities including Christians, Hindus and Sikhs. Men are the dominant force in the household, with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict pardah (veiling). Traditionally, divorces and/or separations are extremely rare in these households. Local people are accustomed to managing their own resources and solving disputes without outside intervention. They act collectively to assist others in the group and help fulfill social obligations. Marriages and deaths, for example, draw support from all members of the tribe, as do everyday activities such as harvesting and threshing, laying and clearing irrigation channels, carrying out flood protection, maintaining paths, cutting grass, and constructing hujras (meeting places), mosques or other buildings Local Conflict Management Mechanism The region is traditionally based on the principle of close association by tribe or kinship. The people of the region have long been accustomed to witnessing violent conflict between the members of different tribes and clans. Inter- or intra-tribe conflict may range from minor family disputes that create tensions and uncertainty to full-blown armed clashes that result in irreparable losses. While for many generations the people have managed to build their lives in this climate of instability, today there is a growing awareness that internecine conflict of this sort is a waste of resources and a major obstacle in the way of development. The local Jirga is the main mechanism for decision making on behalf of the local population and is also considered the key entity for conflict resolution and providing judgment for punitive actions. The Jirga is essentially the only mechanism for out-of-court settlements over enmities that span generations. The locals identity in the region is the key to how local communities exercise their rights to and ownership of natural resources and other assets. The tribal identity as depicted through an elder and Jirga is, therefore, essential for access and use of resources and is often seen as the only safety net available to poorer segments of the population. This intricate community system has survived for centuries with adequate legitimacy by the district administration as well as acceptance by local communities as it continues to exert its influence on communal life. In more recent times, some development projects 37 working in these areas 37 The persistence of patriarchal and conservative societal values and related gender-discriminatory practices affect women's access to basic social services and productive resources in the project area. Women have virtually no chance to form networks or support organizations, 4-10

41 have invested in forming local community based groups and indigenous organizations that have cooperated with the local Jirga as well as the district administration for implementing their programs Economy and Livelihood There are few livelihood opportunities available to the people. The local economy is chiefly pastoral, with agriculture practiced in a few fertile valleys. Most households are engaged in primary-level activities such as subsistence agriculture and livestock rearing, or small-scale business conducted locally. Others are involved in trade within the tribal belt or with downcountry markets. Women take active part in agricultural activities, collect fuel wood and fetch water, besides attending to household work and family duties. With few industrial units and only limited unorganized mining in some areas, many seek employment as short-term unskilled laborers or enlist in local security and paramilitary forces. About 24.4% of the employed population which is predominantly male works as migrant workers in Gulf countries while just less than 30% of the population is reported as employed in other provinces of Pakistan. 38 Those who are able to travel find work in cities across Pakistan as well as in the Middle East, using their earnings to support families at home. In and around the Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan, some people have bought land for farming. Elsewhere, urban property is purchased for the purpose of setting up businesses. The transport sector and the timber trade are two enterprises where businessmen have made their fortune. Cross-border trading is mostly the domain of relatively prosperous segments of society Governance Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is spread over 74,521 sq km, and has a population of over 24 million. 