Level(s) A common EU framework of core sustainability indicators for office and residential buildings

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1 Level(s) A cmmn EU framewrk f cre sustainability indicatrs fr ffice and residential buildings Part 3: Hw t make perfrmance assessments using Level(s) (Beta v1.0) Nichlas Ddd, Maur Crdella, Marzia Travers, Shane Dnatell (Unit B5) August 2017 EUR EN 1

2 This publicatin is a Science fr Plicy reprt by the Jint Research Centre (JRC), the Eurpean Cmmissin s science and knwledge service. It aims t prvide evidence-based scientific supprt t the Eurpean plicymaking prcess. The scientific utput expressed des nt imply a plicy psitin f the Eurpean Cmmissin. Neither the Eurpean Cmmissin nr any persn acting n behalf f the Cmmissin is respnsible fr the use that might be made f this publicatin. Cntact infrmatin Nichlas Ddd Address: Edifici Exp. c/ Inca Garcilas, 3. E Seville (Spain) jrc-b5-levels@ec.eurpa.eu Tel.: JRC Science Hub JRC EUR EN PDF ISBN ISSN di: /95143 Luxemburg: Publicatins Office f the Eurpean Unin, 2017 Eurpean Unin, 2017 Reuse is authrised prvided the surce is acknwledged. The reuse plicy f Eurpean Cmmissin dcuments is regulated by Decisin 2011/833/EU (OJ L 330, , p. 39). Fr any use r reprductin f phts r ther material that is nt under the EU cpyright, permissin must be sught directly frm the cpyright hlders. Hw t cite this reprt: Ddd.N, Crdella. M,Travers.M and Dnatell.S, Level(s) A cmmn EU framewrk f cre sustainability indicatrs fr ffice and residential buildings: Part 3, EUR EN, Publicatins Office f the Eurpean Unin, Luxemburg, 2017, ISBN , di: /95143, JRC All images Eurpean Unin 2017, except: page 18, figure 1.1, surce: Ecfys (2012); page 40, figure 1.1.1, surce: ENTSO-E (2016); page 142, figure 4.2.1, surce:lee & Steemers (2017) Title Level(s) A cmmn EU framewrk f cre sustainability indicatrs fr ffice and residential buildings: Part 3 Abstract Develped as a cmmn EU framewrk f cre indicatrs fr the sustainability f ffice and residential buildings, Level(s) prvides a set f indicatrs and cmmn metrics fr measuring the perfrmance f buildings alng their life cycle. As well as envirnmental perfrmance, which is the main fcus, it als enables ther imprtant related perfrmance aspects t be assessed using indicatrs and tls fr health and cmfrt, life cycle cst and ptential future risks t perfrmance. Level(s) aims t prvide a general language f sustainability fr buildings. This cmmn language shuld enable actins t be taken at building level that can make a clear cntributin t brader Eurpean envirnmental plicy bjectives. It is structured as fllws: 1. Macr-bjectives: An verarching set f six macr-bjectives fr the Level(s) framewrk that cntribute t EU and Member State plicy bjectives in areas such as energy, material use and waste, water and indr air quality. 2. Cre Indicatrs: A set f 9 cmmn indicatrs fr measuring the perfrmance f buildings which cntribute t achieving each macr-bjective. 3. Life cycle tls: A set f 4 scenari tls and 1 data cllectin tl, tgether with a simplified Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methdlgy, that are designed t supprt a mre hlistic analysis f the perfrmance f buildings based n whle life cycle thinking. 4. Value and risk rating: A checklist and rating system prvides infrmatin n the ptential psitive cntributin t a prperty valuatin and the underlying reliability f perfrmance assessments made using the Level(s) framewrk. In additin, the Level(s) framewrk aims t prmte life cycle thinking. It guides users frm an initial fcus n individual aspects f building perfrmance twards a mre hlistic perspective, with the aim f wider Eurpean use f Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cst Assessment (LCCA). 2

3 Table f cntents Intrductin t Part 3 f the Level(s) framewrk... 6 Hw t make a perfrmance assessments using Level(s) Descriptin f the building t be assessed The building and its elements Building type and site Building parts and elements The building type, wnership and market segment The unit t be used fr cmparative purpses Reference flr area measurement Optinal additinal cmparative reference units Hw the building will be used and the lifespan f its elements Building level in-use cnditins Building ccupatin and cnditins f use Building element service lifespan estimatins The timescale fr the perfrmance assessment Which stages in the life cycle Suggested reprting frmat fr the building descriptin The indicatrs by macr-bjective Macr-bjective 1: Greenhuse gas emissins alng a buildings life cycle Indicatr f use stage energy perfrmance Indicatr f life cycle Glbal Warming Ptential Macr-bjective 2: Resurce efficient and circular material life cycles Life cycle tl: Building bill f materials (BM) Life cycle scenari tls: Life span, adaptability and decnstructin Indicatr n cnstructin and demlitin waste Macr-bjective 3: Efficient use f water resurces Indicatr f use stage water cnsumptin Macr-bjective 4: Healthy and cmfrtable spaces Indicatr f indr air quality Indicatr f time utside f thermal cmfrt range Ptential future aspects f Macr-bjective Macr-bjective 5: Adaptatin and resilience t climate change Life cycle tls: scenaris fr prjected future climatic cnditins

4 Ptential future aspects f macr-bjective Macr-bjective 6: Optimised life cycle cst and value Indicatr f life cycle csts Indicatr f value creatin and risk factrs Overarching assessment tl 7: Cradle t cradle Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Terms and definitins used Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment using the LCA methd Making level 2 and 3 assessments using the LCA methd Prperty valuatin influence and reliability rating

5 Acknwledgements The authrs wuld like t acknwledge the supprt f Jsefina Lindblm frm DG Envirnment and Manfred Fuchs frm DG GROW in the develpment f the Level(s) framewrk. Mrever, the wide ranging supprt, technical input and guidance received frm members f the prject Steering Grup (SG1), the expert Sub Grups (SG2 and SG3) and the main stakehlder grup (SG4) has als been critical t the develpment f Level(s). The members f these grups are listed here: 5

6 Intrductin t Part 3 f the Level(s) framewrk Hw t make a perfrmance assessments using Level(s) This dcument is the cmpanin t parts 1 and 2 f the guidance n hw t use Level(s). In part 1 a general intrductin t Level(s) is prvided, tgether with in Part 2 an verview f the macr-bjectives, perfrmance indicatrs and the three Levels f perfrmance assessment. The three Levels are briefly described in table i belw. Table i. Overview f the three perfrmance Levels Level 1: Cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2: Cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3: Perfrmance ptimisatin assessment The simplest and mst accessible type f use fr each indicatr. A cmmn reference pint fr the perfrmance assessment f buildings acrss Eurpe. Fr prfessinals that wish t make meaningful cmparisns between functinally equivalent buildings. Lays dwn rules t supprt the cmparability f results at natinal level r building prtfli level. The mst advanced use f each indicatr. Prvides guidance t supprt prfessinals that wish t wrk at a mre detailed level t mdel and imprve perfrmance, which may include: making mre accurate calculatins; carrying ut mdelling in rder t ptimise design and as-built perfrmance; anticipating future csts, risks and pprtunities alng the building's life cycle. This part 3 f the dcumentatin prvides a cmplete set f technical guidance n hw t make perfrmance assessments at each f the three different Levels, and then t reprt n the results. In rder t use the guidance it is recmmended t fllw the steps utlines in table ii. In rder t help users f Level(s) navigate t the indicatrs and perfrmance assessment Levels they wuld like t use, table iii prvides direct hyperlinks t the apprpriate guidance. Icns als help t identify the different assessment levels, guidance ntes and reprting templates. Figure i prvides a key t the icns used. Level 1 L1 Guidance ntes Level 2 L2 Reprting templates Level 3 L3 Figure i. Key t the icns used t identify the levels, guidance ntes and reprting templates 6

7 Table ii. The stepwise apprach t perfrmance assessment and reprting Step 1: Define the building t be reprted n Part 3, sectin 1.1 shuld be fllwed in rder t define the building, and the assciated gal and scpe f the perfrmance assessment. Step 2: Chse the level f perfrmance assessment Based n the gal and scpe f the perfrmance assessment, the apprpriate assessment level fr the prject shuld be selected frm the three available ptins. Part 1, sectin 3.2 prvides further guidance n the difference between the three levels. Step 3: Fllw the guidance and rules n hw t carry ut an assessment Step 4: Cmplete the reprting frmat Part 2 prvides a general intrductin t each indicatr. Part 3 shuld thereafter be cnsulted, where guidance is prvided fr each level n hw t carry ut a perfrmance assessment. Rules are als laid dwn fr reprting in the public dmain. The Level 1 guidance frms the cmmn basis fr all assessments, and shuld be cnsulted befre using Levels 2 and 3. In each set f technical guidance in Part 3, a frmat fr reprting is prvided. Step 5: Determine the valuatin influence and reliability f the assessment As an ptinal last step fr each indicatr, the ptential influence n a prperty valuatin and reliability f the data and calculatin methd may be rated and reprted n. Part 3 prvides a rating methdlgy fr each indicatr. 7

8 Table iii. Where t find each indicatr, scenari r life cycle tl, and their Levels Indicatr Unit f perfrmance measurement Detailed guidance which can be fund in Part 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 All levels Cmmn assessment Cmparative assessment Optimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating Macr-bjective 1: Greenhuse gas emissins alng a buildings life cycle 1.1 Use stage energy perfrmance Primary energy demand kilwatt hurs per square metre per year (kwh/m 2 /yr) Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) Delivered energy demand (supprting indicatr) 1.2 Life cycle Glbal Warming Ptential kg CO 2 equivalents per square metre per year (kg CO 2 eq./m 2 /yr) Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) Macr-bjective 2: Resurce efficient and circular material life cycles 2.1 Life cycle tl: Building bill f materials Reprting n the Bill f Materials fr the building, as well as fr the fur main types f materials used. Guidance cmmn t all Levels

9 2.2 Life cycle tls: scenaris fr building lifespan, adaptability and decnstructin Accrding t the perfrmance assessment level: 1. Design aspects that are prpsed/have been implemented (cmmn perfrmance assessment) 2. Semi-qualitative assessment giving a scre (cmparative perfrmance assessment) 3. LCA-based assessment f scenari perfrmance (design ptimisatin) General rules applying t all levels Scenari 1 General rules applying t all levels Scenari 2 Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Scenari 3 Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Scenari 2 Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Scenari 3 Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Scenari 2 Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Scenari 3 Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) 2.3 Cnstructin and demlitin waste and materials kg waste and materials per m 2 f ttal useful flr area (per life cycle and prject stage reprted n) Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) 2.4 Overarching assessment tl: Cradle t grave Life Cycle Assessment Seven envirnmental impact categry indicatrs (detailed guidance is prvided under 4.4 Overarching assessment tl) See the last sectin 3 f Part Macr-bjective 3: Efficient use f water resurces 9

10 3.1 Ttal water cnsumptin m 3 f water per ccupant per year Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) Macr-bjective 4: healthy and cmfrtable spaces 4.1 Indr air quality Gd quality indr air: Parameters fr ventilatin, CO 2 and humidity Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) Target list f pllutants: Emissins frm cnstructin prducts and external air intake. 4.2 Time utside f thermal cmfrt range % f the time ut f range f defined maximum and minimum temperatures during the heating and cling seasns Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) Macr-bjective 5: Adaptatin and resilience t climate change 5.1 Life cycle tls: scenaris fr prjected future climatic cnditins Scenari 1: Prtectin f ccupier health and thermal cmfrt Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) Simulatin f the building's prjected time ut f thermal cmfrt range fr the years 2030 and Macr-bjective 6: Optimised life cycle cst and value 10

11 6.1 Life cycle csts Eurs per square metre f useable flr area per year ( /m 2 /yr) Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) 6.2 Value creatin and risk factrs Reliability ratings f the data and calculatin methds fr the reprted perfrmance f each indicatr and life cycle scenari tl The ptential fr a psitive influence n a market valuatin Reliability rating f a Level(s) assessment Calculatin f the technical rating 11

12 1. Descriptin f the building t be assessed This sectin prvides guidelines n hw t cmpile and reprt n the basic descriptin f a building. This als smetime referred t as a 'gal and scpe definitin'. The descriptin shall cmprise the infrmatin utlined in table 1 and is required fr all Levels f assessment. The key terms and definitins used in this sectin are defined in table 2. The suggested reprting frmat fr the gal and scpe f a building is prvided in sectin 1.7. Table 1. Infrmatin that makes up the descriptin f the building t be assessed 1. The building and its elements The building type (r use class) and the pre-defined minimum scpe f building parts and elements. 2. The building type, wnership and market segment 3. The unit t be used fr cmparative purpses 4. Hw the building will be used and the lifespan f its elements 5. The timescale fr the perfrmance assessment A descriptin f the building's market segment, wnership structure and intended service life. The cmmn methds t be used fr measurement f the ttal useful flr area within a building. A descriptin f the utdr envirnment t which the building is expsed, the intended cnditins f use, ccupant related usage patterns. Default service lifespans fr building parts and cmpnents are als prvided. The intended r default service life f the building being studied. 6. Which stages in the life cycle The life cycle stages that shall be taken int accunt when making the perfrmance assessment. Tgether, this infrmatin will als prvide a gal and scpe definitin that bth supprts cmparisns f perfrmance assessment results between the individual indicatrs and scenaris as well as fr when carrying ut a cradle t cradle LCA, if this frm f perfrmance assessment is chsen. Table 2. Key terms and definitins used Building element Climate zne Full time persn equivalents Functinal unit Heating and cling degree days A technical building system r an element f the building envelpe. A gegraphical regin which may extend acrss several cuntries and which has distinct average seasnal weather cnditins, taking int accunt variables such as temperature, precipitatin and wind. The ttal number f emplyees wrking in a building that use the building as their main base and expect t wrk there fr part f a typical wrking week. Each emplyee's ccupatin is adjusted t reflect the prprtin f a wrking week they are in the building. The quantified perfrmance f a prduct system fr use as a reference unit. The number f days f the year during which n average a building in a specific lcatin and with specific cnditins f use requires heating and cling. 12

13 In-use cnditins Investment hlding perid Majr renvatin Market segment Reference study perid Reference unit Service life System bundary Any circumstances that can impact n the perfrmance f a building under nrmal use. The real r expected perid f time during which an investment will be attributable t a particular investr. A majr renvatin is where 1) the ttal cst f the renvatin relating t the building envelpe r the technical building systems is higher than 25 % f the value f the building, excluding the value f the land upn which the building is situated, r b) mre than 25 % f the surface f the building envelpe will underg renvatin. An identifiable grup f prperty types, sharing ne r mre characteristics r needs in an therwise hmgeneus market. Perid ver which the time-dependent characteristics f the building are analysed. Measure f the utputs frm prcesses in a given prduct system required t fulfil the functin expressed by the functinal unit. Perid f time after installatin during which a building r an assembled system (part f wrks) meets r exceeds the technical requirements and functinal requirements defined by the client, and/r by the users and/r by regulatins. Interface in the assessment between a building and its surrundings r ther prduct systems 13

14 1.1 The building and its elements Building type and site The bject f a perfrmance assessment is a building, including its fundatins and all external wrks within the curtilage f the building site. The building may be: an ffice building; an individual residential building, prviding ne dwelling; an apartment building, prviding multiple dwelling, and inclusive f cmmunal areas and shared services; a residential building typlgy that frm part f a husing develpment which cnsists f several typlgies; a mixed use blck cmprising a vertical mix f ffice and residential prperty. The building may be a new cnstructin r a majr renvatin 1. In the case f a residential apartment building, the bject f assessment may be a representative sample f the apartment typlgies within the building, rather than the whle building. In the same way, fr a residential develpment r catalgue f prperty types, the bjective f assessment may be a representative sample f the residential typlgies. In the case f mixed use buildings, the perfrmance assessment shall be guided by the fllwing rules: 1. Where pssible try t assess internal envirnments as they relate t each use (e.g. energy demand, indr air quality) 2. If this is nt pssible, then make an assessment f the whle building, excluding uses that are nt ffice r residential 3. If cmparability between uses is imprtant, then allcatin f shared resurce use r envirnmental impacts shall be made in prprtin t the flr area ccupied by each respective use. If the decisin is made t allcate resurce use r envirnmental impacts between different uses, this shall be applied prvided that the shared facilities and services within the building: relate t the use f the ffice r residential units, are nt already allcated accrding t anther prcedure (e.g. a set number f parking spaces per residential unit r per m 2 ffice space), r represent ther building uses in their wn right (e.g. a shp r canteen) Building parts and elements Fr cnsistency, the building shall be defined in terms f a minimum scpe f building parts and assciated elements frm which they are made up. These are set ut in table 1.1. Prducts that are prcured and installed by ccupiers are excluded frm the scpe. Table 1.1. Minimum scpe f building parts and elements Building parts Related building elements Shell (substructure and superstructure) Fundatins (substructure) Piles Basements Retaining walls 1 A majr renvatin is where 1) the ttal cst f the renvatin relating t the building envelpe r the technical building systems is higher than 25 % f the value f the building, excluding the value f the land upn which the building is situated, r b) mre than 25 % f the surface f the building envelpe will underg renvatin. 14

15 Lad bearing structural frame Nn-lad bearing elements Facades Rf Parking facilities Frame (beams, clumns and slabs) Upper flrs External walls Balcnies Grund flr slab Internal walls, partitins and drs Stairs and ramps External wall systems, cladding and shading devices Façade penings (including windws and external drs) External paints, catings and renders Structure Weatherprfing Abve grund and undergrund (within the curtilage f the building and servicing the building ccupiers) 2 Cre (fittings, furnishings and services) Fittings and furnishings In-built lighting system Energy system Ventilatin system Sanitary systems Other systems External wrks Sanitary fittings Cupbards, wardrbes and wrktps (where prvided in residential prperty) Ceilings Wall and ceiling finishes Flr cverings and finishes Light fittings Cntrl systems and sensrs Heating plant and distributin Cling plant and distributin Electricity generatin and distributin Air handling units Ductwrk and distributin Cld water distributin Ht water distributin Water treatment systems Drainage system Lifts and escalatrs Firefighting installatins Cmmunicatin and security installatins Telecms and data installatins Utilities Landscaping Cnnectins and diversins Substatins and equipment Paving and ther hard surfacing Fencing, railings and walls Drainage systems Adapted frm CEN (2011), BCIS (2012), DGNB (2014), BRE (2016) 2 If the share f undergrund car parking (usable area plus traffic area) accunts fr mre than 25% f the ttal useful flr area, the traffic area f the undergrund parking must be subtracted frm the ttal useful flr area. 15

16 1.2 The building type, wnership and market segment The functinal equivalent shall be described in terms f the lcatin, age and physical frm f the building. In additin, the market segment and wnership structure shall be described. The descriptin shall cmprise the infrmatin presented in table 1.2. Fllwing the principle f functinal equivalence, results shall be reprted fr a reference unit. In Life Cycle Assessment, a reference unit is als cmmnly referred t as a 'reference flw'. This shall be either: a reference unit f an ffice building, r a reference unit fr a huse, r a reference unit fr each distinct huse type r apartment type that frms part f a blck, a larger prperty develpment r a husing stck. In the case f multiple units f husing, the schedule f accmmdatin (the number f each different type f unit there are) shall be prvided, tgether with the ratinale fr selectin f the huse r apartment types as being representative. 16

17 Table 1.2. Functinal descriptin f the building Parameter Office buildings Residential buildings Lcatin Cuntry and regin Climate zne Zne (selected frm figure 1.1) Heating and cling degree days 3 Prject type Year f cnstructin New build r majr renvatin Fr bth new-build and majr renvatins Original year f cnstructin Fr majr renvatins nly Service life r hlding perid Clients intended service life r investment hlding perid in years (t be specified which) Building frm Lw rise ffice park In-fill urban blck Perimeter urban blck Urban city blck Twer/skyscraper Other (t be described) Clients intended service life investment hlding perid the warrantied service life f prperty fr sale Free standing, detached huse Semi-detached huse Rw r terraced huse Multi-family huse r apartment blck (up t 4 flrs/5-12 flrs/mre than 12 flrs) Prperty schedule 4 Ttal useful flr area Schedule f accmmdatin fr the develpment r renvated stck Number f units per bed space/frm type Net useful flr area f each frm type in the schedule Market segment Owner ccupatin r fr rent, with reference t a cmbinatin f the fllwing BOMA building class definitins 5 : Internatinal base definitins: Investment Institutinal Speculative Metrplitan base definitins A: Premium rental B: Average rental C: Belw average rental By tenure Owner ccupatin Leasehld, scial Leasehld, market rental Leasehld, student Leasehld, senirs Other (t be described) 3 This can be btained frm lcal weather data r the energy perfrmance assessment fr a building 4 Measured in accrdance with the Internatinal Prperty Measurement Standards (IPMS) as specified in Sectin BOMA (Building Owners and Managers Assciatin), Building class definitins, 17