39 It comprises of three major administrative parts. One part, composed of the settled areas, consists of the districts of Abbottabad, Bannu, Battagram, Charsadda, Dera Ismail Khan, Hangu, Haripur, Kohistan, Kohat, Karak, Lakki Marwat, Mansehra, Mardan, Nowshera, Swabi, Peshawar and Tank. The second part known as PATA (Provincially Administered Tribal Areas) has a population of 831, and consists of Malakand Protected Area and the districts of Upper Dir, Lower Dir, Chitral, Swat, Buner, Shangla, and Kala Dhaka (Tur Ghar), and the State of Amb, now submerged in the Tarbela Dam reservoir. While the third part, composed of six Frontier Regions (FR), including FR Bannu, FR DI Khan, FR Kohat, FR Lakki Marwat, FR Tank, and FR Peshawar. The districts are administered through DCOs, who serve as intermediaries between the government and the people. The Province is divided into 25 districts. At district level a District Police Officer looks after the Law and Order. Each district has a Public Safety Commission which addresses public complaints against the Police. There is a Provincial Police Officer, the Inspector General of Police (IGP) who is in-charge of the Police System at the provincial level Poverty The region has historically remained amongst the poorest parts of Pakistan. There are serious disparities in service provision as compared to the rest of the country and KP. The absence of visible progress and the perceived lack of interest by both sub-national and federal governments in addressing the disparities have consequently deteriorated citizens trust in the ability of government institutions to meet the basic needs of the population. The general lack of basic services and weak institutional capacity in the selected southern districts of DI Khan, Tank and Lakki Marwat (which have been placed amongst the poorest 25 districts in the country with poor human and social infrastructure and development indicators even before the start of the crisis) have been recognized as drivers of the crisis creating conducive environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits greatly outweighed the or become part of community self-help groups; and are not included in land and water resource decision-making processes. Furthermore, 5 7% of households are headed by women, mostly widows; these households are amongst the poorest ones. 38 MICS 2008, Govt. of KP 39 Population Estimates of 2010, PCO, Govt. of Pakistan, Islamabad. 40 PCO, Govt. of Pakistan, Islamabad,

42 alternatives available to the people for their livelihoods. Although economic backwardness, low human development and relative poverty not necessarily give rise to violence themselves, they do provide the required structural conditions that militant groups can exploit to achieve their goals by promising better opportunities and hope for social justice and equity. In a permissive environment that provides few economic options (other than the illicit economy, drug trafficking and criminal activity for survival), militants' prospects for success are greatly enhanced. A large segment of population lacks access to basic services including clean drinking water, sanitation and adequate physical access to social services. The region lags behind other provinces across a wide range of social and economic indicators, with a lag even more pronounced when viewed through a gender lens. The vulnerable groups including women, children, elderly, disabled and minorities remain amongst the worst affected. Moreover, unemployment is particularly high among young men aged (the main resource pool for militant recruitment). Furthermore, there is a broad-based awareness of the region s acute development disparities with the rest of Pakistan. The region is the most underdeveloped in Pakistan with over 60% of its population living below national poverty line. Majority of people depend on subsistence agriculture and livestock and the visible absence of progress translates even small shocks into large increases in destitution whereas the ongoing crisis could only have exacerbated the poverty incidence. In early 2009, the GoP launched major military operations in the KP and FATA. The conflict has imposed a huge economic cost, on top of the obvious human tragedy. The military operations led to significant damage to physical infrastructure and services while displacing some 3 million people. While the majority of the internally displaced persons (IDPs) have returned to their places of origin, many have lost their homes and livelihoods. Those who stayed behind have suffered equally and tend to be just as poor and vulnerable as the IDPs. 41 Official statistics on rural income and poverty in the area are quite weak. Factors underlying the region's poverty include (i) limited access to basic services; (ii) weak institutional capacities and coverage to provide the required services; (iii) traditional social set up that prevents women s participation in the economic activities; and (iv) lack of effective institutions for skill training to enable the local labor force to shift from low to high-productivity sectors. A social survey could not be conducted due to security and social constraints within the region; hence the use of a random sample was impossible. Also, the locations of the actual project interventions have not yet been determined, so specific information about definite project beneficiaries is unavailable. Poverty has to some extent made the population vulnerable to extremist tendencies and criminality Gender Issues The local society in the project districts is dominated by men. Cultural traditions, social practices and low female literacy have left women in a vulnerable position. They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Women s access to education and health care is limited because such services are not available close to their home. Women in the KP play a dominant role in running the