18 Servicing With/withut centralised ventilatin and/r air cnditining With/withut centralised heating, ventilatin and/r air cnditining Fr leasehld ffice buildings, assumptins abut future vid rates shall be used t calculate the prprtin f the flr area, and therefre the assciated resurce use, that is anticipated t be unccupied n average during the buildings service life. Fr residential buildings, the same may be dne fr leasehld prperties if the intentin is t reprt n average perfrmance fr unit types acrss a husing stck. Zne 5 Zne 4 Zne 3 Zne 2 Zne 1 Figure 1.1 Eurpean climate znes defined by heating and cling degree days Surce: Ecfys (2012) Keepcl II (2010) 1.3 The unit t be used fr cmparative purpses Reference flr area measurement A reference unit allws results t be nrmalised t a cmmn measurement r parameter that is related t the building r its users. The basic reference unit t be used thrughut the Level(s) framewrk is ne square metre (m 2 ) f useful internal flr area. Fr the purpses f this framewrk, the Internatinal Prperty Measurement Standards (IPMS) fr ffices and residential buildings 6 shall be used as the reference standards. The IPMS standards are bradly equivalent t the reference area defined in EN and pren ISO , which is a measurement f the net internal area inclusive f shared circulatin areas that are within the thermal envelpe. 6 Internatinal Prperty Measurement Standards Calitin, Internatinal Prperty Measurement Standards: Office Buildings, Nvember 2014 and Residential buildings, September

19 Table 1.3 identifies the specific IPMS standards that shall be used, tgether with thse items that shall be included r excluded frm a flr area measurement exercise. In all cases, the methd used shall be reprted n fr cmparative purpses. Table 1.3. Reference internal flr area definitins t be used fr ffice and residential buildings Inclusins Office building (IPMS measurement standard 3) All internal walls and clumns within each ccupant's exclusive area. Circulatin areas within an ccupant's exclusive area, and thse shared between different ccupants. The flr area shall be measured t the internal dminant face f walls r the centre line f cmmn walls shared between tenants. Residential building (IPMS measurement standard 3B) The area in exclusive ccupatin, including the flr area ccupied by internal walls and clumns. The flr area shall be measured t the internal dminant face and the finished surface f all full height internal walls. Fully glazed partitins are nt regarded as permanent internal walls. Exclusins Thse parts f a building prviding shared r cmmn facilities that d nt change ver time: stairs, escalatrs, lifts and mtr rms, tilets, cleaner's cupbards, plant rms, fire refuge areas, and maintenance rms. Patis Unenclsed parking areas, which may be measured r defined by the number f spaces Staircase penings Vids where the area, including the enclsing wall, is greater than 0.25 m 2. Separate items T be reprted separately: balcnies, cvered galleries, and rftp terraces in exclusive use T be reprted separately: Attics, basements and cellars Balcnies and verandas in exclusive use Enclsed garages Limits use areas Surce: IPMS (2014, 2016) Optinal additinal cmparative reference units In sme cases, tw further reference units may be used t mre accurately measure the resurce intensity f a building: fr ffice buildings: per area f wrkspace ccupied by each full time persn equivalent, fr residential buildings: per bed space. Perfrmance nrmalised accrding t these alternative reference units shall be reprted in additin t, and nt as a substitute fr, the basic reference unit. 19

20 1.4 Hw the building will be used and the lifespan f its elements The degree f wear and tear that a building is expsed t will have an impact n the lifespan f the building and f its cnstituent elements. The main factrs relate t the envirnment in which a building is lcated, hw the ccupants use a building and hw it is maintained Building level in-use cnditins The typical in-use cnditins fr the building in its lcatin shall be described. The general framewrk fr describing in-use cnditins prvided by ISO shall be used. This standard lists seven factrs f relevance (see table 1.4). These relate t the utdr envirnment (lcal climate, surrundings) and hw the building will be used (see the next sectin 1.4.2). Reprting shall as a minimum address factrs D, E, F and G. Table 1.4 Factr categries fr building element service life estimatin Surce: ISO (2008) Building ccupatin and cnditins f use The anticipated ccupatin and patterns f use shall be described, as well as the 'cnditins f use'. The latter may be pre-defined by natinal calculatin methds t assess energy perfrmance. Sme f the infrmatin t describe the cnditins f use fr a building may be prvided by natinal calculatin methds fr energy perfrmance, r if this is nt available, by EN ISO (Annex G.8) r EN ISO Table 1.5 Prjected patterns f ccupatin and cnditins f use Parameter Office buildings Residential buildings Cnditins f use Natinal calculatin methd fr energy perfrmance that defines the building's cnditins f use Prjected ccupancy density Prjected pattern f ccupatin Area f wrkspace in m 2 per full time persn equivalents 7 Number f hurs and days per year n/a n/a Assumed vid rate Applicable t leasehld prperty/space. Prprtin f lettable flr space prjected, n average, t be vacant/unccupied. 7 See the IPD Glbal Estate Measurement cde fr ccupiers, Tenth editin, September

21 1.4.3 Building element service lifespan estimatins Service lifespans fr the minimum scpe f building parts and elements shall be estimated accrding t the factr methdlgy in ISO Specific standards relating t building elements may als be valuable, e.g. EN and heating systems. In the absence f estimatins made by manufacturers and suppliers, the typical service lifespans in table 1.5 may be used. Mre detailed, generic lifespans can be btained frm building csting tls, as well as sme carbn ftprinting and LCA tls. Determinatin f specific building element service lifespans is addressed further and can be reprted n as part f scenari 1 f the 2.2 Life cycle scenari tls. Table 1.6 Typical service lives fr the minimum scpe f building parts and elements Building parts Related building elements Expected lifespan Shell (substructure and superstructure) Lad bearing structural frame Nn-lad bearing elements Facades Rf Parking facilities Frame (beams, clumns and slabs) Upper flrs External walls Balcnies Grund flr slab Internal walls, partitins and drs Stairs and ramps External wall systems, cladding and shading devices Façade penings (including windws and external drs) External paints, catings and renders Structure Weatherprfing Abve grund and undergrund (within the curtilage f the building and servicing the building ccupiers) 8 60 years 30 years 30 years (35 years glazed) 30 years 10 years (paint) 30 years (render) 30 years 60 years Cre (fittings, furnishings and services) Fittings and furnishings Sanitary fittings Cupbards, wardrbes and wrktps Flr finishes, cverings and catings Skirting and trimming Sckets and switches Wall and ceiling finishes and catings 20 years 10 years 30 years (finishes) 10 years (catings) 30 years 30 years 20 years (finishes) 10 years (catings) 8 If the share f undergrund car parking (usable area plus traffic area) accunts fr mre than 25% f the ttal useful flr area, the traffic area f the undergrund parking must be subtracted frm the ttal useful flr area. 21

22 In-built lighting system Energy system Ventilatin system Sanitary systems Other systems Light fittings Cntrl systems and sensrs Heating plant and distributin Radiatrs Cling plant and distributin Electricity generatin Electricity distributin Air handling units Ductwrk and distributin Cld water distributin Ht water distributin Water treatment systems Drainage system Lifts and escalatrs Firefighting installatins Cmmunicatin and security installatins Telecms and data installatins 15 years 20 years 30 years 15 years 15 years 30 years 20 years 30 years 25 years 20 years 30 years 15 years 15 years External wrks Utilities Landscaping Cnnectins and diversins Substatins and equipment Paving and ther hard surfacing Fencing, railings and walls Drainage systems 30 years 25 years 20 years 30 years Adapted frm RICS (2017), ETl (2017) 1.5 The timescale fr the perfrmance assessment The reference study perid t be used fr all buildings assessed accrding t the Level(s) framewrk is 60 years. Users may additinally reprt n the perfrmance f the building fr a client's intended service life r investment hlding perid, which may be shrter r lnger than the reference study perid. The verall building service life is the subject f scenari 1 f the 2.2 Life cycle scenari tls. 1.6 Which stages in the life cycle The system bundary shall encmpass all the life cycle stages illustrated in Figure 1.2. Fr renvated existing buildings, the system bundary shall encmpass all life cycle stages that relate t the extensin f the building's service life. Any reductin in the scpe f life cycle stages fr the purpse f making a perfrmance assessment using the Level(s) framewrk shall be clearly stated in the reprting. Guidance n the statements that shuld accmpany the reprting is prvided fr indicatr 1.2 and cradle t cradle LCA (see sectin 7). 22

23 Fr each life cycle stage (r mdule) t which impacts are assigned, the system shall include all upstream and dwnstream prcesses needed t establish and maintain the functin f the building. This shall include the pint where materials and energy exit the system bundary during r at the end f the building's life cycle referred t in the reference standard EN as life cycle Mdule D. In sme cases, buildings that are already n the site t be develped may be required t be demlished prir t the cnstructin f a new building, r an existing building may be the subject f strip ut r remdelling wrks prir t a majr renvatin. In bth f these cases, the benefits and lads arising frm the recvery f demlitin r strip ut materials shall be cnsidered t be utside f the system bundary. The benefits and lads must therefre be allcated t the previus building in rder t avid duble cunting. Figure 1.2. Mdular schematic f building life cycle stages Surce: CEN (2011) 23

24 1.7 Suggested reprting frmat fr the building descriptin The data cllected accrding t guidance in sectins shall be cmpiled and reprted n as presented in the reprting frmat belw. The building type shall in all cases be clearly identified in any reprting. In the case f a mixed use building the sub-divisin f flr areas shall additinally be identified. Descriptin f the building t be assessed (t be cmpiled and reprted n fr all Levels f assessment) Parameter Office buildings Residential buildings Lcatin Cuntry and regin Climate zne Zne (selected frm figure 1.1) Heating and cling degree days Prject type Year f cnstructin New build r majr renvatin Fr bth new-build and majr renvatins Original year f cnstructin Fr majr renvatins nly Service life r hlding perid Clients intended service life r investment hlding perid in years (t be specified which) Clients intended service life r investment hlding perid. Warrantied service life f prperty fr sale. Building frm Please select frm Lw rise ffice park In-fill urban blck Perimeter urban blck Urban city blck Twer/skyscraper Other (t be described) Please select frm: Free standing, detached huse Semi-detached huse Rw r terraced huse Multi-family huse r apartment blck (up t 4 flrs/5-9 flrs/mre than 9 flrs) Prperty schedule 9 Ttal useful flr area Schedule f accmmdatin fr the develpment r renvated stck Number f units per bed space/frm type Net useful flr area f each frm type in the schedule Flr area measurement IPMS Office 3 (r anther standard that shuld be specified) IPMS Residential 3c (r anther standard that shuld be specified) 9 Measured in accrdance with the Internatinal Prperty Measurement Standards (IPMS) as specified in Sectin 1.3 and t be reprted in the fllwing field. 24

25 Market segment Owner ccupatin r fr rent, with reference t a cmbinatin f the fllwing BOMA building class definitins 10 : Internatinal base definitins: Investment Institutinal Speculative Metrplitan base definitins A: Premium rental B: Average rental C: Belw average rental By tenure Owner ccupatin Leasehld, scial Leasehld, market rental Leasehld, student Leasehld, senirs Other (t be described) Servicing With/withut centralised ventilatin and/r air cnditining With/withut centralised heating, ventilatin and/r air cnditining Cnditins f use Natinal calculatin methd fr energy perfrmance that defines the building's cnditins f use Prjected ccupancy density Prjected pattern f ccupatin Area f wrkspace in m 2 per full time persn equivalents Number f hurs and days per year n/a n/a Assumed vid rate Applicable t leasehld prperty/space. Prprtin f lettable flr space prjected, n average, t be vacant/unccupied. 10 BOMA (Building Owners and Managers Assciatin), Building class definitins, 25

26 2. The indicatrs by macr-bjective Macr-bjective 1: Greenhuse gas emissins alng a buildings life cycle Key terms and definitins used Bigenic carbn Bimass Building envelpe Calculatin step Carbn dixide equivalent (CO 2 e) Calculated energy assessment Carbn ftprint (r whle life carbn measurement) Carbn strage Cmmissining Delivered energy Direct land use change (dluc) Dynamic simulatin Exprted energy Fssil carbn carbn derived frm bimass material f bilgical rigin excluding material embedded in gelgical frmatins and material transfrmed t fssilized material, excluding peat the integrated elements f a building which separate its interir frm the utdr envirnment; discrete time interval fr the calculatin f the energy needs and uses fr heating, cling, ventilatin, humidificatin and dehumidificatin unit fr cmparing the radiative frcing f a greenhuse gas t that f carbn dixide energy rating based n calculatins f the weighted delivered and exprted energy f a building fr heating, cling, ventilatin, dmestic ht water and lighting sum f greenhuse gas emissins and remvals in a prduct system, expressed as CO 2 equivalents and based n a life cycle assessment using the single impact categry climate change carbn remved frm the atmsphere and stred as carbn in a prduct Clarifying building system perfrmance requirements set by the wner, auditing different judgments and actins by the cmmissining related parties in rder t realise the perfrmance, writing necessary and sufficient dcumentatin, and verifying that the system enables prper peratin and maintenance thrugh functinal perfrmance testing. energy, expressed per energy carrier, supplied t the technical building systems thrugh the system bundary, t satisfy the uses taken int accunt (heating, cling, ventilatin, dmestic ht water, lighting, appliances, etc.) r t prduce electricity change in human use r management f land within the prduct system being assessed a methd f building energy simulatin that calculates the heat balance with shrt times steps (typically ne hur) t take int accunt the heat stred in, and released frm, the mass f the building. energy, expressed per energy carrier, delivered by the technical building systems thrugh the system bundary and used utside the system bundary carbn which is cntained in fssilised material 26

27 Functinal perfrmance testing A set f tests that define the functinality and verify the behaviur f a system. These tests are usually defined by the cmmissining authrity in rder t verify that building systems are cmpleted t satisfy the wner s prject requirements and demnstrate functinal perfrmance. Glbal Warming Ptential (GWP) Greenhuse gas (GHG) Greenhuse gas emissin Greenhuse gas emissin factr Greenhuse gas sink Indirect land use change (iluc) Measured energy assessment Offsetting Primary energy (Ttal) Primary energy factr Quasi steady state simulatin Set pint temperature Technical building system characterizatin factr describing the radiative frcing impact f ne mass-based unit f a given greenhuse gas relative t that f carbn dixide ver a given perid f time gaseus cnstituent f the atmsphere, bth natural and anthrpgenic, that absrbs and emits radiatins at specific wavelengths within the spectrum f infrared radiatin emitted by the Earth's surface, the atmsphere, and cluds mass f a greenhuse gas released t the atmsphere mass f a greenhuse gas emitted relative t an input r utput f a unit prcess r a cmbinatin f unit prcesses prcess that remves a greenhuse gas frm the atmsphere change in the use r management f land which is a cnsequence f direct land use change but which ccurs utside the prduct system being assessed energy rating based n measured amunts f delivered and exprted energy, as measured by meters r ther means mechanism fr cmpensating fr all r fr a part f the carbn ftprint thrugh the preventin f the release f, reductin in, r remval f an amunt f greenhuse gas emissins in a prcess utside the bundary f the prduct system energy frm renewable and nn- renewable surces which has nt undergne any cnversin r transfrmatin prcess. fr a given energy carrier, nn-renewable and renewable primary energy divided by delivered energy, where the primary energy is that required t supply ne unit f delivered energy, taking accunt f the energy required fr extractin, prcessing, strage, transprt, generatin, transfrmatin, transmissin, distributin, and any ther peratins necessary fr delivery t the building in which the delivered energy will be used a methd f building energy simulatin that calculates the heat balance ver a sufficiently lng time (typically ne mnth r a whle seasn) t take dynamic effects int accunt by an empirically determined gain and/r lss utilizatin factr; internal (minimum intended) temperature as fixed by the cntrl system in nrmal heating mde, r internal (maximum intended) temperature as fixed by the cntrl system in nrmal cling mde technical equipment fr heating, cling, ventilatin, dmestic ht water, lighting and electricity prductin 27

28 1.1 Indicatr f use stage energy perfrmance 1.1 Use stage energy perfrmance Primary energy demand Delivered energy demand (supprting indicatr) Where t find the guidance fr each Level Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) L Level 1 - Making a cmmn perfrmance assessment Fr a cmmn perfrmance assessment, the fllwing calculatin methdlgy and reprting frmat shall be used. This requires reprting n the assessment type and the calculatin methd used, which shall be based n thse required fr building permitting and/r fr issuing Energy Perfrmance Certificates (EPCs) in each Member State in accrdance with the Directive 2010/31/EU fr the Energy Perfrmance f Buildings (EPBD). In practice, this means that the results frm existing perfrmance assessments can ptentially be used fr reprting Calculatin methdlgy and data requirements Calculatin methdlgy t be used Indicatrs and require the energy demands f a building t be simulated and calculated, with a fcus n bth the primary energy demand f the building's technical systems and the efficiency f the building envelpe, and the delivered energy demand that can subsequently be mnitred using data frm metering. The underlying calculatin methd fr each cmpnent f a buildings energy demand is prvided by the CEN standards that supprt the Directive 2010/31/EU fr the Energy Perfrmance f Buildings. Hwever, Member States are nt bliged t use the standards, but they can apply calculatin methdlgies accrding t natinal r reginal circumstances. This means that natinal calculatin methds that are required t be used in rder t calculate the energy perfrmance f buildings and t issue Energy Perfrmance Certificates (EPCs) can als be used as the basis fr reprting. An imprtant first step is t decide which input data shall be used. This shall be dne thrugh identificatin f the energy perfrmance f building assessment type and subtype frm the table f thse presented in pren ISO (see table 1.1.1). Perfrmance assessment results fr the tw indicatrs can be btained frm existing dcuments based n natinal calculatin methds used t acquire a building permit and/r frm EPCs already issued. Further guidance n the aspects f energy demand addressed by each f the tw subindicatrs and the relevant reference standards, is prvided belw: Ttal primary energy demand: Weighting factrs shall be applied t the calculated building energy needs accrding t EN r EN in rder t btain the ttal primary energy demand. This is a calculatin f the verall system efficiency f the building's technical systems (HVAC installatin, heat and pwer generatin, dmestic ht water supply, built-in lighting installatin) and the fuels and energy carriers used. This energy use can then ptentially be disaggregated int its nn-renewable and renewable cmpnents; Nn-renewable primary energy demand: The primary energy demand f the building that is met by nn-renewable surces, withut accunting fr any exprt f nn-renewable energy generated n site (such as frm CHP); Renewable primary energy demand: The primary energy demand f the building that is met by renewable surces, withut accunting fr any exprt f renewable energy generated n site (such as frm slar PV);. 28

29 1.1.2 Delivered energy demand: Delivered energy is the energy delivered t the building in the frm f electricity, heat and fuel in rder t satisfy uses within the building (heating, cling, ventilatin, dmestic ht water, lighting, appliances, etc.). An imprtant fcus f the calculatin methd is n the thermal perfrmance f the building envelpe: - The building envelpe (energy needs): This is the starting pint fr calculatin methds develped accrding t EN ISO and EN ISO Orientatin, cntrl f slar gains and daylighting, thermal inertia and zning have t be cnsidered; In the cntext f using this framewrk, it is imprtant t nte that exprted renewable energy is t be reprted separately. This is because the Level(s) framewrk takes a life cycle apprach and, accrding t reference standard EN 15978, exprted energy is reprted as a benefit beynd the building's system bundary, under Mdule D. In-built lighting may nt be specifically cvered in all natinal r reginal calculatin methds. As a result, either the missin frm the calculatins, r a separate calculatin methd if used, shall be nted in the reprting. The reference standard fr lighting estimates shall be EN Table Energy Perfrmance f Building assessment types Type Sub-type Input data Type f applicatin Use Climate Building Calculated (asset) Design Standard Standard Design Building permit, certificate under cnditins As built Standard Standard Actual Energy perfrmance certificate, regulatin Tailred Depending n purpse Optimisatin, validatin, retrfit planning, energy audit Measured (peratinal) Climate crrected Actual Crrected t standard Actual Mnitring, r energy audit Use crrected Crrected t standard Actual Actual Mnitring Standard Crrected t standard Crrected t standard Actual Energy perfrmance certificate, regulatin 29