household, rearing and guiding children, managing household finances, and providing much of the labor for agriculture and animal husbandry. They do not normally have a public role, particularly in interactions with the broader society. The federal and provincial governments recognize the importance of addressing poverty, especially as it more affects women. Women s inclusion in project activities and surveys from the earliest days and early discussion with community elders over including them in project benefits will assist communities to focus on problems that especially affect women, such as water availability and small-scale income generation. Too overt focus on women s programs and women s issues can generate hostility within communities where elders perceive proposed 41 PCNA, KP and FATA, Pakistan, pages 23-33, September

43 gender programs as a potential corrupting threat to the local social and cultural fabric. In the event such a problem arises, it could lead to rejection of all project activities until community confidence revives. The threat will be the highest at the early stages of implementation, but experience in other conservative areas of Pakistan, like Dir district, demonstrates that a patient and considered slow go approach does result in increased economic activity by women. Gender inequality and discrimination is a common experience of women in the region, as is true for other areas of Pakistan. Gender-related indicators show that the social, legal, and political status of women is lower than in the rest of the country. The Project includes considerable investment in the drinking water sector and proactive gender-specific measures to align resource allocation and institutional arrangements in green sectors as well. To ensure women s access to services provided under the Project, gender mainstreaming will be the key strategy to integrate gender equality perspectives into all project components and implementation arrangements Road and Transport According to the Bureau of Statistics of GoKP official figures for , the total coverage of roads in the three southern districts is as follows: Total road in Lakki Marwat was km, black topped road km while shingled road was 41 km with a 0.19 road per sq km of area. In DI Khan, total road was km, blacktopped road ; while shingled road was 89.8 with a 0.08 road per sq km of area. Similarly, in Tank total road was km; blacktopped road , while shingled road was with a 0.14 road per sq km of area; whereas total road for KP for the reported period was 11, km, blacktopped road 7,693.99, shingled road 3, with a 0.16 road per sq km of area Social Issues Duplication of Efforts: Presence of other development partners in the region may lead to overlap between the Bank project and other ongoing programs as well as duplication of efforts. To mitigate these risks, regular meetings and coordination would be done with the development partners to check overlap and duplication. Elite Capture: In addition, given the strong influence of the District administration in these districts of KP, there may be elite capture of services provided through the project. Similarly, the consultative and participatory planning may be resisted by the traditional decision making structure of Jirga and elders if seen as questioning traditions of its culture. Involving District administration as well as local elders early in the project would ensure ownership of the project. The project would build upon structures of District Level Associations (DLAs) and incorporate traditional cultural norms in the communications campaign to introduce transparency and collective action. In addition, information about the project would be disseminated widely through community information boards and other mechanisms on project procedures for activity selection, expenditure reporting and O&M. Outdated Baseline Data: Outdated information on baseline data including household income levels, agriculture and livestock assets, etc. may affect the project preparation especially designing of actual interventions. Additionally, given the post-crisis scenario, there may be greater levels of demand generated by the local communities than can be addressed through the project. To mitigate these risks, the project used the available information from government and other sources for initial planning purposes but detailed assessments of the project areas for needs and ongoing interventions on agriculture including irrigation, livestock and associated sectors will be collected within six months of project implementation. Similarly, the project design is based on flexibility in order to respond to the emerging demands generated from the targeted communities. The project would initially be concentrated in limited areas within a district to provide adequate coverage before moving to new areas. The geographic concentration will also ensure generating demonstrative effect and lessons that are incorporated in the project implementation. Governance: The centralized structure at the P&D, KP Secretariat and various line departments may limit stakeholders involvement in the decision making process. The project would adopt a 4-13