30 Guidance nte 1.1 fr design teams Optins fr ensuring the cnsistency f the energy calculatin methd used The majrity f natinal calculatin methds are currently based n EN and its assciated standards. It is anticipated that ver time these methds will be updated t reflect the new EN ISO series. There will therefre be a transitinal perid during which either standard may be referred t. Optins available t users f the Level(s) framewrk acrss the EU culd therefre include: Use f a natinal calculatin methd and assciated sftware tls develped accrding t ne f the reference CEN standard series; Use f independently develped and validated sftware tls develped accrding t ne f the reference CEN standard series; Direct use f the calculatin methd laid dwn within ne f the reference CEN standard series. In each f these cases, it shuld be indicated in the reprting that a methd develped accrding t a relevant CEN standard has been used r. If nne is available, the CEN standard itself (r its natinally adpted equivalent) can be used. Data requirements and surces Table summarises the ptential data surces t use when making simplified calculatins f perfrmance, using the cmmn metric. Table Specificatin f the main data requirements and ptential surces Data item Ptential surce Cnditins f use and ccupancy Thermal envelpe descriptin Building services descriptin Reference year climate file Primary energy factrs Default EU values EN ISO (Annex G8) ISO/TR /2 EN ISO EN ISO (Annex G) EN ISO EN ISO (Annex G) EN ISO Three climate znes (EN test cases) EN (Annex E) EN (Annex B.10) Natinal, reginal r lcally specific values Natinal r reginal calculatin methd Natinal r reginal calculatin methd: certified prducts and details Natinal r reginal calculatin methd: certified prducts Natinal r reginal calculatin methd Member State Meterlgical Offices Natinal r reginal calculatin methd 30

31 Internal temperature set pints EN ISO (Annex G) EN ISO Natinal r reginal calculatin methd Ventilatin and infiltratin rates EN EN Natinal r reginal calculatin methd Internal gains as heat flws EN ISO (Annex J) EN ISO Natinal r reginal calculatin methd Heating/cling system characteristics and capacity - Natinal r reginal calculatin methd: certified prducts This may include reference t prduct characteristics laid dwn in Ecdesign Implementing Measures, Energy Labelling legislatin r ther relevant harmnised standards. 31

32 Suggested reprting frmat fr results Users shall identify frm the ptins given, and with reference t table 1.1.1, the subtype f energy perfrmance f buildings assessment they have carried ut. In additin, the calculatin methd used, and whether it is based n the EN standards series r nt, shall be indicated. Indicatr 1.1 Level 1 cmmn assessment reprting frmat Part 1: Type f perfrmance assessment Reprting item Reprting (select/delete as apprpriate) Energy Perfrmance f Buildings assessment type Energy Perfrmance f Buildings assessment sub-type Calculated (asset) Measured (peratinal) Calculated (asset): Design r as built r standard Measured (peratinal): Standard Calculatin methd EN standard cmpliant calculatin methd? Specific methd used and related CEN standard series Yes/n e.g. EN 15603, pren Part 2: Perfrmance assessment results Reprting headings Ttal (kwh/m 2 /yr) Energy uses (kwh/m 2 /yr) Heating Cling Ventilatin Ht water Lighting Use stage primary energy demand Ttal primary energy demand Nnrenewable primary energy demand Renewable primary energy demand Exprted energy generated 32

33 1.1.2 Use stage delivered energy demand Fuels District energy Electricity 33

34 Mnitring f as built and ccupied perfrmance Evidence shws that a cmmitment t carry ut quality and functinal perfrmance testing f a cmpleted building fcusses attentin n design details, cnstructin quality and the crrect installatin f services. Perfrmance targets can be laid dwn which will later be checked n site during cmpletin f the building. Fr ffices, this may be applied t the whle r a part f a building. Fr multi-unit residential building prjects, these may be applied t a sample f prperties. Reference standards that can be used are identified in guidance nte 1.2. Guidance nte 1.2 fr design teams and cnstructin management Checking the as built and cmpleted energy perfrmance f a building Testing f the cmpleted building envelpe, cmbined with cmprehensive cmmissining, can help fcusing attentin n the quality f design and the executin f wrks and installatins at earlier stages. Quality and functinal perfrmance testing requirements can be specified with reference t specific tests, rutines and standards: Testing f the quality and integrity f the building envelpe, with reference standards t include: Air tightness using a fan pressurisatin test (EN ISO 9972) Integrity by thermal imaging survey (EN 13187) Cmmissining f Heating, Ventilatin and Air Cnditining (HVAC) systems, with reference standards t include: Functinal perfrmance testing f the system perating characteristics (EN 12599) Checking f the integrity f ventilatin duct wrk (EN 15727) Cmmissining f lw r zer carbn energy generatin technlgies, with reference t best practice fr each technlgy. The Intelligent Energy Eurpe funded prject QUALICHeCK prvides further guidance n ensuring the quality f wrks, including a range f case studies frm acrss the EU 12. L Making Level 2 and 3 assessments Level 2 - Cmparative perfrmance assessments Basic rules fr cmparative reprting Cmparative perfrmance assessments shall be made n the basis f the same type and sub-type. T use this reprting ptin, a number f inputs t the simulatin f a building shall be fixed: Use f standard input data: Data prvided at natinal level r the default data prvided in Annex G f EN ISO shall be used. This shall include the use f standard ccupancy data (see Annex G.8). Chice f calculatin methd: The quasi-steady state and simplified hurly dynamic methds described in EN ISO may be used. If a dynamic methd is chsen, the results shall be validated accrding t the criteria and test cases in EN and the variance rating reprted. 12 QUALICHeCK (2016) Surce bk n Guidelines fr better enfrcement f quality f the wrks, 34

35 Climate data: Fr measured assessment, the perfrmance shall be crrected in relatin t the test reference year fr the lcal area r regin, fllwing the methd in EN Primary energy factr: The system bundary shall encmpass the primary energy required t extract and transprt the energy carried t the building, as well as any ther assciated peratins. The cnditins f use will already have been fixed accrding t natinal/reginal requirements fr the purpses f a regulated energy perfrmance assessment. Measured data shall be crrected in accrdance with requirements in the CEN standards EN r pren Table summarises ptential data surces fr simplified calculatin f perfrmance using fixed parameters. It is recmmended that special attentin is paid t the quality and cmpliance f third party input data, in relatin t which further guidance is prvided in this sectin. Table Default data surces t be used Data item Ptential surce Cnditins f use and ccupancy Thermal envelpe descriptin Building services descriptin Reference year climate file Primary energy factrs Default EU values EN ISO (Annex G8) ISO/TR /2 EN ISO EN ISO (Annex G) EN ISO EN ISO (Annex G) EN ISO Three climate znes (EN test cases) EN (Annex E) EN (Annex B.10) Natinal, reginal r lcally specific values Natinal r reginal calculatin methd Natinal r reginal calculatin methd: certified prducts and details Natinal r reginal calculatin methd: certified prducts Natinal r reginal calculatin methd Member State Meterlgical Offices Natinal r reginal calculatin methd Internal temperature set pints EN ISO (Annex G) EN ISO Natinal r reginal calculatin methd Ventilatin and infiltratin rates EN EN Natinal r reginal calculatin methd 35

36 Internal gains as heat flws EN ISO (Annex J) EN ISO Natinal r reginal calculatin methd Heating/cling system characteristics and capacity - Natinal r reginal calculatin methd: certified prducts 13 Ensuring the quality and cmpliance f input data Input data may als be available that has been checked and certified fr use fr example, perfrmance data fr architectural details that can minimise thermal bridging. Use f this input data may be a requirement f a natinal calculatin methd in rder t ensure cmparability. Its use may therefre help ensuring that calculatins are cmpliant with natinal calculatin methds. The QUALICHeCK prject prvides further rientatin n ensuring the quality and cmpliance f input data (see guidance nte 1.3). Guidance nte 1.3 fr design teams Ensuring the quality and cmpliance f the input data used in an perfrmance assessment The Intelligent Energy Eurpe funded prject QUALICHeCK has sught t identify hw the quality and cmpliance f input data can be ensured 14. Examples f surces f cmpliant input data can include: Pre calculated values fr certain technlgies/aspects; Prcedures fr generating reliable data fr innvative prducts; Databases f prduct characteristics; Rules fr cnsistent declaratins f prduct perfrmance. These surces may als be subject t third party verificatin. L Level 3 - Design perfrmance ptimisatin This type f assessment shall use input data that is as representative as pssible f the lcatin and intended cnditins f use, t include a fcus n the fllwing aspects: Aspect 1.1 Technical representativeness f the building use patterns Aspect 1.2 Technical representativeness f the input data used Aspect 2.1 Gegraphical representativeness f the weather data used Aspect Gegraphical representativeness f the primary energy factrs used Aspect 3.1 Time representativeness f the calculatin methd Aspect 3.2 Time representativeness f the energy demand prfiling Fr each f these aspects, guidance is prvided n hw t imprve the representativeness and precisin f the calculatins. Fr a calculated perfrmance, the assessment may therefre be tailred, reflecting the assessment sub-type described in the CEN standards r in natinal/reginal calculatin methds. Building renvatins 13 This may include reference t prduct characteristics laid dwn in Ecdesign Implementing Measures, Energy Labelling legislatin r ther relevant harmnised standards. 14 QUALICHeCK (2016) Cmpliant and Easily Accessible EPC Input Data, 36

37 shall fllw the guidance in the CEN standards n preparing a 'validated building calculatin mdel'. Users shuld then reprt n which aspects they have fcussed n. The mre aspects addressed the better the reliability rating that will be btained, as the rating imprves in functin f accuracy and representativeness. Key aspects t fcus attentin n The design ptimisatin aspects highlighted fr indicatr 1.1 fcus n thse that cntribute t the representativeness and precisin f the calculated perfrmance f a building: Aspect 1.1 Technical representativeness f the building use patterns Fcus f attentin: The use f input data that is representative f the cnditins f use and ccupancy patterns assciated with the building. The design team shall define in as a representative way as pssible the input data fr the simulatin. The starting pint shall be predicted ccupancy pattern and density fr the building and the cnditins f use with respect t hw areas will be heated and cled. This shall then be used as the basis fr defining: Internal temperature set pints Ventilatin and infiltratin rates Internal gains and heat flws In the case f building renvatins, surveys f the existing ccupants f a building r a building stck can prvide additinal refinement f the understanding f ccupancy patterns and user behaviur. It is imprtant t study user behaviur because evidence has shwn that, particularly in residential building renvatins, there can be a 'rebund effect' whereby the efficiency imprvements are ffset by greater energy use by ccupants. Aspect 1.2 Technical representativeness f the input data used Fcus f attentin: The extent t which the perfrmance data fr building materials and energy systems is representative f certified r actual perfrmance. Althugh input data may cmply with standards r calculatin methd requirements, it is imprtant t nte that it may nt result in a mre accurate simulatin f the as-built perfrmance, rather it will help ensure a cmparable perfrmance assessment. Greater precisin can be achieved by calculating r btaining input data fr the perfrmance f specific building details r, in the case f building renvatins, calculating r btaining input data fr the perfrmance f specific cnstructin details identified frm cnditin surveys. The perfrmance f technlgies such as renewable energy generatin can be mdelled separately in rder t prvide mre representative input data. Aspect 2.1 Gegraphical representativeness f the weather data used Fcus f attentin: The use f weather files that are as representative as pssible f the lcatin f the building. The mst likely ptin fr achieving greater representativeness wuld be a medium term (20 r 30 year) set f averages fr a standard lcal weather statin. The Jint Research Centre has created an pen access hurly weather file database that can be used acrss 37

38 the EU 15. Further reanalysis f weather datasets t take int accunt urban heat island effects culd add additinal precisin t simulatins fr a given lcatin. Aspect 2.2 Gegraphical representativeness f the primary energy factrs used Fcus f attentin: The use f primary energy factrs that are representative f the lcatin f the building. The reference standards EN and pren ISO prvide default primary energy factrs fr n-site, nearby r distant energy surces. These represent averages fr the EU. Hwever it wuld preferable t use the primary energy factrs prvided as part f a natinal calculatin methd can be used. These wuld be mre representative f the energy mix fr the specific cuntry. Aspect 3.1 Time representativeness f the calculatin methd Fcus f attentin: The use f either a 'steady state' r a 'dynamic' methd f simulating the energy perfrmance f a building. The tw methds differ in hw accurately they are able t simulate the thermdynamic perfrmance f a building, particularly in terms f hw slar heat gains are accunted fr within a simulatin. Steady state simulatins use weather data which has a seasnal r mnthly time interval, whereas dynamic simulatins use weather data with an hurly time interval, as well as taking int accunt many mre factrs that will influence perfrmance. Steady state mdels can estimate verall annual cnsumptin t a reasnable accuracy but are unreliable when the building s perfrmance is determined by variatins in temperature and slar radiatin that take place n a daily and hurly basis. Fr this reasn, it is particularly beneficial t use dynamic simulatin in Suthern Eurpean cuntries, where there is a greater duratin and intensity f slar radiatin during the year, daily and hurly variatins in which can have a significant influence n perfrmance. Dynamic simulatin can als be used t mdel the ptential cntributin f daylighting, based n bth the availability f daylight and the amunt f building flr area illuminated. Mre infrmatin n daylighting simulatin can be fund under aspect 4.3 f macr-bjective 4. Currently, natinal calculatin methds in EU may, in accrdance with EN ISO and EN ISO , be based n a seasnal r mnthly steady state, simplified hurly r fully dynamic methd. As a result, the precisin f the perfrmance assessment carried ut fr building permitting may differ. A design team may chse t use a simple hurly r dynamic methd in rder t fine tune the building design t the lcal climate. Hwever, it is imprtant t nte that the precisin f the results will t sme extent depend n the knwledge and experience f the prfessinals carrying ut the simulatin. This is because dynamic simulatins are mre cmplex and tend t require greater technical knwledge f the input data and the assumptins being made. Guidance nte 1.4 prvides sme rientatin n the use f dynamic simulatin. 15 Hurly data fr Typical Meterlgical Years (TMYs)can be dwnladed frm this lcatin: 38

39 Guidance nte 1.4 fr design teams Getting started with dynamic building energy simulatins Setting up such a mdel can be time cnsuming, as it requires a great number f input parameters t reflect the specific detail abut a building and its likely perating cnditins. It is recmmendable t therefre start with a simplified tl that allws fr a fcus n ne building aspect at a time and/r which restricts the number f inputs that are necessary. A gd example is the daylighting tl Radiance 16. It is als recmmended t make an assessment f the lcal climate and relate this t case studies f buildings f the same type with a validated perfrmance in the same climate. A gd example is the tl Climate Cnsultant 17. Once users have gained mre experience, they can mve n t use the full simulatin capabilities. It is recmmended t start with a dynamic tl that wrks n the basis f a limited number f inputs. Gd examples are Example File Generatr 18 (EnergyPlus) and equest 19 (DOE2.2). In sme Member States, the simulatin mdel that supprts the natinal calculatin methd is dynamic fr example, CALENER/HULC in Spain. Training and supprt in the use f the tl is therefre available. Where a dynamic simulatin tl is nt available natinally, a number f internatinal tls are available, sme f which are free t btain fr example, EnergyPlus. Suitable dynamic simulatin tls shall have been validated accrding t the prcedures f EN ISO , EN r ASHRAE 140 (the latter tw being based n the BESTEST methd). Tls that are knwn t already have been validated accrdingly include DOE2, BLAST, ESP, SRES/SUN (SERIRES/SUNCODE), SERIRES, S3PAS (LIDER/CALENER), TAS, TRNSYS and EnergyPlus. Aspect 3.2 Time representativeness f the energy demand prfiling Fcus: The extent t which demand prfiles fr the building supprt ptimisatin f the matching f supply and demand. The primary energy efficiency and CO 2 emissins f electricity supplied ver a natinal electricity grid fluctuate accrding t the mix f generating plant and their assciated emissins. Mre plluting fssil fuelled plants are cmmnly used t bring n additinal capacity t meet peak lads in summer and winter, fr example. This is illustrated by figure which shws a winter perid f hurly generatin and cnsumptin f electricity in Denmark. If the primary energy and CO 2 emissins f an hurly demand prfile are calculated with reference t the hurly electricity supply mix, the result may be different frm that which may have been mdelled n a quasi-steady state basis. In a similar way, by matching the hurly demand prfile f a building with different ptential energy generatin equipment, the ptential fr primary energy perfrmance imprvements and reductins in CO 2 emissins can be ptimised. This is particularly the case fr buildings with mixes f use, where the mix may result in a cmbined daily and 16 US Department f Energy, Radiance 17 University f Califrnia, Climate Cnsultant, 18 EnergyPlus Example File Generatr, 19 equest, 39

40 seasnal demand prfile that favurs a different chice f energy generatin equipment in cmparisn t a building with nly a single use. Figure Hurly electricity generatin and cnsumptin, Denmark, December Surce: ENTSO-E (2016) 40

41 Suggested reprting frmat fr results This reprting frmat shuld be prvided alngside the frmat fr Level 1. Indicatr 1.1 Level 3 design ptimisatin reprting frmat Optimisatin aspects addressed Aspect Aspect Technical representativeness f the building use patterns Addressed? (yes/n) Ntes n data surces and calculatin methd Aspect 1.2- Technical representativeness f the input data used Aspect Gegraphical representativeness f the weather data used Aspect 2.2 -Gegraphical representativeness f the primary energy factrs Aspect Time representativeness f the calculatin methd 41

42 1.1.3 Prperty valuatin influence and reliability rating The fllwing tls are prvided t infrm the valuatin f a prperty fr which perfrmance has been assessed accrding t indicatr 1.1: Checklists fr the ptential psitive influence n value and risk Checklist 1: Ptential psitive influence n future perfrmance Checklist 2: Accunting fr the perfrmance assessment in valuatin criteria Ratings f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1: Basis fr the perfrmance assessment Rating 2: Prfessinal capabilities Rating 3: Independent verificatin The cmpleted reprting may be used separately alngside the Level 1, 2 r 3 results fr indicatr 1.1, r may frm part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2. In the case that the ratings will be used as part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2, then the rating 1 results shall be used t calculate the verall Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI). The Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI) fr rating 1 shall be calculated frm the individual ratings as fllws: (TeR min{rating aspects})+(gr min{rating aspects})+ (TR min{rating aspect}) IRI = 3 Where: TeR = Technical Representativeness GR = Gegraphical Representativeness TR = Time representativeness T calculate the IRI the lwest scre fr each f the three types f rating aspect shall be used t calculate arithmetic mean f the reliability The ptential fr a psitive influence n a market valuatin Checklist 1 Evaluatin f ptentially psitive influences n the market perfrmance Ptential influence Evaluated? Resulting assumptins used in the appraisal Ptential influence 1 Increased revenues due t market recgnitin and lwer vid rates. Ptential influence 2 Reduced peratinal, maintenance, repair and/r replacement csts. Ptential influence 3 Reduced future risk f increased verheads r lss f incme. Yes/n Yes/n Yes/n Checklist 2 Accunting fr the Level(s) assessment in the valuatin criteria used Valuatin criteria set used Identify the scheme r tl used Versin f the criteria set used 42

43 Criteria which the assessment has influenced Influence n the valuatin r rating Valuatin criterin Sub-criterin Criterin x Sub-criterin y Ntes n the extent f the influence and the supprting assumptins used Reliability rating f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1 - Basis fr the perfrmance assessment Rating aspect Brief descriptin f the aspect Rating scre (reflecting the degree f representativeness) 0 1 Lw 2 Medium 3 High 1.1 Technical representativeness f the building use patterns 1.2 Technical representativeness f the input data used 2.1 Gegraphical representativeness f the weather data used 2.2 Gegraphical representativeness f the primary energy factrs 3.1 Time representativeness f the calculatin methd Reflecting the actual cnditins f use, ccupancy patterns and behaviur. The extent t which building materials and services input data reflect the surveyed building r as-built cnstructin. The use f climate data that reflect the building lcatin. The use f primary energy factrs that reflect the building lcatin. The extent t which simulatins are a mre dynamic representatin f perfrmance. 3.2 Time representativeness f the energy demand prfiling The extent t which demand prfiles supprt the ptimisatin f supply and demand Indicatr 1.1 Indicatr Reliability Rating 43

44 Rating 2 Prfessinal capabilities Rating aspect Rating scre Technical capability f the persnnel carrying ut the assessment N frmal training and limited experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training r sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training and sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training 20 and significant applied experience in using the calculatin methd Rating 3 Independent verificatin Rating aspect Rating scre Independent verificatin f the assessment Self-declaratin f the perfrmance assessment results Peer review f the input data and calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the input data and calculatin steps 20 In accrdance with Article 17 f the EPBD 44