44 participatory mode of operation at all levels where line departments staff diligently adheres to a process of regular consultation with beneficiaries. Consistent application of this process will reinforce the message of community participation. Affordable Participation: A majority of households live on subsistence, making cash contribution in the development work very difficult for them and they prefer to provide labor. It is also difficult for them to plan and take time off for participating in consultation meetings. Secondly, many of the heads of the households are barely literate and lack management knowhow about village level development work. They participate in the consultation process through their tribal elders and trust them to make the process equitable and affordable. The tribal elders provide time voluntarily and in many cases this means sacrificing family time and money. Where the consultation and development process drags on it is difficult for them to participate and make any meaningful contribution. Complicated procedures and too many options and choices may confuse and lead to lengthy deliberations thereby delaying the decision-making. In order to make the process affordable for the majority, simple and flexible procedures will be developed under the project. Women's Participation: In the southern belt of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, cultural barriers restrict women s participation in the social and economic interventions thus making them more vulnerable and prone to poverty. The largest percentage of domestic worker group is made up of women. A visible lower enrollment rate for females compared to males, in the ages between 10 and 15 is due to their involvement with domestic chores. It is, therefore, imperative that women are consulted and special arrangements made to actively involve them in the development works as part of the community development component. The enhancement of women's role and encouraging them to actively participate may lead to mainstreaming them to contribute to the household economic development and thereby in the long-term to reduce the household's vulnerability to poverty. The platform of Indigenous Organizations will be used to mobilize women to enable them to benefit from project interventions in an equitable manner. Remote Villages may be Covered: Conscious efforts to be made to benefit remote villages that are located away from the main vehicular access roads and where other infrastructure (such as electricity coverage) may be minimal. Self Help Activities and Willingness to Pay: The past experiences showed that there was precedence of self help activities taken up by the community. Communities have partnerships experience for project related interventions under several projects and they contributed for development works Agriculture/Crops The region is a predominantly agrarian economy, with livelihoods predicated on agriculture and livestock. While agriculture is a profitable activity with good income potential, particularly from horticulture (fruit and vegetables), given the limited water availability, agriculture is practiced in just a few valleys. The rural economy remains mainly pastoral, with low quality rangelands providing more than 70 percent of the total fodder and forage requirement. Yields are substantially lower than national averages and dependant on rainfall. It is dominated by small farmers with less than 5 acres (approximately 2 ha) of land and a few livestock. Many of these households experience food deficits and rely on remittances to meet their needs. The traditional pattern of migration entails young men leaving for jobs in other parts of the country or abroad, while women, children and the old remain behind and rely on farm production for most of their meat, milk, vegetable and fruit consumption, as well as for much of their cereals. Despite heavy dependence on agriculture and horticulture, the full economic benefits of commercial agriculture development have not been fully exploited. For instance, much of the harvesting, packing, storage and marketing is done by people from outside the area. Local small farmers and the landless who are under/unemployed - are often not used in these activities representing lost employment opportunities. These factors have led to a sense of backwardness and deprivation and contributed to the susceptibility to conflict. The key crisis impacts included abandonment and 4-14