45 1.2 Indicatr f life cycle Glbal Warming Ptential 1.2 Life cycle Glbal Warming Ptential Where t find the guidance fr each Level Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) L Level 1 - Making a cmmn perfrmance assessment Bundary and scpe The life cycle stages and dcumentatin f the building The scpe cmprises the evlutin f the building frm cradle t cradle. The setting f the system bundaries shall fllw the 'mdularity principle' accrding t the EN This means that the unit prcesses influencing the building s envirnmental perfrmance during its life cycle shall be assigned t the mdule in the life cycle where they ccur. The building shall be dcumented as fllws, fllwing the scpe defined in sectin 1.1: Cmpnents (elements, structural parts, prducts, materials) needed during its life time. This als includes the cnsideratin f in-use cnditins and timedependent qualities. Assciated prcesses such as maintenance, exchange and end f life prcesses and re-use, recycling and energy retrieval Energy and water use during the peratin f the building. Additinal methdlgical rules and cut-ff criteria are described in sectin and The end f life f a building starts when the building is decmmissined and n further use is intended. Cmpnents and materials have t be remved frm the site s that it can be made ready fr the next use. The end f life stage shall be defined accrding t Mdule C1-C4 f EN Lads r benefits utside the system bundary are included in Mdule D. Simplified ptins based n an incmplete life cycle The Level(s) framewrk prmtes a methd that encmpasses all the life cycle stages defined in EN and fr the scpe f building elements defined in sectin 1.1, table 1.1. Hwever, the Level(s) framewrk als recgnises that, upn starting t calculate life cycle GWP, it may be challenging t cmpile sufficient life cycle inventry data fr all the life cycle stages. Mrever, design prfessinals may nt have the expertise t make meaningful assumptins and chices in relatin t the use f generic data r data frm ther surces. As a simplified life cycle GWP result will nt present a true picture f the life cycle GWP f a building, it is imprtant t fllw a number f reprting rules: The results shall clearly be reprted as being based n an incmplete life cycle In each case, the minimum life cycle bundaries and scpe f building elements shall be fllwed A reliability rating may nt be reprted n in full, because the basis fr the reprted life cycle will be incmplete Mre detailed guidance n the minimum life cycle bundaries and scpe f building elements is prvided in guidance nte

46 Guidance nte 1.5 fr design teams Simplified ptins fr calculating life cycle GWP based n the mdelling f selected life cycle stages It is anticipated that, ver time, the better availability f data and sftware tls, as well as imprved access t prfessinal training, will facilitate the calculatin f life cycle GWP acrss the EU. In the shrt term, hwever, the Level(s) framewrk will encurage design prfessinals t start calculating life cycle GWP by supprting and allwing users t carry ut simplified analyses that may fcus n a reduced number f life cycle stages and building elements. A simplified apprach may be adpted by fcussing first n thse life stages in which material use and envirnmental impacts will have taken place upn cmpletin f the building, and will be directly influenced by design decisins. The use stage mdules relating t maintenance, repair and replacement (B2, 3 and 4) shall be based n prjectins fr the clients required service life. They shall be based n scheduled maintenance, repairs and replacements f cnstructin prducts. Stage D is intended t represent the net benefit f the materials used in the building if they were t be reused and/r recycled smetimes referred t as the building material bank. Specific calculatin rules shall be fllwed (see sectin ). Table Suggested simplified reprting ptins Simplified reprting ptin 1: incmplete life cycle: prduct stage, calculated energy perfrmance and prjected service life The prduct stage (A1-3) The use stage (B4, B5, B6) Simplified reprting ptin 2: incmplete life cycle: prduct stage, calculated energy perfrmance and the building material bank' The prduct stage (A1-3) The use stage (B6) End f life stage (C3-4) Benefits and lads beynd the system bundary (D) Calculatin methdlgy and data requirements Calculatin methdlgy t be used The general calculatin rules fr carrying ut the perfrmance assessment fr indicatr 1.2 are set ut in Table and cver the fllwing aspects f calculating life cycle Glbal Warming Ptential (GWP): Objective(s) Cut-ff rules fr the system bundary definitin Energy and water cnsumptin mdelling Scenaris and End f Life LCI and LCIA datasets and sftware Data requirements Interpretatin f the results and critical review Calculatins f the cntributin f a building t glbal warming alng its life cycle are standardised by ISO 14067, althugh the LCA standard ISO 14040/44 als prvides a main general reference. Such a calculatin is smetimes als referred t as a carbn ftprint assessment r whle life carbn measurement. GWP measures hw much heat a greenhuse gas can ptentially trap in the atmsphere cmpared t the amunt f heat trapped by a similar mass f carbn dixide. GWP is 46

47 calculated ver a specific time hrizn, cmmnly 20, 100 r 500 years. GWP100 is cnsidered in this cntext. GWP is expressed as equivalent mass f carbn dixide (whse GWP is nrmalised t 1). A list f Greenhuse Gases (GHGs) and relative GWPs (2013) can be fund in (see Annex III). The main specific greenhuse gases that are f interest are: Carbn dixide (CO 2 ), by definitin, has a GWP f 1 regardless f the time hrizn cnsidered, because it is the gas being used as the reference. CO 2 remains in the climate system fr a very lng time. Methane (CH 4 ) is estimated t have a GWP ver 100 years that is 25 times that f CO CH 4 emitted tday lasts abut a decade n average, which is much less than the persistence time f CO 2. Hwever, CH 4 absrbs much mre energy than CO 2. The net effect f the shrter lifetime and higher energy absrptin is reflected in the GWP. The GWP f CH 4 als accunts fr sme indirect effects, such as fr the fact that CH 4 is a precursr t zne, which is itself a GHG. Nitrus Oxide (N 2 O) is estimated t have a GWP ver 100 years that is 298 times that f CO 2. N 2 O emitted tday remains in the atmsphere fr mre than 100 years, n average. A climate feedback invlving changes in the prperties f land and cean carbn cycle in respnse t climate change is als taken int accunt. In the cean, changes in ceanic temperature and circulatin culd affect the atmsphere cean CO 2 flux; n the cntinents, climate change culd affect plant phtsynthesis and sil micrbial respiratin and hence the flux f CO 2 between the atmsphere and the land bisphere 22. The verall GWP f a list f GHGs is given by the sum f the prducts between the emissin i and the respective GWP100. Table Calculatin rules fr carrying ut a Level 1 life cycle GWP assessment Level 1: Cmmn perfrmance assessment Objective(s) Minimum building scpe System bundary and cut ff rules The main users f this ptin are intended t be prfessinals wh are nt LCA experts, but are interested in understanding and imprving the verall envirnmental perfrmance f the building. A simplified calculatin methd and data surces are therefre prvided. The building elements listed fr the shell and cre, and excluding external wrks. See the building parts and element listing in Table 1.1 All life cycle stages shall be calculated, unless a simplified reprting ptin is selected as a starting pint (see Guidance nte 1.5) The mdelling shall be as cmprehensive and realistic as pssible in describing the life cycle f the building. 21 A revised GWP fr methane f 28 was published in the IPCC's 5 th Assessment Reprt but is nt yet reflected in EU legislatin r ISO 14067, 22 See IPCC, 5 th Assessment Reprt 47

48 Energy mdelling Data t be btained frm Indicatr 1.1 Water mdelling Data t be btained frm Indicatr 3.1 Scenaris and End f Life LCI and LCIA datasets and sftware Data requirements Interpretatin f the results and critical review Data t be btained frm life cycle scenari tl As a minimum, generic r default data has t be used fr calculating the impacts assciated with building parts and elements and life cycle prcesses. This data can be btained in literature and/r by using freely available and simple sftware tls and databases. A list f databases and sftware tls is reprted in LCA Sectin Fr the Prduct and Cnstructin Stage Mdules (A1-A3), the calculatin may be made using data at building elemental level (see table 1.2.3). GWP characterisatin factrs are available in the literature per direct emissins, per unit f energy delivered and per kg f material used. This wuld allw the quantificatin f the indicatr als in an excel file. Since the main bjective f this ptin is t direct prfessinals twards the future use f cmprehensive GWP assessment (as per Level 3) where they will fcus n the same key envirnmental issues, there is less need in Level 1 t be prescriptive in terms f data quality. Nevertheless, the ptin is given fr a data quality index calculated accrding t the methd set in Sectin is t be reprted fr transparency reasns, as well as data surces and dates. Result shall be interpreted critically thrugh a sensitivity analysis in rder t understand: Envirnmental ht-spts, pssible trade-ffs between life cycle stages and imprvement areas Influence f data n the results Data gaps, rbustness f assumptins, and limitatins Summary cnclusins and recmmendatins shall be drafted. Generic rules GHG emissins frm the use f a building can in general be split int: 1. Direct emissins, e.g. thse cming frm n-site pwer generatin, refrigeratin and air-cnditining equipment 2. Indirect emissins, i.e. thse cming frm prductin and distributin f electricity and steam/heat used in the building and frm the prductin and supply f materials and cnstructin prducts f which the building is made up. Fr cnstructin prducts, the term 'embdied' emissins is ften used. The quantificatin f delivered energy in the use stage shall be based n the crrespnding rules set in Indicatr 1.1. The quantificatin f the materials needed during the building life cycle shall be based n the crrespnding rules set fr the bill f materials (see Macr-bjective Life cycle tl: Building bill f materials). 48

49 Greenhuse gases assciated with the delivery f energy and water and t the use f materials and cnstructin prducts can be characterised thrugh emissin factrs, which can be defined with the supprt f LCA databases (see sectin n data mdelling and surces). Fr instance, accrding t the database Ecinvent , the cnsumptin f 1 m 3 f tap water in Eurpe is n average assciated with the emissin f 378 grams f CO 2,eq. Credits frm 'temprary carbn strage' are t be excluded. Emissins shall be cunted fr as emitted 'nw', i.e. n discunting f emissins is permitted. Bigenic emissins and land use change Bimass takes up CO 2 frm air fr its grwth. Fllwing the methdlgy in EN 16449, a 'bigenic carbn neutrality' apprach shall be applied t the CO 2 stred as carbn in bimass materials which cme frm regenerative surces. This means that neither credits due t temprary remval and strage f CO 2 nr CO 2 emissins frm transfrmatin f 'renewable' bimass shall be taken int accunt. An example f nn-regenerative use f bimass is fr example the defrestatin f a trpical frest. In that case, the transfrmatin f bimass shall be cnsidered equivalent t that f a fssil surce and CO 2 emissins shall be accunted. Fllwing the treatment f fssil and bigenic carbn in ISO 14067, the amunt f CO 2 taken up in bimass and the equivalent amunt f CO 2 emissins frm the bimass at the pint f cmplete xidatin (cmbustin) results in zer net CO 2 emissins when the bimass carbn is nt cnverted int methane, nn-methane vlatile rganic cmpunds (NMVOC) r ther precursr gases. If emissins ccur f bigenic GHGs which differ frm CO 2 (e.g. CH 4 frm bimass decmpsitin in landfill), the GWP 100 assigned t such emissins shall be cnsidered equal t the difference between the GWP 100 crrespnding t the emissin frm fssil surces (e.g. 25 fr methane) and the GWP 100 f the CO 2 which wuld be emitted if the carbn cntained in the emissin itself were xidised t CO 2 (i.e. a rati f 1:2.25 based n the mlecular weight f methane and CO 2 ). Table Indicative characterisatin factrs fr GWP Substance Cmpartment GWP 100 Carbn dixide (fssil) Air emissin 1 Carbn dixide (bigenic, nn-renewable) Air emissin 1 Carbn dixide (bigenic) Resurce frm air 0 Carbn dixide (bigenic) Air emissin 0 Carbn mnxide (fssil) Air emissin 1.57 Carbn mnxide (bigenic) Air emissin 0 Methane (fssil) Air emissin 25 Methane (bigenic) Air emissin Carbn dixide (land use change) Resurce frm air -1 Carbn dixide (land use change) Air emissin 1 49

50 Calculatin f lads and benefits frm reuse, recycling and energy recvery (Mdule D) When materials are recvered fr reuse, recycling and recvery, they typically leave the system bundary as secndary raw materials r secndary fuels. The End f Life (EL) scenari will specify the recvery rates and fate f each material leaving the system. In rder t avid duble accunting f reuse r recycling f secndary material already reprted in A1-A3, the same secndary material cannt be cnsidered twice in terms f envirnmental benefits. This means that any secndary materials used in A1-A3 is deducted frm the secndary material entering Mdule D, which is equivalent t subtract the recycled cntent frm the recycling rate. Fr example, if 100 kg f prcessed material cntaining 30% f secndary material is ready fr recycling in Mdule C3, the net flw cnsidered in Mdule D wuld be 70kg. The envirnmental lads and benefits f these net material flws are then assessed in Mdule D: The lads include any additinal prcessing required befre the secndary material is able t substitute the equivalent material frm primary surces. These prcesses are nt included in, fr example, mdule C3. This includes prcesses such as cutting t size r cleaning fr re-use, re-melting metal r cleaning/srting aggregates fr recycling, and cmbustin prcesses fr energy recvery. The benefits are reprted by subtracting the substituted primary prcess impacts where the secndary material directly replaces primary material r fuel. This includes the avided emissins frm substituting prducts by re-used prducts, the avided prductin f primary metal r natural aggregate by using recycled metal r cncrete, and the avided emissins frm replacing primary fuel with secndary fuel. Fr certain cnstructin prducts, there is CO 2 data available n the net lads and benefits frm their re-use, recycling and recvery. Prductin data frm A1-A3 shuld be used t calculate net flws t Mdule D. If the prductin data cntains a mix f primary and secndary prductin that cannt be separated, the same prductin mix in A1-A3 can be used as the substituted prductin. This will avid duble accunting withut having t calculate net flws first Data mdelling and surces Mdelling apprach In the same way as fr the cradle t cradle Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)', an attributinal apprach 23 shall be fllwed als fr this indicatr. Cut ff rules, where applicable, are described in tables and in sectin Sftware tls and data A list f sftware tls and data surces which can be used t calculate indicatr 1.2 are prvided in a separate matrix which will be a dynamic list t be updated ver time. These sftware tls generally cntain reference data fr the GWP 100 characterisatin factrs fr greenhuse gases, based n the Assessment Reprts f the Intergvernmental Panel n Climate Change (the last updated ne being frm 2013). 23 The attributinal apprach is a system mdelling apprach in which inputs and utputs are attributed t the functinal unit f a prduct system (in this case the use f 1m 2 f a building during 1 year) by linking and/r partitining the unit prcesses f the system in direct prprtin t the flws assciated with the prduct. The alternative ptin is the cnsequential apprach in which activities in a prduct system are linked s that activities are included in the prduct system t the extent that they are expected t change as a cnsequence f a change in demand fr the functinal unit. 50

51 Guidance nte 1.6 fr design teams Carbn ftprinting sftware tls Because the Carbn ftprint f a prduct is the mst widespread and used impact categry in LCA, specific sftware tls and databases have been develped fr this purpse. Many f these tls require the payment f a fee fr their use (e.g. Carbn Ftprint Ltd, CarbnScpeData ). A brief verview f what are understd t be tw f the mst cmmnly used tls is prvided belw: Carbn Ftprint Ltd des allw free searching and dwnlads fr individual GHGs emissin factrs t use fr simplified Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) 24. The free versin f their calculatr tl hlds life cycle emissin factrs fr ver 4,500 cmmn prducts, materials and prcesses, including Ecinvent factrs as well as extensive recrds frm Carbn Ftprint Ltd's Life Cycle Inventry (LCI) databases, drawn frm internatinally recgnised and traceable surces. It allws fr the mdelling f a single building. CarbnScpeData is a life cycle inventry (LCI) database 25. It prvides data fr a brad array f raw materials used in the ecnmy, cmmn industrial prcesses, energy surces, transprt mdes and waste dispsal. The database cntains LCI data fr well ver 1600 materials, prducts and prcesses representing a brad range f industries and gegraphical lcatins (and mre are being added regularly), cmpiled frm highly credible raw data surces and research literature and prcessed accrding t rigrus LCA standards. L1 Guidelines n hw t evaluate data quality are prvided in Sectin The methdlgical cnsistency, cnfrmity and cmpleteness f specific data frm ther surces must be verified by independent external experts accrding t ISO Suggested reprting frmat The envirnmental impacts shall be reprted in a tabular frmat at a disaggregated level, i.e. by life cycle stages. The template shwn n the fllwing page shall be used. As is required fr the 'cradle t cradle Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)', additinal infrmatin shall be reprted that is cmplementary t the reprting template, in the frm f a summary reprt, which shuld include: The reasn fr carrying ut the study, prject stage during which the LCA was created, intended applicatin and target audiences (including a statement if the study will supprt cmparative assertins intended t be disclsed t the public) Infrmatin abut the assessment methds used t characterise the life cycle impacts System bundary and prcesses cnsidered in the study, including cut-ff and allcatin rules used fr their definitin Data surces used fr the elements and systems that cmpse the building (as specified in sectin 1, table 1.1) Energy and water peratinal use (as per indicatrs 1.1 and 3.1) Calculatin mdel used t quantify the elementary flws Analysis f ht-spts, trade-ffs and imprvement ptins Data quality evaluatin and nte n the limitatins f the study 24 Carbn Ftprint Ltd, 25 CleanMetrics, CarbnScpeData, 51

52 Critical review accrding t ISO 14071, if applicable All infrmatin shall be as cmplete, accurate and bjective as pssible and shall be transparently reprted. 52

53 Indicatr 1.2 Generic assessment reprting frmat Glbal Warming Ptential fr each life cycle stage Indicatr Unit Scenari Prduct (A1-3) Cnstructin prcess (A4-5) Use stage (B1-7) End f life (C1-4) Benefits and lads beynd the system bundary (D) (1) GWP - fssil kg CO 2 eq S i / DO j (2) GWP - bigenic kg CO 2 eq GWP GHGs (1+2) (3) GWP land use and land transfrmatin kg CO 2 eq kg CO 2 eq GWP verall (1+2+3) Ntes: kg CO 2 eq Impacts referred t the use f 1 m 2 f useable internal flr per year fr a default reference study perid f 60 years 26. Results shall be reprted fr Design Optins and Scenaris that have been mdelled. S i (= Scenari) and DO j (= Design Optin) can refer t: Reference study perid Intended service life r investment hlding perid accrding t clients requirements Building and elemental service life planning (2.2 life cycle tls, scenari 1) Design fr adaptability and refurbishment (2.2 life cycle tls, scenari 2) Design fr decnstructin, reuse and recyclability (2.2 life cycle tls, scenari 3) Future climate change (5.1 life cycle tls, scenari 1) 26 A further table shall be prepared if, in additin t the reference study perid, an intended service life has been mdelled. 53

54 Mnitring f as-built and ccupied perfrmance A life cycle GWP assessment can be perfrmed at different stages f a building prject (e.g. design r ccupatin). In the cntext f this framewrk, it is primarily intended as a design tl. Hwever, it is als imprtant t understand hw the building perfrms nce ccupied, i.e. based n as built-specificatins, the real Bill f Materials and adapted cnditin f use. Mnitring beynd the design stage shall therefre include: Cmparisn between the life cycle GWP f the building as designed and as-built Traceability f the data that is required t verify the design stage estimated perfrmance, cnfrmity with relevant methdlgical references and a cnsistency check A critical review carried ut accrding t ISO may als be required t supprt the mnitring stage. L2 L Making Level 2 and 3 assessments In the fllwing sectin, rules are laid dwn fr hw t use the additinal types f perfrmance assessment available fr calculating life cycle GWP and hw t reprt n the results. The rules fr Level 2 and 3 assessments are presented in a tabular frm in table and cver the fllwing aspects f calculating life cycle GWP: Objective(s) Cut-ff rules fr the system bundary definitin Energy and water cnsumptin mdelling Scenaris and End f Life LCI and LCIA datasets and sftware Data requirements Interpretatin f the results and critical review Table Calculatin rules fr carrying ut Level 2 and 3 life cycle GWP assessments Objective(s) Minimum building scpe Level 2: Cmparative perfrmance assessment The main users f this ptin are intended t be prfessinals wh wish t reprt n the envirnmental perfrmance f buildings. This perfrmance culd be cmpared with ther buildings in a prtfli r with natinal/reginal reference buildings. In this case, the GWP assessment is t be perfrmed fllwing a mre cmprehensive apprach in rder t btain reprducible results using the same level f infrmatin detail. Fr this purpse, minimum requirements n the data quality are specified. The building elements listed fr the shell and cre, and excluding external wrks. See the building element listing in Table 1.1 Level 3: Design perfrmance ptimisatin The main users f this ptin are intended t be prfessinals wh want t use LCA at an early stage f the building prject life cycle as a decisin making supprt tl fr imprving the sustainability f the building. In this case, the GWP assessment is t be perfrmed fllwing a mre cmprehensive apprach t btain reprducible results using the same level f infrmatin detail. Fr this purpse, minimum requirements n the data quality are specified. All building elements listed fr the shell, cre and external wrks. See the building element listing in Table

55 System bundary and cut ff rules All life cycle stages shall be calculated, unless a simplified reprting ptin is selected as a starting pint (see Guidance nte 1.5). Different rules shall apply t the cnstructin prducts mdelled depending n the calculatin rute: 1. Use f EPDs: The Prduct Categry Rules fr the EPDs used shall be cmpliant with EN Use f a carbn ftprint datasets All elements and their cmpnents that make up less than 1% f the building's ttal mass can be excluded. The ttal amunt f excluded elements and cmpnents must nt exceed 5% f the ttal mass f the building. 3. Use f LCA database and tls: All elements and their cmpnents that make up less than 1% f the building's ttal mass can be excluded. The ttal amunt f excluded elements and cmpnents must nt exceed 5% f the ttal mass f the building. All input flws t unit prcesses that make up less than 1 % f primary energy usage and 1 % f the ttal mass input f that unit prcess. The ttal amunt f excluded input flws per mdule must nt exceed 5% f the ttal primary energy usage and mass input f that life cycle mdule All the life cycle stages shall be calculated. The fllwing cut-ff rules are prescribed: All elements and their cmpnents that make up less than 1% f the building's ttal mass and GWP impact can be excluded. The ttal amunt f excluded elements and cmpnents must nt exceed 5% f the ttal mass and the ttal GWP impacts f the building. All input flws t unit prcesses that make up less than 1 % f primary energy usage and 1 % f the ttal mass input f that unit prcess. The ttal amunt f excluded input flws per mdule must nt exceed 5% f the ttal primary energy usage and mass input, r the ttal GWP impact depending n the cmplexity f the calculatin tls, f that life cycle mdule. Energy mdelling Water mdelling Data t be btained frm Indicatr 1.1 Data t be btained frm Indicatr 1.1 Data t be btained frm Indicatr 3.1 Data t be btained frm Indicatr 3.1 Scenaris and End f Life Data t be btained frm life cycle scenari tl Data t be btained frm life cycle scenari tl

56 LCI and LCIA datasets and sftware Data requirements Interpretatin f the results and critical review Specific data shuld be used fr fregrund prcesses. Data fr backgrund prcesses shall be representative f the natinal/reginal cntext analysed. Data frm primary and secndary surces must be validated and third party certified. This ptin may rely n mre cmplex sftware tls. Sme f the sftware tls and databases reprted in the separate dynamic list have these characteristics. Since this ptin may be used fr reprting the building's envirnmental perfrmance in the public dmain, data quality becmes an imprtant issue. A data quality index is t be calculated accrding t the methd set in Sectin The verall data quality index shall scre abve 2. Fr transparency reasns, data surces shall mrever be reprted. Result shall be interpreted critically thrugh a sensitivity analysis in rder t understand: Envirnmental ht-spts, pssible trade-ffs between life cycle stages and imprvement areas Influence f data n the results, Data gaps, rbustness f assumptins, and limitatins Summary cnclusins and recmmendatins shall be drafted. A critical review accrding t ISO is als needed t check the cnsistency f the study against the requirement f ISO 14040/44 and ISO Data fr fregrund prcesses shuld refer t specific data. Data fr backgrund prcesses shall be representative f the natinal/reginal cntext analysed. Data frm primary and secndary surces must be validated and third party certified. This ptin relies n the use f mre cmplex sftware tls, which may be specific fr the analysis f buildings. Sme f the sftware tls and databases reprted in the separate dynamic list have these characteristics. Since this ptin aims at ptimising the building's envirnmental perfrmance, data quality becmes an imprtant issue. A data quality index is t be calculated accrding t the methd set in Sectin The verall data quality index shall scre abve 2. Fr transparency reasns, data surces shall mrever be reprted. Result shall be interpreted critically thrugh a sensitivity analysis in rder t understand: Envirnmental ht-spts, pssible trade-ffs between life cycle stages and scenaris and imprvement areas Influence f data n the results, Data gaps, rbustness f assumptins, and limitatins Summary cnclusins and recmmendatins shall be drafted. If cnclusins are nt cnsistent with the defined gal and scpe, the phases f LCA shuld be repeated until cnvergence is reached. A critical review accrding t ISO is als needed t check the cnsistency f the study against the requirement f ISO 14040/44 and ISO

57 1.2.3 Prperty valuatin influence and reliability rating The fllwing tls are prvided t infrm the valuatin f a prperty fr which perfrmance has been assessed accrding t indicatr 1.2: Checklists fr the ptential psitive influence n a market valuatin Checklist 1: Ptential psitive influence n future perfrmance Checklist 2: Accunting fr the perfrmance assessment in valuatin criteria Reliability rating f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1: Basis fr the perfrmance assessment Rating 2: Prfessinal capabilities Rating 3: Independent verificatin The cmpleted reprting may be used separately alngside the Level 1, 2 r 3 results fr indicatr 1.1, r may frm part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2. The methdlgy fr calculating the Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI) fr rating 1 is prvided in sectin The ptential fr a psitive influence n a market valuatin Checklist 1 Evaluatin f ptentially psitive influences n the market perfrmance Ptential influence Evaluated? Resulting assumptins used in the appraisal Ptential influence 1 Increased revenues due t market recgnitin and lwer vid rates. Ptential influence 2 Reduced peratinal, maintenance, repair and/r replacement csts. Ptential influence 3 Reduced future risk f increased verheads r lss f incme. Yes/n Yes/n Yes/n Checklist 2 Accunting fr the Level(s) perfrmance assessment in the valuatin criteria used Valuatin criteria set used Indicate the scheme r tl used Versin f the criteria set used Criteria which the assessment has influenced Influence n the valuatin r rating Valuatin criterin Sub-criterin Criterin x Sub-criterin y Ntes n the extent f the influence and the supprting assumptins used 57

58 Reliability rating f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1: - Basis fr the perfrmance assessment The calculatin f life cycle GWP generally wrks at tw levels: Fregrund prcesses, which affect directly the results (e.g. the actual cntent f cncrete in a clumn, the cnsumptin f electricity during the ccupatin f a building) Backgrund prcesses, which are linked t and are nested behind the fregrund prcesses (e.g. the prductin and supply f cncrete, the prductin and supply f grid electricity). The quantificatin f data fr bth fregrund and backgrund prcesses may require a cmbinatin f: Primary data, which is site-specific infrmatin based n direct measurements r the characterisatin f parameters fr a certain cntext; Secndary data, which is available frm technical literature and data prviders (e.g. specific studies, LCA databases); Assumptins, especially when satisfactry data is nt available. The data available can vary with respect t: Representativeness (its relevance and cmpleteness); Accuracy. Rating 1 is based n the assessment f the quality f data against these tw main parameters. The rating has a matrix frm, which is adapted frm the Eurpean Cmmissin's Prduct Envirnmental Ftprint methd's (PEF) data quality evaluatin methdlgy, and which is based n fur parameters: Technlgical representativeness f data (TeR) Gegraphical representativeness f data (GR) Time-related representativeness f data (TiR) Uncertainty f data (U) A rating level is t be evaluated fr each parameter accrding t the matrix in Table The verall rating is equal t the Data Quality Index (DQI) which can be calculated frm the individual ratings as fllws: DQI = ((TeR+GR+TiR)/3+U)/2 The rating shall be calculated fr each ht spt f the envirnmental impacts identified frm the life cycle GWP calculatin. Ht spts are pints in the life cycle f a prduct which have the highest impacts/imprtance in the verall life cycle GWP result. They may be related t a building's life cycle stages r mdules, prcesses, cmpnents (elements, structural parts, prducts, materials) r elementary flw r cmbinatins theref, fr example the installatin and replacement f a façade in life cycle mdules B1-3 and B5. Tgether their cntributin will, in ttal, be mre than 50% f the ttal life cycle GWP result. Once the ht spts have been identified, the data quality shall be rated fr each htspt. The verall data quality shall then be calculated as the cntributin-weighted average f the data quality fr each ht-spt: DQI verall = Σi (DQI ht-spt,i x Cntributin ht-spt,i) / Σi (Cntributin htspt,i) 58

59 Rating 2 Prfessinal capabilities Rating aspect Rating scre Technical capability f the persnnel carrying ut the assessment N frmal training and limited experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training r sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training and sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training 27 and significant applied experience in using the calculatin methd Rating 3 Independent verificatin Rating aspect Rating scre Independent verificatin f the assessment Self-declaratin f the perfrmance assessment results Peer review f the input data and calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the prcess data, life cycle inventry data and calculatin steps 27 In accrdance with Article 17 f the EPBD 59

60 Table Data quality evaluatin matrix Rating aspect Technlgical representativeness Gegraphical representativeness Time-related representativeness Brief descriptin f each aspect Degree t which the dataset reflects the true ppulatin f interest regarding technlgy (e.g. the technlgical characteristics, including perating cnditins) Degree t which the dataset reflects the true ppulatin f interest regarding gegraphy (e.g. the given lcatin/site, regin, cuntry, market, cntinent) Degree t which the dataset reflects the specific cnditins f the system being cnsidered regarding the time/age f the data (e.g. the given year cmpared t the reference year f the analysis) Rating scre N evaluatin made N evaluatin made N evaluatin made The data used des nt reflect satisfactrily the technical characteristics f the system (e.g. Prtland Cement, withut ther specificatins) The data used refer t a ttally different gegraphic cntext (e.g. Sweden instead f Spain) There are mre than 6 years between the validity f the data used and the reference year t which the data applies. The data used reflects partially the technical characteristics f the system (e.g. Prtland Cement type II, withut further specificatins) The data used refers t a similar gegraphic cntext (e.g. Italy instead f Spain) There are between 2 and 4 years between the validity f the data used and the reference year t which the data applies. The data used reflects the technical characteristics f the system (e.g. Prtland Cement type II B-M) The data used refers t the specific gegraphic cntext (e.g. Spain) There are less than 2 years between the validity f the data used and the reference year t which the data applies. 60

61 Uncertainty Qualitative expert judgment r relative standard deviatin expressed as a percentage. N evaluatin made Mdelled/similar data is used. Accuracy and precisin f the data has been estimated qualitatively (e.g. by expert judgment f suppliers and prcess peratrs) Mdelled/similar data is used which is cnsidered t be satisfactrily accurate and precise with the supprt f a quantitative estimatin f its uncertainty (e.g. representative data frm trade assciatins fr which a sensitivity analysis has been carried ut). Site specific and validated data is used which is cnsidered t be satisfactrily accurate and precise (e.g. windw system fr which a verified EPD is available) The allcatin hierarchy has been respected. 61

62 Macr-bjective 2: Resurce efficient and circular material life cycles Key terms and definitins used Accessibility Adaptability Assembly Building fabric Building cmpnent Decnstructin Disassembly Estimated service life In-use cnditin Life cycle inventry analysis Material separatin Recvery Recycling Reuse Recyclability The ability t allw fr easy access t building cmpnents fr disassembly, refurbishment, replacement, r upgrade. The ability f the bject f assessment r parts theref t be changed r mdified during its useful life t make it suitable t accmmdate a new r adapted use. An arrangement f mre than ne material r cmpnent t serve specific verall purpses All cnstructin wrks that are fixed t the building in a permanent manner, s that the dismantling r replacement f the prduct cnstitute cnstructin peratins Cnstructin prduct manufactured as a distinct unit t serve a specific functin r functins. A prcess f selectively and systematically dismantling buildings t reduce the amunt f waste created and generate a supply f high value secndary materials that are suitable fr reuse and recycling. The taking apart f a building r a cnstituent element r assembly at the end f its useful life in such a way that allws cmpnents and parts t be re-used, recycled r recvered. Service life that a building r an assembled system wuld be expected t have in a set f specific in-use cnditins, determined frm reference service life data after taking int accunt any differences frm the reference in-use cnditins. Any circumstance that can impact the perfrmance f a building r assembled system under nrmal use. Phase f a life cycle assessment invlving the cmpilatin and quantificatin f inputs and utputs fr prduct thrughut its life cycle. Operatin t separate materials, including mechanical, chemical r thermal prcesses (e.g. shredding, smelting, srting etc.) ther than dismantling r disassembly. Any peratin by which waste serving a useful purpse by replacing ther materials which wuld therwise have been used t fulfil a particular functin, r waste being prepared t fulfil that functin, in a plant r in the wider ecnmy. Any recvery peratin by which waste materials are reprcessed int prducts, materials r substances whether fr the riginal r ther purpses. Operatin by which a prduct, r a part theref, having reached the end f ne use stage is used again fr the same purpse fr which it was cnceived. Ability f waste prduct t be recycled, based n actual practices. 62

63 Reference service life Refurbishment Re-use Scenari Selective demlitin Service life (wrking life) Waste audit Service life f c cnstructin prduct which is knwn t be expected under a particular reference set f in-use cnditins and which may frm the basis fr estimating the service life under ther in-use cnditins. Mdificatin and imprvement t an existing building in rder t bring it up t an acceptable cnditin. Any peratin by which prducts r cmpnents that are n waste are used again fr the same purpse fr which they were cnceived r used fr ther purpses withut reprcessing Cllectin f assumptins and infrmatin cncerning an expected sequence f pssible future events Remval f materials frm a demlitin site in a pre-defined sequence in rder t maximize recvery and recycling perfrmance. Perid f time after installatin during which a building r an assembled system meets r exceeds the technical perfrmance and functinal requirements Assessment f cnstructin and demlitin waste streams prir t demlitin r renvatin f buildings and infrastructures. It The macr-bjective 2 life cycle tls 2.1 Life cycle tls: Building bill f materials 2.2 Life cycle tls: scenaris fr building lifespan, adaptability and decnstructin Scenari 1: Building and elemental service life planning Scenari 2: Design fr adaptability and refurbishment Scenari 3: Design fr decnstructin, reuse and recycling Where t find the guidance fr each Level Guidance cmmn t all Levels Where t find the guidance fr each Level Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Where t find guidance fr each level Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Where t find guidance fr each level Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment 63

64 The macr-bjective 2 indicatrs 2.3 Cnstructin and demlitin waste and materials Where t find the guidance fr each Level Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment 64

65 2.1 Life cycle tl: Building bill f materials (BM) Aim: T prvide guidance and reprting frmat t help users put tgether a Bill f Materials (BM) fr a building and t make aggregated reprting n the main materials used. Fcus f attentin: The cmpilatin f data n what the building is cmpsed f, using the Bill f Quantities as a starting pint. This exercise prvides the raw data fr indicatrs such as 1.2 in rder t calculate envirnmental impacts. Links t ther indicatrs: A linked step is t understand hw lng each element f a building may last, which is addressed by 2.2 life cycle scenari tl 1. Indicatr 1.2 Life cycle GWP and verarching tl Cradle t cradle LCA require a BM as the basis fr calculating the life cycle inventry flws. Indicatr 6.1 requires the csting f the Bill f Quantities fr a building n an elemental and cmpnent basis. 2.1 Life cycle tls: Building bill f materials Where t find the guidance fr each Level Guidance cmmn t all Levels Cmpiling a bill f materials The Bill f Quantities (BQ) is the starting pint fr cmpiling a Bill f Materials (BM). A BQ specifies the quantities f different elements f a building (e.g. fundatins, clumns), as well as their their technical specificatins and expected lifetime. The BQ cmprises different categries f elements, which can have different functinal perfrmance characteristics. A Bill f Materials (BM) describes the materials cntained in the building's elements (e.g. cncrete, steel, aluminium). The fllwing steps shuld be fllwed in rder t cmpile the BM (see a fictitius example in table ): 1. Cmpile the Bill f Quantities: A BQ is cmpiled, cmprising the elements accunting fr at least 99% f the mass f the building. 2. Identify the basic cmpsitin f each building element: A breakdwn in mass f the main materials that each building element is made up f shuld be cmpiled. 3. Identify the technical specificatin f each building element: This technical infrmatin will, later, if there is a lack f specific data frm manufacturers, enable the selectin f representative data frm within a generic life cycle inventry database. 4. Aggregatin by material: The materials shuld be aggregated t btain the mass fr each type f material. The materials shuld be further aggregated int the fur material types accunted fr by Eurstat: Metal materials Nn-metallic mineral materials Fssil energy materials Bimass based materials 65

66 Table Fictitius examples f a Bill f Quantities and its assciated Bill f Materials Steps 1 and 2 Bill f Quantities 100 m 2 f fundatin 10 clumns 10 windw units Technical Specificatins Strength: 50 MPa Strength f each clumn: 20 MPa Area f each unit: 3m 2 U: 1.5 W/m 2 K 10 drs Area f each dr: 1 m 2 Thickness: 19 mm Cmpsitin 1 m 3 /m 2 f unreinfrced cncrete with strength f 50 MPa and density f 2370 kg/m 3 (f which, cement: 200 kg/m 3 ). 10 kg/m2 f light-grade steel 0.5 m 3 /clumn f reinfrced cncrete with strength f 20 MPa and density f 2420 kg/m 3 (f which, cement: 290 kg/m 3, steel: 30 kg/m 3 ) Aluminium, 5 kg/unit Plastic (PA), 0.1 kg/unit Glass, 2.5 kg/unit Hardwd (0.8 kg/dm 3 ), 15.2 kg/unit Steps 3 and 4 Bill f Materials withut cnsidering the expected lifetime f the building's elements Metals 1200 kg Steel, 1000 kg (fundatin) Steel, 150 kg (clumns) Aluminium, 50 kg Nn-metallic mineral materials Fssil energy materials Bimass based materials kg Cncrete, kg (fundatin) Cncrete, kg (clumns) Glass, 25 kg 1 kg Plastic (PA), 1 kg 152 kg Hardwd, 152 kg As can be seen frm the example in table 2.1.1, infrmatin n the materials cntained in cnstructin prducts is needed t quantify the BM. The ptimal slutin wuld be t btain such infrmatin directly frm the suppliers t a building prject. Alternatively, this infrmatin culd be estimated frm manufacturers' literature (e.g. the prduct brchures f similar prducts, r frm Envirnmental Prduct Declaratins (EPDs). BQ and BM are an imprtant tl fr tracking material flws n a building prject. As such they can play a number f purpses. These include, at an advanced level, prviding the primary input data fr mdelling f the life cycle GWP r a cradle t cradle LCA. This is because envirnmental impacts result frm elementary flws assciated with the prductin and supply f cnstructin prducts and materials (e.g. the extractin f raw material and the assciated prductin f waste and pllutants). 66

67 Life cycle databases exist that can supprt a mre cmprehensive assessment f the life cycle inventry flws and assciated envirnmental impacts f cnstructin prducts and materials (See the separately published dynamic listing). The material cmpsitin f sme reference cnstructin prducts can be extracted frm such databases. Guidance nte 2.1 prvides further infrmatin and examples f hw a BM can be estimated using life cycle GWP and LCA databases. Guidance nte 2.1 fr design teams The use f LCA databases fr the estimatin f a bill f materials Once the target elements f a building are knwn, it is pssible t btain an estimatin f the BM by using an LCA database, where different types f cnstructin prducts are listed, as shwn in the example 1 screen grab belw. Example 1: Windw frame ptins in an LCA sftware package T make use f an LCA database, datasets must first be selected fr prducts that are as similar as pssible t the target elements cnsidered. Example 2 belw illustrates specificatins fr cncrete, fr which the strength requirements and mix design must be knwn. 67

68 Example 2: Cncrete specificatin ptins in an LCA sftware package Once a representative dataset has been identified frm within the LCA database, the material inputs listed n screen need t be matched up t inventry flws f inputs and utputs assciated with the prductin f each material using the LCA sftware. This will generate what is called a 'reference flw' fr the target building element. Where cmplex building elements with many cmpnent parts are being mdelled, it might be necessary t cntinue the analysis at the level f the cmpnents and sub-cmpnents. Example 3: Cncrete material inputs Prducts Amunt Unit Nrmal cncrete prduced with cement CEM II/A (Average Wrld's cnditins)* 1 m 3 Material resurces Amunt Unit Lubricating il 0.02 kg Sand 720 kg Cncrete mixing factry 4.17E-07 p Gravel, rund 1280 kg Synthetic rubber 0.12 kg Tap water (CA-QC) kg Tap water (Eurpe withut Switzerland) kg Tap water (Rest f the Wrld) kg Cement, alternative cnstituents 6-20% kg Cement, alternative cnstituents 6-20% kg 68

69 (*) Ntes: Expsitin class accrding t EN 206-1: X0 Density: 2370 kg/m 3, cntent f cement: 200 kg/m Suggested reprting frmat fr results Reprting n the Bill f Materials shuld be rganised accrding t the building elements identified as the 'building and its elements' in sectin 1.1.2, table 1.1. In line with Eurstat's data cllectin fr material flw accunting at EU level, the Bill f Materials reprting shuld als be aggregated t reprt n the ttal mass f the fur main types f materials. Part 1 Mass f different materials in the building material bank Material type Mass (t) Metal Nn-metallic mineral Bimass Fssil energy Part 2 Bill f materials rganised by the main building parts and elements Building element Bill f Quantities (units) Bill f Materials by material type (kg) Metal Nnmetallic mineral Bimass Fssil energy Element x Element y Element z 69