45 distress sale of livestock; standing crops being left without being harvested; damages to irrigation and animal shelters; and loss to stocks of seed, fertilizers and feed. 42 Agriculture is the lifeline of the people of KP and a pillar of its economy. Small landholders, who make up the majority of farmers, practice agriculture mainly at the subsistence level, characterized by the underutilization of land and the prevalence of risk-averse behaviors such as the cultivation of low input crops. Crops selected for cultivation depend on factors such as topography, rainfall, water availability, soil quality, land potential and management practices. Most of the cropped area is planted with cereals, indicating that household food security receives priority. Wheat, barley, maize and rice are the major cereals, while vegetables and orchards are cultivated to a lesser extent. The irrigated midland agricultural system is based on wheat, oilseed and pulses, with some fodder and vegetables, mainly onion in the winter (October March), while maize, sugarcane, rice, potato and tomato are grown in the summer (April September) in DI Khan. Significant scope exists to increase off-season vegetable cultivation. Poverty has to some extent made the population vulnerable to extremist tendencies and criminality. In the absence of viable options to earn a living, the lure of illicit activities such as smuggling (consumer goods, weapons) and drug trafficking is as difficult to resist as the call of extremist elements. Highlights of the district level area, production, and share in the provincial lot of the major crops, and fruits and vegetables are given as under: Table 4.10: District-wise Area, Production and Yield Share Indicators of the Project Districts and KP; 2007/ Indicators KP DI Khan Lakki Tank Marwat Reported Area (000 ha) 5, Cultivated Area (000 ha) 1, Irrigated Area (000 ha) Cultivated Area as % of reported Area Irrigated Area as % of cultivated Area Area under Fruit Orchard (000 ha) District % share of the Area with KP Area under Vegetable (000 ha) District % share of the Area with KP Crop Intensity (%) Wheat (000 tons) District % Share of Wheat Production with KP Maize (000 tons) District % Share of Maize Production with KP Sugarcane (000 tons) 4, District % Share of Sugarcane Production with KP Agricultural Improvement Agriculture improvement is directly related to availability of water in the project area. Since the surface flows are underutilized and groundwater is over exploited, change in cropping pattern is the first step till water availability is improved. The proposed cropping pattern for the project area is provided in the following table: Table 4.11: Cropping Pattern District Present Cropping Pattern Proposed Cropping Pattern DI khan Wheat-Maize-Wheat Wheat-Tomato-Onion-Off Season Vegetables Lakki Marwat Wheat-Pulse-Wheat Wheat-Onion-Tomato-Off Season Vegetables Tank Wheat-Pulse-Wheat Wheat-Onion-Tomato-Off Season Vegetables 42 PCNA Sectoral Report on Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics of NWFP (KP); BOS, KP (NWFP). 2007/

46 Livestock Livestock not only provides milk, meat, eggs for daily human consumption but also provides hides/skins and wool/hair and bones/blood for industrial products and manure/urine for soil fertilization. Livestock is also a source of rural transport and draft power in agricultural farming and provides an easy source of income to majority of the rural population. The landless and smallholders (more than 85% of farmers) are mostly dependent on livestock production. Livestock provides employment to 50% of the population either directly or indirectly. About 80% of the income of trans-human families accrues from livestock. District wise livestock population of different animals and poultry birds for the year 2006 is given in the following table: Table 4.12 District wise Livestock Population by type of Animals and Poultry Birds during Livestock Census (Numbers) District Total Cattle Buffalo Hors Sheep Goats Poultry Camel es e Asses Mules KP DI Khan Lakki Marwat Tank See Table 4.13 below for the status of veterinary services in the Project area: Table 4.13: Veterinary Services; 2007/ District Vet Vet Vet Total Hospitals Dispensaries Centers DI Khan Lakki Marwat Tank Total animals treated in DI Khan Total animals treated in Lakki Marwat Total animals treated in Tank Fisheries The rivers and streams that pass through the land harbor a variety of fish, depending on the climatic regime. Cold waters in the upper reaches in Behrain, Madyan and Kalam (Swat) and Kumrat (Upper Dir) are suitable for trout, while warmer waters in the lower reaches favor carp. These aquatic resources are ideally suited for the development of fisheries. Total production of fisheries in KP, according to the statistics of Directorate of Fisheries, NWFP (KP), and BOS, Peshawar for is million tones with trout and Non trout and the amount is in PK Rupees; while details about the province/kp and project districts can be seen in the following table: 44 Directorate of Livestock & Dairy Development Deptt, NWFP (KP); BOS, Peshawar Directorate of Livestock & Dairy Development Deptt, NWFP (KP); BOS, Peshawar