70 2.2 Life cycle scenari tls: Life span, adaptability and decnstructin 2.2 Life cycle tls: scenaris fr building lifespan, adaptability and decnstructin Scenari 1: Building and elemental service life planning Where t find the guidance fr each Level General rules applying t all levels Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) General rules applying t all levels Scenari 2: Design fr adaptability and refurbishment Scenari 3: Design fr decnstructin, reuse and recycling Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment The three life cycle scenari tls prvided by the Level(s) framewrk describe future events in the life cycle f a building that cmplement the physical descriptin f the building (the Bill f Materials) and fr which changes in ptential future perfrmance can be analysed (future ptential fr adaptability and decnstructin). The guidance and reprting fr each scenari prvides users with qualitative and quantitative ways f reprting n hw far the building addresses each f the three aspects f resurce efficiency and circularity. The methd t be fllwed fr each assessment level varies accrding t the detail, cmparability and cnsistency in hw they address each perfrmance aspect: 1. Cmmn perfrmance level (qualitative): A checklist f the mst imprtant design aspects that can be taken int cnsideratin and whether/hw they are addressed. 2. Cmparative perfrmance level (semi-qualitative): Design aspects that are imprtant t cnsider are given weightings and the scres achieved by a design are then added t give an verall perfrmance which can be reprted n. This perfrmance can be cmpared if the same weighting methdlgy has been used. 3. Perfrmance ptimisatin level (quantitative): The analysis f the envirnmental perfrmance f designs using ther indicatrs f this framewrk, such as 1.2 (life cycle GWP) r 2.4 (cradle t cradle LCA), s that they can be evaluated, cmpared and reprted n. Sectin prvides general rules that shall be fllwed when using each scenari tl. Then in sectin detailed rules are prvided fr each scenari. Sectin prvides specific rules fr analysis using Level General rules fr describing and reprting n scenaris Thse chsing t use the scenari tls shall fllw the accmpanying set f rules fr hw t reprt n the results. These rules are designed t ensure the cnsistency f the underlying assumptins and calculatins behind the reprting. The rules, which differ accrding t the three levels f perfrmance assessment in the Level(s) framewrk, are summarised at the end f this guidance in table The use f indicatr 1.2 Life cycle GWP r cradle t cradle LCA fr design ptimisatin specifically allws fr the perfrmance f designs t be tested and evaluated. T d this, pssible future scenaris fr the use f the building shuld be develped and tested 70

71 drawing upn expert input. When using life cycle GWP r LCA, the specific rules in sectin shall additinally be fllwed Detailed rules fr each scenari tl Scenari tl 1: Building and elemental service life planning Aim: T encurage a medium t lng term fcus n the design life f majr building elements, as well as their assciated maintenance and replacement cycles. Fcus f attentin: Estimatin f the service life fr the entire building and fr majr building elements (e.g. the envelpe and structure). Links t ther indicatrs: Building element service lives frm the basis fr calculatin f maintenance, repair and replacement csts that cntribute t indicatr 6.1 (disaggregated reprting). Service lifespans fr each f the building parts and elements that frm part f the minimum scpe described in table 1.1 shall be identified. These lifespans may be btained frm a number f surces, which shall in each case be identified in the reprting. Pssible surces are identified in Table In the absence f field data r estimatins frm manufacturers, the typical service lifespans in sectin 1.4.3, table 1.6 may be used. Where the length f the reference study perid, intended service life r investment hlding perid is lnger than that f the service lifespan fr a building element, the number f replacements will need t be calculated. Sectin f the reference standard EN prvides rules n the calculatin f replacement cycles. Table Pssible surces f building element service lifespans Descriptin f surce Typical life spans based n reprted averages Life span estimate calculated by building prfessinal Life span estimate prvided by building element manufacturer Life span estimate btained frm field experience Examples f surces Building csting tls such as BCIS, LCA and LCC methds used in building assessment scheme such as DGNB, LCA tls such as ETl, Calculated accrding t the factr methdlgy f ISO Based n a cmbinatin f standardised durability tests and feedback frm the field. Based n the recrded perfrmance f building assets frm the mnitring f individual prjects r prperties within a prperty prtfli. 71

72 Generic service life planning reprting frmat Building parts Related building elements Expected lifespan (years) Shell (substructure and superstructure) Data surces * Lad bearing structural frame Frame (beams, clumns and slabs) Upper flrs External walls Balcnies Nn-lad bearing elements Grund flr slab Internal walls, partitins and drs Stairs and ramps Facades External wall systems, cladding and shading devices Façade penings (including windws and external drs) External paints, catings and renders Rf Structure Weatherprfing Parking facilities Abve grund and undergrund (within the curtilage f the building and servicing the building ccupiers) 28 Cre (fittings, furnishings and services) Fittings and furnishings Sanitary fittings Cupbards, wardrbes and wrktps Flr finishes, cverings and catings Skirting and trimming Sckets and switches Wall and ceiling finishes and catings In-built lighting system Light fittings Cntrl systems and sensrs Energy system Heating plant and distributin Radiatrs Cling plant and distributin Electricity generatin Electricity distributin 28 If the share f undergrund car parking (usable area plus traffic area) accunts fr mre than 25% f the ttal useful flr area, the traffic area f the undergrund parking must be subtracted frm the ttal useful flr area. 72

73 Ventilatin system Sanitary systems Other systems Air handling units Ductwrk and distributin Cld water distributin Ht water distributin Water treatment systems Drainage system Lifts and escalatrs Firefighting installatins Cmmunicatin and security installatins Telecms and data installatins (*) Data surce ptins: a. Typical life span based n reprted averages b. Life span estimate calculated by building prfessinal c. Life span estimate prvided by building element manufacturer d. Life span estimate btained frm field experience 73

74 Scenari tl 2: Design fr adaptability and refurbishment Aim: T extend the service life f the building as a whle, either by facilitating cntinuatin f the intended use r thrugh pssible future changes in use. Fcus f attentin: Optins t imprve the perfrmance f the building with respect t life cycle stages B4 (Replacement) and B5 (Refurbishment). Scenari 2: Design fr adaptability and refurbishment Where t find guidance fr each level Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment L1 Level 1: Cmmn perfrmance assessment Users shall identify frm the checklists prvided thse design aspects implemented in the building design. The reprting differs depending n whether the building is an ffice r residential: Fr ffices, the checklist f design aspects fcuses n flexibility within the ffice market, as well as flexibility t change use within the prperty market. The checklist is prvided in table Fr residential prperties, the checklist fcuses n the ptential t adapt t changing family and persnal circumstances ver time, as well as flexibility t change use within the prperty market. The checklist is prvided in table Table Checklist f ffice adaptability and refurbishment design aspects Fcus area Design aspect Descriptin Change in user space requirements Changes t building servicing Clumn grid spans Internal wall system Unit size and access Flexible access t services Ease f access t plant rms Flexible cabling patterns Greater flr t flr heights Brader clumn spans that allw fr mre flexible flr layuts Nn-lading bearing internal walls that allw fr changes t flr layuts Access/egress is ensured fr pssible subdivisins in rder t prvide mre letting ptins Services that are nt embedded in the building structure Easy access t plant rms in rder t facilitate future changes f technical equipment Use f ducts t prvide flexibility in the lcatin f service pints The use f greater ceiling heights t give mre flexibility in the ruting f services 74

75 Change t building structure Facade design fr flexibility Future-prfing f lad bearing capacity Structural design t supprt expansin The design f facades that supprt flexibility t change internal and external aspects Redundant lad bearing capacity incrprated frm the beginning in rder t supprt ptential future changes in the uses and ttal flr area, including vertical additins Structural designs can allw fr additinal streys t expand the flr area Table Checklist f residential adaptability and refurbishment design aspects Fcus area Design aspect Descriptin Changes in user space requirements Changes in building level requirements Change f use fr units r flrs (fr multi-family buildings) Access and ability t maneuvre within each residential unit The ptential fr grund flr cnversin t a cntained unit Ease f access t the building services Ease f access t each residential unit Wall systems that supprt layut changes Greater flr t ceiling heights Ease f access t living spaces, kitchen and bathrm in cases f the need fr pram r wheelchair mbility The ptential fr the grund flr t becme a cntained unit with bed space, kitchen, tilet and shwer Lcatin f services in the building structure s as t ensure they are flexible t change Ease f access t residential units in cases f the need fr pram r wheelchair mbility Internal wall designs that allw fr unit/flr/building level changes t flr layuts The use f greater ceiling heights t give mre flexibility in the ruting f services Scenari 1, Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment reprting frmat Part 1 - Design aspects addressed Aspects addressed Descriptin f design slutin(s) Design aspect Yes/n Aspect x Aspect y Aspect z Part 2 Supprting prperty market check Check by lcal prperty market expert carried ut? Yes/n 75

76 Additinal design aspects identified by them? List any additinal aspects identified: Aspect x Aspect y Aspect z L2 Level 2: Cmparative perfrmance assessment Users shall use a pre-existing index, scring r calculatr tl which prvides a numerical utput. The tl used shall be clearly identified in the reprting. This is t ensure that cmparisns are nly made between buildings assessed using the same tl. Guidance nte 2.2 prvides suggestins and mre infrmatin abut currently available tls that can be used. Guidance nte 2.2 fr design teams Existing tls fr assessing the adaptability f a building There are currently nly a limited number f tls available t assess and cmpare the adaptability f an ffice building. Thse identified as being suitable fr use fr the cmparative perfrmance assessment level are: DGNB CORE 14 (Germany, ) Scres can be derived frm the methds fr tw separate DGNB criteria: Criterin ECO 2.1 Flexibility and adaptability scre Criterin TEC 1.4 Adaptability f technical systems scre BREEAM-NL (Netherlands, 2014) 30 Criterin MAT 8 Building flexibility calculatr: Based n the Dutch Real Estate vacancy risk evaluatin, the tl allws fr reprting n aspects f the structure, facade, interir and installatins. Lifetime Hmes (UK, 2010) 31 - A design audit is suggested against 16 criteria. N scring system is prvided. The DGNB and BREEAM-NL tls are mre apprpriate fr ffice buildings. Fr residential buildings, there is sme verlap with the aspects relevant t ffice buildings fr example, if smene wishes t carry ut a majr renvatin, r in the case f a change f use frm residential t ffice. Hwever, there are als distinctive aspects that relate t life changes fr example, upn starting a family r having reduced mbility. The Lifetime Hmes criteria are an imprtant reference. Develped in the 1990s, Lifetime Hmes is a set f design criteria intended t reflect the changing needs f individuals and families at different stages f life. They are smetimes als referred t as criteria fr 'inclusive design'. A new ISO standard n design fr decnstructin and adaptability is anticipated t be published in 2018 and will prvide a harmnised internatinal tl t assess adaptability. It is understd that this ISO standard may, in part, be based n the Canadian Standards Assciatin's standard fr disassembly and adaptability Z782/06. Either standard may be suitable fr use at Level 2 f Scenari The DGNB CORE Internatinal criteria can be requested frm here: 30 The BREEAM NL criteria can be btained frm here: 31 The Lifetime Hmes criteria can be btained frm here: 76

77 Scenari 1, Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment reprting frmat Part 1 Selected design tl Design tl used Select frm thse identified in Guidance nte 2.2 Versin f the tl f standard used Building adaptability scre r index result Part 2 - Supprting infrmatin Aspects addressed Descriptin f design slutin(s) Design aspect Yes/n Aspect x Aspect y Aspect z L3 Level 3: Design ptimisatin assessment Users chsing t carry ut a life cycle GWP assessment r a cradle t cradle LCA fr a building can additinally reprt n the imprvement ptential f their chsen adaptability measures. The results f the scenari are incrprated int the reprting frmat fr bth life cycle GWP (see indicatr 1.2) and cradle t cradle LCA (see sectin 4.2.3). T ensure cnsistency, the specific rules laid dwn in sectin shall be fllwed, tgether with the fllwing additinal ntes that are specific t scenari 2: Reference assumptins: The intended service life shall be defined by the client. This can be used as a reference pint fr the life cycle GWP r LCA mdelling and the cst/value engineering f design ptins. Scenari definitin: In cnjunctin with a prperty market expert that has knwledge f the lcal and reginal market, the identificatin f wrst, intended and best case scenaris fr cntinued future use f the building. Design precedents may be identified and shuld be used t identify design pre-requisites fr maintaining cntinued building use ver time, as well as design deficiencies that may have cntributed in the past t failure r vids: Wrst case: Lcal precedents fr lw/n ccupatin f buildings f the same use that lead t early demlitin. Intended case: Lcal precedents that reflect the intended service life as defined by the client. Best case: Lcal precedents fr cntinuatin f the same use r changes f use that have avided the need fr demlitin. Life cycle GWP r LCA mdelling f the design ptin(s): The implicatins f adaptability measures shall be mdelled fr life cycle stage B5 (Refurbishment). If a change f use is assumed, the use stage shall be mdelled t reflect the new use ver a secnd, default service life perid. Variatin frm the default shall be justified. 77

78 If the life cycle GWP r LCA results are t be publicly reprted, an independent critical review f the assumptins shall be carried ut by a prperty market specialist and his r her pinin appended t the reprting. Sftware tls may be used t supprt the prbabilistic analysis f life cycle scenaris fr the future ccupatin f a building (see guidance nte 2.3). Guidance nte 2.3 fr designers, develpers and investrs A sftware tl fr analysing building adaptability scenaris The EU-funded CILECCTA prject 32 has develped a sftware tl that allws users t analyse future scenaris fr different building cnfiguratins and the influence that these scenaris wuld have n cst and envirnmental impacts. The user may define, ideally based n prfessinal knwledge and experience, the lcal market cnditins, their prbability f ccurring during a defined study perid, and building specificatins that can allw fr adaptatin t ptential future changes in market cnditins. Examples include the ptentials fr either an increase in the height f a building r t change the primary uses f a building. Present and future csts fr adaptatins can be defined, t then be triggered by runs f the mdel ver a defined perid f time using a Mnte Carl simulatin. In this way, the net present cst f different adaptability measures can be evaluated based n reasned assumptins abut the future market cnditins. The CILECCTA sftware tl is available in a trial Beta frm via an nline platfrm. Access fr nn-cmmercial use can be requested frm the sftware's designers. Scenari 1, Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment reprting frmat Part 1 - Design aspects addressed Aspects addressed Descriptin f design slutin(s) Design aspect Yes/n Aspect x Aspect y Aspect z Part 2 Supprting prperty market check Lcal prperty market expert check carried ut? Identificatin f lcal design aspects Yes/n List any design aspects with lcal relevance that have been implemented: Aspects x Aspects y Aspects z 32 CORDIS (2014) CILECCTA Reprt Summary 78

79 79

80 Scenari tl 3: Design fr decnstructin, reuse and recycling Aim: T facilitate the future circular use f building elements, cmpnents and parts that make up a building s material bank. Fcus f attentin: The ptential fr the reuse f recycling f majr building elements fllwing decnstructin. The scenari relates t the fllwing life cycle stages and their assciated mdules: End f Life stage C1 (De-cnstructin/demlitin) End f Life stage C3 (Waste prcessing) Benefits beynd the system bundary D (Reuse/recycling/recvery ptential) Scenari 3: Design fr decnstructin, reuse and recycling Where t find guidance fr each level Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment L1 Level 1: Cmmn perfrmance assessment Users shall identify frm the checklists prvided thse design aspects implemented in the building design. Users shuld first cnsult the building parts identified in table 2.2.4, and then fr each part identify frm table which design aspects have been implemented in sme frm. Table Scpe f building parts t be assessed Scpe f parts Shell Cre Building parts Fundatins Lad bearing structural frame Nn-lad bearing elements Facades (including windws and drs) Rf Fit ut (flrs, walls and ceilings) Services: Lighting Energy Ventilatin Sanitatin 80

81 Table Decnstructin, reuse and recycling design aspects list Fcus area Design aspect Descriptin Ease f disassembly Cnnectins are mechanical and reversible Elements and their parts are independent and easily separable The use f mechanical, nn-destructive cnnectins as ppsed t chemical bnding The ptential t separate elements that are cnnected t each ther 33 and t disassemble elements int their cnstituent cmpnents and parts Ease f reuse Ease f recycling Cnnectins are easily accessible and reversible The number and cmplexity f the disassembly steps are lw. Prefabricated elements and parts use standardised dimensins Design supprts future adaptatin t changes in functinal needs Use f mdular building services Parts made f cmpatible r hmgenus materials There are established recycling ptins fr cnstituent parts r materials Cnstituent materials can be easily separated Easy and sequential access in rder t reverse mechanical cnnectins and remve elements The disassembly shuld nt suppse the need fr cmplex preparatry steps, the intensive use f manpwer and machinery and/r ff-site prcesses Specificatin f elements and parts that are f a standardised specificatin in rder t prvide cnsistent future stck Design f majr building elements t supprt future adaptatin t changes in functinal needs Specificatin f mdular systems that may retain value upn de-installatin Specificatin f cmpnents and cnstituent parts made f hmgenus materials, the same materials r materials cmpatible with recycling prcesses. Finishes r catings shuld nt inhibit recycling. The part r material is readily recyclable int prducts with a similar field f applicatin and functin, thereby maximising their value. It shuld be pssible t separate cmpnents and parts int their cnstituent materials. 33 Fr example, the facade, building services and internal fit ut can be easily remved withut damaging the structure. 81

82 Scenari 3, Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment reprting frmat Part 1 General infrmatin Element and systems inventry available? Decnstructin plan made available? Yes/n Yes/n Part 2 - Ease f disassembly reprting Building part Design aspects checked/implemented Ease f disassembly aspect Descriptin f design slutin(s) See table listing Aspect x Part 3 - Ease f reuse reprting Building part Design aspects checked/implemented Ease f reuse aspect Descriptin f design slutin(s) See table listing Aspect y Part 4 - Ease f recycling Building part Design aspects checked/implemented Ease f recycling aspect Descriptin f design slutin(s) See table listing Aspect z Part 5 - Demlitin and waste management expert check Expert check carried ut? Additinal design aspects identified? Yes/n List any additinal aspects identified: Aspects x Aspects y Aspects z 82

83 L2 Level 2: Cmparative perfrmance assessment Users shall use a pre-existing index, scring r calculatr tl which prvides a numerical utput. The tl used shall be clearly identified in the reprting. This is t ensure that cmparisns are nly made between buildings assessed using the same tl. See guidance nte 2.4 fr suggestins n currently available tls that can be used. Assumptins relating t the ease f disassembly, reuse and recycling shall be based n slutins and technlgies that have already prven t be ecnmically and technically viable. In ther wrds, assumptins shuld be based n existing slutins and technlgies. Guidance nte 2.4 fr design teams Tls fr assessing a building's decnstructin, reuse and recyclability ptential There are currently nly a limited number f tls available t assess and cmpare the ptential fr decnstructin, reuse and recyclability f an ffice r residential building. The DGNB new-build criterin TEC 1.6 Disassembly and recyclability (Germany, 2015) 34 is suitable fr use at the cmparative perfrmance assessment level. The criterin methd prvides a scring fr the recyclability f material selectin and ease f disassembly. Other tls exist, such as the BRE Trusts 'Design fr decnstructin' index 35. The latter has been pilted n live prjects and may be integrated int the tls being develped by the Buildings as Material Banks (BAMB) prject, t be released in A new ISO standard n design fr decnstructin and adaptability is anticipated t be published in 2018 and will prvide a harmnised internatinal tl t assess adaptability. It is understd that this ISO standard may, in part, be based n the Canadian Standards Assciatin's standard fr disassembly and adaptability Z782/06. Either standard may be suitable fr use at Level 2 f Scenari 3. Scenari 3, Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment reprting frmat Part 1 Selected design tl Design tl used Tls currently identified as being suitable: DGNB Germany (2015) TEC 1.6 Disassembly and recyclability Canadian Standards Assciatin, Z783/12 (2016) Design fr decnstructin methdlgy, scring fr separate parameters Versin f the tl r standard used Building decnstructin scre r indices 34 The DGNB Germany criteria can be btained frm here: 35 BRE Buzz, Design fr decnstructin, BRE Trust, 83

84 Part 2 - Supprting infrmatin Aspects addressed Descriptin f design slutin(s) Design aspect Yes/n Aspect x Aspect y Aspect z 84