47 Table 4.14: Provincial and District-wise Fish Production, in NWFP, to (Production in M. Tons) Province / District Total Trout Non-Trout Value in Rs. KP DI Khan Lakki Marwat Tank Cultural Heritage The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is one of the most legendary places on earth. It is arguably the most diverse (ethnically), the most varied in terrain and sports, and a vigorous cultural spectrum. The KP conjures up a world of valor and war, of rugged men and mountains, of tribesmen shaped in a heroic, hospitable mould. Gateway to the Subcontinent, since times immemorial, it has witnessed migration-waves of peoples, campaigns of conquerors, flow of incalculable caravans of commerce, influx of intellectuals, artists, poets and saints from the north into its fertile valleys and onwards to the plains of the Punjab, Sindh and beyond the Indus to South Asia. The routes which figured as corridors of invasion and arteries of international traffic brought not only men and material but also ideas which fertilized all of India. Over the centuries this area was instrumental in the spread of many concepts and intellectual thought. Buddhism found its finest expression here in the Gandhara civilization. And from here it spread northwards to pollinate Central Asia, north-east to China, Japan and the Far East. Then came Islam with its unique transforming sweep. Throughout the ages, Pukhtun tribes, the Afridi, the Bangash, the Durrani, the Khattak, the Mahsud, the Orakzai, the Toori, the Wazir and the Yusufzai, have left their indelible imprints on the pages of history. Other tribes are the Marwat, Mohmand, Gandapur, Swati, Tareen, Tanoli, Jadoon and Mashwani. The Afghan, the Pukhtun and the Pathan are three names of the same people despite shifting political boundaries. In this terrain many civilizations have mixed and mingled, risen and were razed. Its inhabitants have excelled in countless fields of endeavour. Perhaps this area has seen more invasions during the course of history than any other region in the world. In the more recent past Sikh and British invaders from the south met their toughest adversaries in the Frontier. The unsure hold of Sikha Shahi "Sikh Rule and the uneasy control of the British Raj speak volumes for these intrepid and freedom-loving people. It was a contentious extension of the Kingdom of Lahore under Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Then for almost five decades it remained a part of the Punjab Province during the Raj. In 1902 it was finally accorded separate status. This was the one Province in which the imperial enterprise seemed to falter and fray. The Pathans have been conquered by many an imperial authority but never truly vanquished. And yet these valiant men and women of the Frontier gave their all to the Independence Movement and a sovereign Pakistan. Apart from the Pathan tribes, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is home to diverse ethnic groups and languages. In the northern highlands such languages as Khowar, Hindko, Kohistani, Shina, Torwali,Kashmiri, Kalasha and Kaghani are spoken. The influx of Afghan refugees has brought Ghilzai and Durrani tribes and hundreds and thousands of Farsi speaking Tajiks and Hazaras who have settled here. Nearly all the inhabitants of the Province are Muslim with a Sunni majority, a minority of Shias and Ismailis and a sprinkling of Animists or Shamanists accessed on 1st September

48 On the way to Chashma Barrage (from DI Khan), the Southern Kafir Kot Fort stands on low (Marwat) hills and is clearly visible from the road. Like the Northern Kafir Kot Fort, 38 km further up the Indus, it was built at the time of the Hindu Rajput Kingdom (8 th to 10 th century) and was destroyed by Mahmud of Ghaznavi in the 11 th century. Kafirkot Temples represent the earliest experiments in this region with the developing Nagara formula. Neither fort was rebuilt. As the Southern Kafir Kot Fort, there are three main temple and shrines on the same plinth. The carving deep chiseled and reminiscent of Mayan sculpture, is fine and well preserved. The Northern Kafir Kot Fort is about 6 km north of the western end of Chashma Barrage. The fort commands a splendid defensive position. It covers a rubble-strewn area of about 25 hectares (62 acres). Inside there are four temples, two badly eroded, the others intricately carved. The best preserved walls including a fate are on the north side of the fort; the walls are about 8 meters (20 feet) high. None of the above cultural resources are likely to be affected by the project activities. 4-18

49 5 Consultation and Participation This Chapter describes the consultations carried out during the ESA study/project preparation, and also the planned consultation during the project implementation. 5.1 Objectives of Stakeholder Consultations The stakeholders consultation is an integral part of the environmental and social assessment for a project such as KP-SADP, and aims to provide a two-way communication channel between the stakeholders and the project proponents. In line with this aim, the objectives of the stakeholder consultations which are usually conducted as part of the ESA are to: To build buy-in and ownership at the highest-level of decision-making--in the Executive, the Legislature in province and the participating districts and communities; To develop a consensus around the key design parameters, project costing and financing, project approach and underlying principles, going forward to Appraisal; To stimulate interactions between the decision-makers and the project for the implementation of the intended strategies and actions. To create good conditions and generate support for the effectiveness and sustainability of the decentralized and autonomous implementation arrangements for the KP-SADP project. 