85 L3 Level 3: Design ptimisatin assessment Users chsing t carry ut a cradle t cradle LCA fr a building can additinally reprt n the imprvement ptential f their chsen decnstructin measures. The results f the scenari are incrprated int the reprting frmat fr life cycle GWP (see indicatr 1.2) and cradle t cradle LCA (see sectin 7.2.3). T ensure cnsistency, the specific rules laid dwn in sectin shall be fllwed, tgether with the fllwing additinal ntes that are specific t scenari 3: Reference assumptins: The reference end-f-life scenari fr demlitin fr the type f building shall be described fr life cycle stages C1-4, with a fcus n the recvery rate fr the reuse and recycling f materials and elements. The scenari shuld reflect as accurately as pssible current lcal practices. Scenari definitin: In cnjunctin with a demlitin cntractr r waste management specialist that has knwledge f the lcal and reginal practices, the identificatin f lcal precedents and best case scenaris fr the selective decnstructin and disassembly f the same type f building in rder t maximise reuse and recycling. The imprvement in reuse and recycling in the end f life stage fr the benefits that culd be reprted under Mdule D shall be calculated. Assumptins relating t the ease f disassembly, reuse and recycling shall be based n slutins and technlgies that have already prven t be ecnmically and technically viable. In ther wrds, assumptins shuld be based n existing slutins and technlgies. Prject-specific scenaris shuld be built up frm primary data fr technlgy that is applied by the cnstructin and demlitin sectr t the building type/design and, as specifically as pssible, in the gegraphical lcatin. Default r reference end f life scenaris shuld be used as the basis fr cmparisns f prject-specific scenaris. The default r reference scenari shuld ideally be built up frm natinal data, but if this is nt available fr specific materials r parts, EU data may be used. If the LCA results are t be publicly reprted, an independent critical review f the assumptins shall be carried ut by a demlitin cntractr r waste management expert, and their pinin appended t the reprting. Guidance nte 2.5 fr design teams Defining end f life scenaris fr a building Data n reuse, recycling, recvery and landfill rates, as well as the slutins and technlgies used, can be btained frm a number f pssible surces which include the fllwing: Default EU and Member State scenaris develped t supprt the use f LCA. Fr example, the DGNB assessment schemes LCA criterin 36 r publicly available LCA studies. Waste diversin rates that are based n Member State statistical data and surveys. These may include infrmatin n the specific separatin and treatment technlgies used. Fr example, the Member State factsheets develped by the Eurpean Cmmissin The criterin dcument can be btained by cntacting DGNB

86 Primary data fr the specific decnstructin technlgies and reginal r lcal diversin rates. Fr example, 'cradle t gate with ptins' r 'cradle t grave' EPDs fr specific building elements and materials and their pssible end f life scenaris. The EeEBGuide prject prvides further general guidance n defining end f life scenaris 38. Scenari 3, Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin reprting frmat Part 1 Demlitin and waste management expert check Lcal demlitin/waste management expert check carried ut? Identificatin f lcal design aspects Yes/n List any design measures with lcal relevance that have been implemented: Aspects x Aspects y Aspects z Part 2 - End f life scenari selectin Default scenari used? Scenari surce Yes/n Append descriptin and data fr the scenari Part 3 - Ease f disassembly reprting Building part Design aspects checked/implemented Ease f disassembly aspect Descriptin f design slutin(s) See table listing Aspect x Part 4 - Ease f reuse reprting Building part Design aspects checked/implemented Ease f reuse aspect Descriptin f design slutin(s) See table listing Aspect y 37 Eurpean Cmmissin, Resurce efficient use f mixed wastes Task 1 Member State factsheets, 38 EeEBGuide Prject, C-03 (Buildings) / C-08 (Prducts) LCA mdelling f landfill/dispsal, 86

87 Part 5 - Ease f recycling Building part Design aspects checked/implemented Ease f recycling aspect Descriptin f design slutin(s) See table listing Aspect z Part 6 Building material bank passprt 39 Has a building material bank passprt been develped? Yes/n 39 Fr mre backgrund n building material bank passprts can be fund under indicatr 2.3, Level 3, Aspect 3 87

88 L Specific rules fr analysing scenaris using life cycle GWP r cradle t cradle LCA (Level 3) If life cycle GWP r LCA results are t be reprted in the public dmain, it is necessary t ensure that the scenaris are mdelled in a cnsistent way. T d s, and t maximise their value as a design ptimisatin tl, it is recmmended that the fllwing steps are fllwed during the cncept design stage: 1. Reference assumptins and baseline scenari: The initial assumptins made abut the parameters f the building shall be set ut (e.g. internal flr layuts and level f flexibility). This shall infrm a descriptin f the baseline scenari. 2. Scenari definitin: Hypthetical scenaris related t the design aspect (e.g. fr adaptability, pssible future trends in the prperty market) shall be develped and described based n expert judgement. These shuld generally include a wrst, intended and best case. The intended case shall be based n the client s specificatins and represent the baseline scenari. 3. Design aspects and measures based n precedents: Identify design measures that, based n the wrst, intended and best case scenaris, culd be incrprated int the building design. These culd include precedents frm ther building designs (as apprpriate fr the scenari). 4. Cst and value engineering f measures: Based n the design measures identified in the previus step 3, and wrking within cnstraints f the prject, ne r mre preferred design ptins can be develped. 5. Mdelling f the design ptin(s): Life cycle GWP r LCA tls shall be used t mdel each f the resulting design ptins in rder t identify the ptimal envirnmental slutin and/r the preferred ptin t be cnstructed. This shall include a design that reflects the baseline scenari, mitting the design measures identified in the previus step Reprting f the results: The life cycle GWP r LCA results fr the wrst case, intended case and the preferred ptin shall be reprted n. These steps imply the input f relevant experts cst cnsultants, market specialists and demlitin specialists - in rder t ensure that the scenaris are realistic. Further ntes are prvided under each scenari. 88

89 Table Overall rules fr hw the scenari tls shall be used Scenari tls Level 1. Cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2. Cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3. Perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Scenari tl 1 Building and elemental service life planning N specific rules are prvided fr each Level. Service lifespan estimates shall be reprted fr the buildings main elements, with reference t ISO , relevant building cdes and EN/ISO standards (see the reprting frmat in sectin ). See sectin fr default building element service lifespans Scenari 2 Design fr adaptability and refurbishment Frm the checklist prvided in sectin , identify thse aspects that have been implemented. Fr each aspect, describe the specific design measures that have been implemented (see the reprting frmat in sectin ). Make a check f the relevance f the design measures using a prperty market expert with lcal knwledge. Identificatin f which semi-qualitative assessment tl has been used t btain a scre fr the building. Reprting f the scre btained fr the building's adaptability using the chsen semi-qualitative assessment tl. Identify frm the Level 1 checklists thse aspects that have been implemented. Reprting f the GWP r LCA results fr the baseline/reference building with default service life and withut adaptability design measures. the preferred design scenari with adaptability measures. The design scenari shall be selected with reference t thse aspects listed in the Level 1 checklist. Critical review f the gegraphical representativeness f the preferred design measures by a prperty market expert with lcal knwledge. Scenari 3 Design fr decnstructin, reuse and recyclability Identify, frm the checklist prvided in , thse aspects addressed. Fr each aspect, describe the specific design measures that have been implemented (see the reprting frmat in sectin ). Identificatin f which semi-qualitative tl has been used. Reprting f the scre btained fr the building's decnstructin ptential using the chsen semi-qualitative assessment tl. Identify frm the Level 1 checklist thse Reprting f the GWP r LCA results fr the default end f life scenari. the design scenaris mdelled. The design scenari shall be selected with reference t thse aspects listed in the Level 1 checklist. 89

90 aspects that have been implemented. Critical review f the gegraphical representativeness f the preferred design by a demlitin cntractr r waste management specialist. 90

91 2.2.4 Prperty valuatin influence and reliability rating The scenaris can prvide infrmatin and special assumptins t investrs and valuers abut the ptential future rbustness f the building design and structure t be adapted t market needs, as well as the ptential t minimise future risks and liabilities that can arise frm the failure r deteriratin f building elements. The fllwing tls are prvided t infrm the valuatin f a prperty fr which perfrmance has been assessed accrding t life cycle scenaris 1, 2 and 3: Checklists fr the ptential psitive influence n value and risk Checklist 1: Ptential psitive influence n future perfrmance Checklist 2: Accunting fr the perfrmance assessment in valuatin criteria Reliability ratings f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1: Basis fr the perfrmance assessment Rating 2: Prfessinal capabilities Rating 3: Independent verificatin The cmpleted reprting may be used separately alngside the Level 1, 2 r 3 results fr scenari 2.2, r may frm part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2. In the case that the ratings will be used as part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2, then the rating 1 results shall be used t calculate the verall Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI). The Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI) fr rating 1 shall be calculated frm the individual ratings as fllws: (TeR min{rating aspects})+(gr min{rating aspects})+ (TR min{rating aspect}) IRI = 3 Where: TeR = Technical Representativeness GR = Gegraphical Representativeness TR = Time representativeness T calculate the IRI the scre fr each f the three scenaris shall be used t calculate the arithmetic mean f the reliability The ptential fr a psitive influence n a market valuatin Checklist 1 Evaluatin f ptentially psitive influences n the market perfrmance (t be cmpleted fr each scenari) Ptential influence Evaluated? Resulting assumptins used in the appraisal Ptential influence 1 Increased revenues due t market recgnitin and lwer vids Ptential influence 2 Reduced peratinal, maintenance, repair and/r replacement csts Ptential influence 3 Reduced future risk f increased verheads r lss f incme Yes/n Yes/n Yes/n 91

92 Checklist 2 Accunting fr the Level(s) assessment in the valuatin criteria used Valuatin criteria set used Identify the scheme r tl used Versin f the criteria set used Criteria which the assessment has influenced Influence n the valuatin r rating Valuatin criterin Sub-criterin Criterin x Sub-criterin y Ntes n the extent f the influence and the supprting assumptins used Reliability rating f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1 - Basis fr the perfrmance assessment Rating aspect Brief descriptin f the aspect Rating scre (select based n the assessment level used fr the scenari) Scenari 1 Building and elemental service life planning Scenari 2 Design fr adaptability and refurbishment Scenari 3 Design fr decnstructin, reuse and recyclability Estimating the design service life f the building as a whle and the service lifespan f the majr building elements Hw the building's design can facilitate future adaptatin t changing ccupier needs and market cnditins The ptential fr decnstructin t facilitate the reuse and recycling majr building elements Scenari tls 2.2 Indicatr Reliability Rating 92

93 Rating 2 Prfessinal capabilities Rating aspect Rating scre Technical capability f the persnnel carrying ut the assessment N frmal training and limited experience in using the tl r calculatin methd Frmal training r sme applied experience in using the tl r calculatin methd Frmal training and sme applied experience in using the tl r calculatin methd Frmal training 40 and significant applied experience in using the tl r calculatin methd Rating 3 Independent verificatin Rating aspect Rating scre Independent verificatin f the assessment Self-declaratin f the perfrmance assessment results Peer review f the input data and calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the input data and calculatin steps 40 In accrdance with Article 17 f the EPBD 93

94 2.3 Indicatr n cnstructin and demlitin waste 2.3 Cnstructin and demlitin waste and materials Where t find the guidance fr each Level Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) This indicatr can be used t estimate and track perfrmance fr a number f different waste management prcesses during a prject. The methdlgy t be fllwed fr distinct prcesses is described in this sectin. The bundary fr calculatin and reprting will depend n the pint in the prject and its life cycle at which the waste arises. Table prvides an verview f the different prject prcesses and the related life cycle stages. Table Bundary fr reprting at different pints in the prject and its life cycle Prject related prcesses Life cycle stages Decnstructin and demlitin f a building(s) in rder t clear a site fr a new building cnstructin Part decnstructin/remdelling f a building(s) in rder t prepare useful parts fr in-situ reuse T avid duble cunting, the impacts assciated with these mdules shall belng t the previus building's life cycle. waste generated n-site during mdule B5 r C1, subsequent materials recvery in Mdule C3 and dispsal during C4. Preparatin f a building in rder t facilitate a majr renvatin (as part f a previus life cycle). Cnstructin n site f a new building r majr renvatin wrks Decnstructin and demlitin f the building at a future pint in time beynd the end f its service life (life cycle stages C1/3, D). all waste generated n-site during mdules A5, the prefabricatin f parts and elements ff site (life cycle stages A3). waste generated n-site during mdule C1, subsequent materials recvery in Mdule C3 and dispsal during C4. L Level 1 - Making a cmmn perfrmance assessment Calculatin methdlgy and data requirements In this sectin the different waste management prcesses are dealt with in turn, as well as data requirements and ptential surces. 94

95 Decnstructin and demlitin prcesses Fr estimates f waste and materials that may arise frm decnstructin prcesses, the reprting shall be based n an analysis f the bill f materials and quantities fr the building in questin: Fr an existing building, this shall be based n the carrying ut f a predecnstructin/demlitin audit (see guidance nte 2.6). This shall identify which specific parts and elements can be recvered, as well as identifying any health and safety risks that may relate t specific types f structures r the presence f hazardus waste. Fr a new building design, this shall be based n analysis f the bill f materials and quantities at the design stage, with the results supprted by the use f scenari tl Design fr decnstructin, reuse and recycling. Upn decnstructin/demlitin, a weighing, mnitring and tracking system shall be set up t recrd the weight f each waste and material prcessing batch and cnsignment. The data shall thereafter be aggregated and reprted n upn cmpletin f the wrks. Cnstructin prcesses Fr estimates f waste and materials arising frm cnstructin prcesses (bth n and ff site), the reprting shall be based n an analysis f the design bills f quantities and materials. Estimates shall be based n the way that elements and materials will be delivered t the site. The scpe shall include packaging frm cnstructin prducts, raw materials and applicatin prducts used n site. The estimates fr reuse and recycling f these waste arisings shall be supprted by a site waste management plan that describes the segregatin systems that will be used fr different material flws (see guidance nte 2.7). Upn cmmencement f cnstructin, a weighing, mnitring and tracking system shall be set up t recrd the weight f each waste and material batch and cnsignment. This data shall be aggregated and reprted n upn cmpletin f the building. Data requirements and surces Estimates f building element mass in a building t be demlished shall be made using available yardsticks and guidelines. The Eurpean Cmmissin has published a guide t carrying ut pre-demlitin audits. This prvides sme general guidelines n the prcess, as well as a set f templates fr recrding the assciated inventry f building elements and materials 41. Figure illustrates the general scheme fr carrying ut a pre-demlitin waste audit which is described in the guidelines. 41 Eurpean Cmmissin (2017) Waste audit guideline, prepared fr DG GROW by VTT, Tecnalia and RPA, 95

96 Figure General scheme fr cnducting a pre-demlitin waste audit Surce: Eurpean Cmmissin (2017) The packaging assciated with cnstructin prducts and materials shall be similarly estimated based n representative data surces. Wherever pssible, estimates f diversin rates shuld be based n data that is representative f the n-site and ff-site waste prcessing peratins that are t be used fr example, the crushing and grading f cncrete waste. Actual diversin rates fr waste and materials prcessed ff site may be further validated with data frm transfer statins and waste management cmpanies that have been used Suggested reprting frmat Users shall cmplete the reprting fr each pint in the prject and life cycle that is relevant and fr which data has been gathered. Level 1, cmmn perfrmance assessment reprting frmat Part 1 - Activity and waste surces being reprted n Decnstructin/demlitin Pre-estimate Yes/n Actual frm the site Mdule D estimate Yes/n Yes/n Cnstructin Pre-estimate Yes/n Actual frm the site Yes/n Part 2 - Perfrmance assessment results (fr each activity identified in Part1) Waste and material streams kg/m 2 % f ttal mass flw Waste dispsed f: Hazardus Nn-hazardus Diversin fr reuse and recycling Diversin fr ther material recvery peratins (including backfilling and energy recvery) 96

97 L Making level 2 and 3 assessments Level 2 - Making a cmparative perfrmance assessment T supprt cmparisns between prjects, default figures shall be used fr the fllwing parameters: Mass estimatins fr the bill f materials f a building t be decnstructed/demlished prir t the cnstructin f a new building, Estimates f the packaging likely t be discarded upn use f ready fr cnstructin prducts, Waste destinatins and diversin rates fr different materials in the EU, r at natinal r reginal level. Default values can be btained frm waste mdelling tls that are designed t supprt the making f estimates. In all reprted cases the surce f the default figures shall be reprted fr the purpse f transparency and cmparability. Level 2, cmparative perfrmance assessment reprting frmat Part 1 - Activity and waste surces being reprted n Decnstructin/demlitin Pre-estimate Yes/n Actual frm the site Mdule D estimate Yes/n Yes/n Cnstructin Pre-estimate Yes/n Actual frm the site Yes/n Part 2 Selected estimatin tl (fr each activity identified in Part1) Default data aspect Estimatin tl used Versin f the tl r standard used Demlitin mass estimates Ready t use cnstructin prduct packaging estimates Waste destinatin and diversin rates Other parameters (please specify) Part 3 - Perfrmance assessment results (fr each activity identified in Part1) Waste and material streams kg/m 2 % f ttal mass flw Waste dispsed f: Hazardus Nn-hazardus Diversin fr reuse and recycling 97

98 Diversin fr ther material recvery peratins (including backfilling and energy recvery) L Level 3 - Perfrmance ptimisatin assessment The design ptimisatin aspects fr indicatr 2.3 fcus n thse that can lead t a mre precise estimate f waste arisings and the assciated reuse and recycling ptential, namely: Aspect 1 The technical representativeness and precisin f decnstructin/demlitin waste estimates Aspect 2.1 The technical representativeness and precisin f cnstructin site waste estimates Aspect 2.2 The technical representativeness f ff-site cnstructin waste estimates Aspect 3 Technical representativeness f the future decnstructin ptential Aspect 4 The precisin f waste accunting n site Fr each aspect a brief utline is prvided f hw they can imprve perfrmance, tgether with guidance ntes which g int mre detail. Users shuld then reprt n which aspects they have fcussed n. The mre aspects addressed the better the reliability rating that will be btained, as the rating imprves in functin f accuracy and representativeness. Key aspects t fcus attentin n Aspect 1 The technical representativeness and precisin f decnstructin/demlitin waste estimates Fcus f attentin: The carrying ut f an audit f the target building(s) prir t striput, decnstructin and/r remdelling. A pre-demlitin/strip-ut audit and plan allws fr a mre precise identificatin f the key building materials that will arise frm demlitin wrks. The typical infrmatin prvided by such an audit cmprises: Identificatin and risk assessment f hazardus waste that may require specialist handling and treatment, r hazardus emissins that may arise during demlitin, A Demlitin Bill f Quantities with a breakdwn f different building materials and elements, An estimate f the % re-use and recycling ptential based n prpsals fr systems f separate cllectin during the demlitin prcess, An estimatin f the % ptential fr ther frms f recvery frm the demlitin prcess. Guidance nte 2.6 prvides further details f auditing and planning tls that can supprt greater precisin. 98

99 Guidance nte 2.6 fr demlitin management Mre abut decnstructin and pre-demlitin audits A pre-demlitin/strip-ut audit and plan allws fr identificatin f key building and materials that will arise frm demlitin and excavatin wrks. Frm this infrmatin, the pssibilities fr reuse and recycling can be identified, althugh it is imprtant t nte that this will depend n the lcal market. Accrding t the Eurpean Cmmissin s Cnstructin & Demlitin waste management prtcl 42, an audit cnsists f tw main parts: Infrmatin cllectin frm the site: Identificatin f all waste materials that will be generated during the demlitin with specificatin f the quantity, the quality and lcatin in the building r civil infrastructure. All materials shuld be identified and the quantity t be recvered shuld be estimated. Determining handling and recvery rutes: which materials are mandatry t be separated at surce and may require special handling r treatment (such as hazardus waste); which materials r structures will require special equipment r techniques t decnstruct (such as tensined structures); which materials can/cannt be re-used r recycled based n the decnstructin prcesses and segregatin/prcessing systems; Figure prvided a general scheme fr gathering this infrmatin using a cmbinatin f a desk study and a field survey. Sme f this infrmatin can then be cllated in the frm f a demlitin Bill f Quantities, which will cnsist f an inventry f the different building materials and elements. Imprtantly, and as already highlighted, the audit will als take accunt f lcal markets fr the building elements and materials that will arise and the technical and quality requirements fr their reuse f recycling, as this can be a majr market barrier. As already nted in sectin , the Eurpean Cmmissin has published a guide t carrying ut pre-demlitin audits 43. Guidance n the preparatin f audits is als prvided in sme Member States, such as Sweden 44. Mrever, in sme Member States such as Belgium the preparatin f such a plan accrding t set prcedures can be verified 45. Fllwing the audit, a decnstructin/demlitin waste management plan can be develped, which will be used t rganise and track subsequent activities n site. An example f hw this prcess can be managed is the Netherlands vluntary BRL SVMS-007 with its 'certified demlitin prcess' steps Eurpean Cmmissin, EU Cnstructin & Demlitin waste management prtcl, Cmpiled fr the Eurpean Cmmissin by Ecrys, September Eurpean Cmmissin (2017) Waste audit guideline, prepared fr DG GROW by VTT, Tecnalia and RPA, 44 Sveriges Byggindustrier (2016) Resurce and waste guidelines during cnstructin and demlitin 45 Hiser Prject, TRACIMAT Tracing Cnstructin and Demlitin Waste Materials, 46 The Netherlands, Safe and Envirnmentally-friendly Demlitin Directive (BRL SVMS-007) 99