5.2 Stakeholders The key stakeholders of the Project include low income communities, officials and staff of Districts concerned line departments, GoKP and other related agencies. It is anticipated that the community members will participate in project activities by joining the District Level Associations (DLAs) that may be involved in neighborhood and block activities including arranging and organizing community and neighborhood events. The SADP will largely rely on the approach taken by the community based rural development and infrastructure projects in the province, and other successful community driven development programs in Pakistan in terms of i) following the community driven approach where men, women and children define the problems and issues and design practical solutions through a community action planning process; ii) selecting competitively communities based on human, financial and O&M commitments. iii) integrating physical, social and economic components managed and mediated by EIGs; and, iv) continuing to incorporate and strengthen the role of women in all aspects of subprojects preparation, implementation and operation and maintenance activities. Potential beneficiary communities will be the key stakeholders to SADP and they will be able to contribute in terms of labor. Women are important stakeholders of the project interventions; project will ensure effective participation of women in decision making and benefits sharing. 5.3 Consultation Process and its Outcome Extensive consultations with all the relevant stakeholders have been an integral part of the KP- SADP preparation. Social assessment has been carried out in consultation with the line departments, community organizations; local elders and district administration (ratio and respective number of the participants can be seen below in the table 5.1) whereas detailed recommendations and findings of these consultative sessions are highlighted in the Project documents (PC-1 and the Bank s Emergency Project Paper). In order to constitute a representative sample with due consideration to socio-cultural norms of the region, the team met with community representatives/opinion makers of 87 villages. A total of 227 people were consulted; out of which 59 were community opinion makers, 40 were members of the civil society, and 47 were members who spoke on behalf of the women and children (separate consultation sessions were also held with the women of the project area), while 62 number of elderly persons also participated in the consultation. 19 number of government stakeholders were also consulted as illustrated in the figure 5.1 below: 5-1

50 Figure-5.1: Details of Stakeholders Consulted 47 Number of villages represented Number of people 47 Community opinion makers Civil Society 40 Behalf of women & children Number of elderly people met Number of Govt. Officials Table 5.1: District-wise Bifurcation of Stakeholders Consulted S# Stake holders Consulted DI Khan Lakki Total Marwat 1 Number of villages represented Number of people Community opinion makers Civil Society On behalf of women and children Number of elderly people met Number of Govt. officials The conclusions of these consultations, both with district stakeholders and women, are separately documented in the two reports. During these consultations, the following five questions were put before the participating stakeholders: 1. Is the approach broadly on the right track? 2. Are the correct and priority issues being addressed? 3. Is the selectivity (focus on EIGs, CEIGs, DLAs, CAP and thematic areas of intervention) strong enough to ensure impact? 4. What is the best approach to fund flow? 5. And how can coalitions be built and partnerships strengthened to achieve results? Two teams were deployed simultaneously in the two districts. 48 The participants agreed to the listed of priority issues that is going to be addressed during the project implementation. Communities deemed it to be more appropriate to constitute tehsil level associations (TLAs) rather than district level associations (DLAs). They suggested being imparted training in order to develop an understanding about the mechanics of Economic Interest Groups (EIGs), District Level Associations (DLAs) and Community Action Plans (CAP). They also expressed the need for strong grievance redressal mechanism and anomaly removal system. The communities and civil society was of the view that funds flow should be directed towards community whereas they were willing to contribute in the execution of their preferred projects. Most of the communities 47 Source: Executive summary of the District Level Stakeholders Consultation Workshop Report of SADP; Phase Tank district could not cover due to the unstable security situation at the time of the Consultation Process. Therefore, similar detailed consultation process with all the relevant stakeholders (targeted communities and community based organizations including women, local opinion leaders and community elders, district line agencies and CSOs) will be held before the physical launch of the Project in the District to endorse and adjust the Project s priorities for them. This process will be initiated, accomplished and duly reported (to the PMU and the Bank Office) through the active involvement of the EDO, CDD and DIU s staff of the project in Tank. 5-2