100 Aspect 2.1 The technical representativeness and precisin f cnstructin site waste estimates Fcus f attentin: The develpment f a plan t manage the flws f waste and materials, as well as assciated csts that are estimated t arise frm a site. A site waste management plan is a tl fr mre precise planning, mnitring and implementing actins t manage waste during cnstructin prcesses. Guidance nte 2.7 describes further the planning prcess. Site waste management planning and tracking tls f the kind described further in the guidance nte may be used t aid reprting, and will prvide fr mre cnsistent recrding f arisings. Guidance nte 2.7 fr cnstructin management Mre abut cnstructin site waste management planning A site waste management plan is a tl fr planning, mnitring and implementing actins t manage waste during cnstructin prcesses. Such a plan is usually prepared prir t the cmmencement f wrks n-site. A site waste management plan usually cnsists f: A bill f rdered materials with estimates fr waste arisings and the ptential fr waste preventin based n gd practice; Estimates f the % re-use ptential based n the use f segregated cllectin systems during the cnstructin prcess; An estimatin f the % recycling and recvery ptential (excluding backfilling) based n the use f segregated cllectin systems. Such a plan can bring significant benefits in terms f ecnmic savings and prject efficiencies. This is because pprtunities fr the preventin f waste thrugh better design, waste segregatin, the recycling f waste prduced and the re-use f materials n site can be identified mre easily. The Eurpean Cmmissin s Cnstructin & Demlitin waste management prtcl prvides further general guidance 47. The CIRIA Resurce Efficiency KnwledgeBase prvides detailed guidance related t bth n-site and ff-site practices under the waste minimisatin theme 48. Aspect 2.2 The technical representativeness f ff-site cnstructin waste estimates Fcus f attentin: The accurate estimatin f waste avided bth n-site and ff-site based n data frm fabricatrs. As was nted in sectin , a reductin in site cnstructin waste culd lead t waste being created in a factry instead f n-site. In rder t avid burden shifting, cmprehensive waste data shuld be btained fr any task that culd have taken place 47 Eurpean Cmmissin, EU Cnstructin & Demlitin waste management prtcl, Cmpiled fr the Eurpean Cmmissin by Ecrys, September Guidance frmerly prduced by the UK rganisatin WRAP can be accessed here fllwing registratin

101 n-site and is shifted ff-site t a factry (e.g. prefabricated wall panels r brick facings). Aspect 3 Technical representativeness f the future decnstructin ptential Fcus f attentin: The use f scenari tl 3 t make mre realistic estimates f future material and elemental reuse and recycling ptential. This can als frm the basis fr preparatin f a 'building material bank passprt'. Scenaris fr the ptential future reuse r recycling f building elements and materials may have a high level f uncertainty. By imprving the ptential fr the decnstructin, reuse and recyclability f a building at the design stage, and recrding this infrmatin fr future use in the frm f a building material bank passprt, this uncertainty can be reduced. Guidance nte 2.8 prvides further infrmatin n building material bank passprts. A Building Infrmatin Mdel (BIM) als prvides a way f string this infrmatin alngside that held fr ther aspects f a building. Assumptins relating t the ease f disassembly, reuse and recycling shall, in line with the guidance in the reference standard EN 15978, be based n slutins and technlgies that have been prven t be ecnmically and technically viable. In ther wrds, they shuld be based n slutins and technlgies that are currently available. Guidance nte 2.8 fr cnstructin management Using building material bank passprts t imprve future decnstructin ptential A 'building material bank passprt' is a relatively new cncept which can supprt future reuse and recycling. It entails the recrding f infrmatin abut the building material bank (the elements and materials it is cmpsed f) fr future use and the design measures taken t facilitate ease f decnstructin t recver their value. The passprt may als include imprtant infrmatin t safely manage demlitin prcesses fr example, where in the building tensined structures have been used. Passprt frmats are currently being develped by EU prjects such as Buildings as Material Banks (BAMB) and rganisatins such as Madaster (the Netherlands). Aspect 4 The precisin f waste accunting n site Fcus f attentin: The accurate tracking and accunting f waste arisings frm demlitin and cnstructin sites. The EU Cnstructin & Waste management prtcl identifies the need t strengthen recrd keeping and traceability mechanisms thrugh the establishment f electrnic registries. These recrds shuld be based n the actual weight f waste and material cnsignments. This data can be aggregated fr reprting during and upn cmpletin f the wrks. The use f a tracking tl can facilitate mre accurate and timely reprting as well as facilitating the later verificatin f the data. Guidance nte 2.9 prvides mre details n tracking tls that can be used. 101

102 Guidance nte 2.9 fr cnstructin management Mre abut waste mnitring and tracking systems Site waste management planning and tracking tls may be used t aid reprting, and will prvide fr mre cnsistent recrding f waste arisings. They can als play an imprtant rle in prviding cnfidence in the quality f segregated waste materials, by prviding verificatin f segregatin prcesses and the quality f the resulting recyclates. Electrnic tracking and verificatin tls such as Investig (France) 49, Tracimat (Belgium) 50 and SMARTwaste (UK) 51 prvide a cnvenient way f recrding, mnitring and reprting n waste management. Tls used shall use the Eurpean List f Waste in rder t ensure the cmpatibility f reprted data acrss the Eurpean Unin 52. Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin reprting frmat Part 1 - Activity and waste surce surces being reprted n Decnstructin/demlitin Pre-estimate Yes/n Actual frm the site Mdule D estimate Yes/n Yes/n Cnstructin Pre-estimate Yes/n Actual frm the site Yes/n Part 2 - Perfrmance assessment results (based n activities in Part 1) Prject stage Waste and material streams kg/m 2 % mass flw Select and reprt fr each relevant prcess prir t cnstructin taking place n site: Decnstructin and demlitin: site clearance Part decnstructin/remdelling f a building(s) t facilitate in-situ reuse f the structure Preparatry wrks prir t a majr renvatin Waste dispsed f: Hazardus Nn-hazardus Cmpnents fr re-use Materials fr recycling Other material recvery peratins (including backfilling and energy recvery) 49 Syndicat Natinal des Entreprises de Démlitin, Investig, 50 Hiser Prject, TRACIMAT Tracing Cnstructin and Demlitin Waste Materials, 51 BRE, SMARTWaste, 52 Cmmissin Decisin 2000/532/EC n the Eurpean List f Waste, 102

103 Cnstructin n site: new building r majr renvatin wrks Decnstructin and demlitin: future scenari at end f life Waste dispsed f frm the site: Hazardus Nn-hazardus Waste dispsed f frm ffsite prcesses: Hazardus Nn-hazardus Cmpnents fr re-use Materials fr recycling Other material recvery peratins (including backfilling and energy recvery) Waste dispsed f: Hazardus Nn-hazardus Cmpnents fr re-use Materials fr recycling Other material recvery peratins (including backfilling and energy recvery) Part 3 - Optimisatin aspects addressed Aspect Addressed? (yes/n) Ntes n data surces and calculatin methd Aspect 1 Decnstructin/demlitin waste technical representativeness and precisin Aspect 2.1 Cnstructin site waste technical representativeness and precisin Aspect 2.2 Off-site cnstructin technical representativeness Aspect 3 Future decnstructin (Mdule D) technical representativeness Aspect 4 Waste accunting precisin 103

104 2.3.3 Prperty valuatin influence and reliability rating The fllwing tls are prvided t infrm the valuatin f a prperty fr which perfrmance has been assessed accrding t indicatr 2.3: Checklists fr the ptentially psitive influence n value and risk Checklist 1: Ptentially psitive influence n future perfrmance Checklist 2: Accunting fr the perfrmance assessment in valuatin criteria Ratings f the reliability f perfrmance assessment Rating 1: Basis fr the perfrmance assessment Rating 2: Prfessinal capabilities Rating 3: Independent verificatin The cmpleted reprting may be used separately alngside the Level 1, 2 r 3 results fr indicatr 2.3, r may frm part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2. In the case that the ratings will be used as part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2, then the rating 1 results shall be used t calculate the verall Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI). The Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI) fr rating 1 shall be calculated frm the individual ratings as fllws: (TeR min{rating aspects})+(gr min{rating aspects})+ (TR min{rating aspect}) IRI = 3 Where: TeR = Technical Representativeness GR = Gegraphical Representativeness TR = Time representativeness T calculate the IRI the lwest scre fr each f the three types f rating aspect shall be used t calculate arithmetic mean f the reliability The ptential fr a psitive influence n a market valuatin Checklist 1 Evaluatin f ptentially psitive influences n the market perfrmance Ptential influence Evaluated? Resulting assumptins used in the appraisal Ptential influence 1 Increased revenues due t market recgnitin and lwer vids Ptential influence 2 Reduced peratinal, maintenance, repair and/r replacement csts Ptential influence 3 Reduced future risk f increased verheads r lss f incme Yes/n Yes/n Yes/n Checklist 2 Accunting fr the Level(s) assessment in the valuatin criteria used Valuatin criteria set used Identify the scheme tl used r Versin f the criteria set used 104

105 Criteria which the assessment has influenced Influence n the valuatin r rating Valuatin criterin Sub-criterin Criterin x Sub-criterin y Ntes n the extent f the influence and the supprting assumptins used Reliability rating f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1 - Basis fr the perfrmance assessment Rating aspect Brief descriptin f the aspect Rating scre (reflecting the degree f representativeness) 0 1 Lw 2 Medium 3 High 1. Technical representativeness f the decnstructin and demlitin waste estimates 2.1 Technical representativeness f the n-site cnstructin waste estimates 2.2 Technical representativeness f the ff-site cnstructin waste estimates 2.1 Technical representativeness f the future decnstructin ptential 2.2 Precisin f the waste accunting n site Reflecting the audited ptential fr decnstructin n site (present scenari) Reflecting the actual ptential fr diversin f cnstructin waste n site Reflecting the actual ptential fr waste avidance bth n and ff site. Reflecting the evaluated design ptential fr decnstructin n site (future scenari) The accuracy f tracking and accunting systems fr actual waste arisings. Indicatr 2.3 Indicatr Reliability Rating 105

106 Rating 2 Prfessinal capabilities Rating aspect Rating scre Technical capability f the persnnel carrying ut the assessment N frmal training and limited experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training r sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training and sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training and significant applied experience in using the calculatin methd Rating 3 Independent verificatin Rating aspect Rating scre Independent verificatin f the assessment Self-declaratin f the perfrmance assessment results Peer review f the input data and calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the input data and calculatin steps 106

107 Macr-bjective 3: Efficient use f water resurces Key terms and definitins used Blackwater Freshwater Waste water cntaining faecal matter r urine (e.g. frm tilets and urinals). Water having a lw cncentratin f disslved slids. Greywater Waste water nt cntaining faecal matter r urine (EN ) (e.g. frm sinks, shwers, baths, washing machines and dishwashers). Grundwater Operatinal water use Ptable water Rainwater harvesting Water Explitatin Index (WEI) Water withdrawal (r abstractin) Water which is being held in, and can be recvered frm, an undergrund frmatin. Water use f the building-integrated technical systems and f the user, as needed fr the technically and functinally defined peratin f the building. Water that is safe t drink r t use fr fd preparatin, withut risk f health prblems. The cllectin, accumulatin, treatment r purificatin, and string f water resulting frm natural precipitatin that has nt been deliberately cntaminated. The mean annual ttal abstractin f fresh water divided by the lng-term average freshwater resurces. It describes hw the ttal water abstractin puts pressure n water resurces. Anthrpgenic remval f water frm any water bdy r frm any drainage basin, either permanently r temprarily. 3.1 Indicatr f use stage water cnsumptin 3.1 Use stage water cnsumptin Where t find the guidance fr each Level Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) L Level 1 - Making a cmmn perfrmance assessment Calculatin methdlgy and data requirements The generic calculatin tl The generic calculatin methd and accmpanying tl t be used fr perfrmance assessments has been develped based n the current appraches t water cnsumptin estimates in the EU. The calculatin can be carried ut using a dedicated excel spreadsheet tl, which is prvided separately fr users f Level(s). Results are generated n a per ccupant basis at bth a daily and an annual level. When cnverting daily data t annual data, it is necessary t state hw many days the building will be used in the year. 107

108 Fr nrmalising cleaning r irrigatin water cnsumptin, it is necessary t knw hw many peple (full-time equivalents) will be using the building. Guidance nte 3.1 prvides an verview f hw the generic calculatin tl shuld be used at each assessment level. Guidance nte 3.1 fr design teams Optins fr ensuring the cnsistency f water perfrmance assessments with the generic calculatin methdlgy prvided The spreadsheet tl prvided has the fllwing ptins, which can be used fr different purpses: Level 1: The Cmmn perfrmance assessment - a fcus n the cmmn sanitary devices/fittings and water cnsuming appliances fr a particular building with flexibility fr users t define usage factrs (i.e. hw many minutes a persn is in the shwer per day etc.) and ccupancy rates (i.e. hw many days per year the building is ccupied) in rder t be able t adapt t different assumptins used in different tls and regins. Level 2: Cmparative perfrmance assessment - the same fcus as fr Optin 1 except that usage factrs and the ccupatin rate are fixed in the methdlgy in rder t allw fr a truer cmparisn f estimated inherent water efficiency f the sanitary devices/fittings in different buildings. Level 3: Perfrmance ptimisatin assessment - Demnstrating reductins in estimated water demand based n defined baseline scenaris and decisins that can make estimates mre representative and precise at the design stage fr a particular building. Using the calculatin tl Step 1. Chice f scpe, cnsumptin rates, usage factrs and ccupancy rate The user shuld identify which sanitary devices/fittings and water using appliances are t be included and if irrigatin r cleaning is applicable. Default cnsumptin rates fr different sanitary devices and fittings are prvided but may be replaced by specific data frm suppliers. Default usage factrs are als prvided and these t may be replaced by specific usage factrs chsen by the user if reprting under level 1 r level 3. The number f days that the building is expected t be ccupied per year is t be defined by the user t (except in level 2). Cleaning and irrigatin are independent f the number f peple using the building. When included in the scpe, it will therefre be necessary fr users t als define the average full time persn equivalents in rder t cnvert cleaning and irrigatin water cnsumptin int a per ccupant per day value. The principle f the per ccupant water cnsumptin calculatin fr taps and shwers is as fllws: L L min Ttal cnsumptin ( ) = Cnsumptin rate ( ) x Usage factr ( ccupant. d min ccupant. d ) m 3 L Ttal cnsumptin ( ) = Ttal cnsumptin ( ) x (m3) x ccupancy rate ( d cucpant. year ccupant. d L year ) The exact same principle applies fr calculatins fr tilets (except that flushes are used instead f minutes) and fr dishwashers and washing machines (except that cycles are used instead f minutes). Hwever, as stated abve, fr water cnsumptin due t cleaning and irrigatin, the principle f the calculatin is different because this is essentially independent f the number f peple using the building. Fr cleaning, the basis f the calculatin is as fllws: 108

109 Ttal cnsumptin ( L year ) = Cnsumptin rate ( L m 2) x area (m2 ) x n. cleans per year (year 1 ) m3 Ttal cnsumptin ( ) = Ttal cnsumptin ( L ) x (m3) full time eqivt. cucpancy (ccupant) ccupant. year year L The same principle applies t the calculatin fr irrigatin but there are a number f ther factrs that need t be cnsidered and steps taken which are explained in the spreadsheet tl and summarised in guidance nte 3.2. Step 2. Cntextualising the relative imprtance f water efficiency Althugh water efficiency is imprtant everywhere, it is even mre imprtant in areas f water stress. Figure illustrates hw a significant prprtin f Eurpean river basins in the EU are cnsidered, accrding t their summer Water Explitatin Index (WEI+), t be either under 'seasnal water stress' r 'severe seasnal water stress'. Guidance nte 3.2 prvides mre backgrund n the WEI+. Fr all reprting ptins, users shuld therefre select frm the drpdwn menus n the spreadsheet tl which river basin the building will be lcated in. This will autmatically generate a multiannual ( ) average summer WEI+. Figure Plt f summer WEI+ values fr EU river basins against cmmnly accepted levels f water stress and severe water stress Surce: Eurpean Envirnment Agency (2016) Regardless f whether water cnsumptin is estimated by level 1, 2 r 3 assessments, there is the ptin t divide water cnsumptin int ptable and nn-ptable water. Buildings lcated in river basins with a summer WEI+ f >20% must reprt cnsumptin this way, even if n rainwater harvesting r greywater reuse is carried ut. 109

110 Guidance nte 3.2 fr design teams What is the 'Water Explitatin Index' (WEI+)? The WEI+ value indicates the relative imprtance f water efficiency measures and applies equally t all reprting ptins. The higher the WEI+ value, the greater the water stress in the river basin. As a general rule, WEI+ values exceeding 20% are cnsidered as areas under water stress and values exceeding 40% are cnsidered as areas under severe water stress. WEI+ is defined by the Eurpean Envirnment Agency using the fllwing equatin: WEI+ = mean freshwater abstractins mean freshwater returns mean renewable freshwater resurces 100% The WEI+ shuld be calculated at the river basin level as per the prvisins f the Water Framewrk Directive (2000/60/EC). If available, data at the sub-basin level may ptinally be reprted. The WEI+ is a dynamic number and will change ver defined time perids and especially thrugh the seasns. Fr this reasn, a single WEI+ value is generated fr each river basin based n summer data (i.e. July, August and September) averaged ver 12 summers ( ). This ensures that the values are nt skewed by exceptinal data fr ne r tw years and that the values d nt change depending n when the assessment was made. Data requirements and surces An utline f the data requirement needs is presented in table Default values may be used, but users f the Level(s) framewrk are encuraged t cllect data frm manufacturers in rder t make the estimates mre representative. Table Data requirements in rder t estimate water cnsumptin Data requirement Specific water cnsumptin values f devices and fittings (e.g. tilets, urinals, taps and shwers) Specific water cnsumptin values fr appliances (i.e. dishwashers and washing machines) River basin evaptranspiratin, sil misture, surface runff, deep perclatin and rainfall flws and cntents Water abstractins, returns and Water Explitatin Index Water demand c-efficient f plants t be planted Efficiency f irrigatin distributin system Grey water / rainwater system efficiencies Ptential surces f data Manufacturers, suppliers and labelling schemes (e.g. the Eurpean Water Label). Manufacturers, suppliers and labelling schemes (e.g. Energy Star, EU Energy Label, ANQUIP, BMA). Eurpean Envirnment Agency (Waterbase, ECRINS Eurpean Catchments and Rivers Netwrk System), Eurstat & LISFLOOD (JRC) VERDE building assessment scheme and "Manual de rieg de jardines" by the Andalucian autnmus cmmunity Manufacturers and supply chain, VERDE building assessment scheme. Building regulatins, BS8525 (UK), suppliers 110

111 Suggested reprting frmat The indicatr is t be reprted via calculatins at the design stage and can ptinally be mnitred and reprted n in real time during the use stage f the building lifecycle. Actual water cnsumptin shall be based n data cllected starting frm the pint when the building can first be cnsidered t be fully ccupied t ensure that cnsumptin patterns will be mre predictable. Reprting n meter readings f actual cnsumptin shuld be based n data frm at least 12 cnsecutive mnths and ideally be averaged ver at least 3 years. The headline indicatr must be reprted althugh the spreadsheet tl prvides the ptin t disaggregate this int different cmpnents (i.e. individual cmpnents like tilets, r aggregated cmpnents, i.e. bathrm r kitchen). The ttal value r the subttals can be split int ptable and nn-ptable water use. Level 1 Cmmn perfrmance reprting frmat Part 1 - Perfrmance assessment reprt Sanitary fittings and devices (e.g. tilets, urinals, taps, baths and shwers). Water using appliances (e.g. dishwashers and washing machines). Ttal water cnsumptin m 3 //a m 3 //a m 3 //a Part 2 - Optinal reprting (mandatry in areas f water stress (i.e. WEI+ >20%) Water Explitatin Index fr lcatin (summer multi-annual) Ttal ptable water cnsumptin Ttal nn-ptable water cnsumptin % m 3 //a m 3 //a Mnitring f design and actual ccupied perfrmance Actual water cnsumptin can be mnitred via meter readings. Fr health and safety reasns, any use f harvested rainwater r greywater must run via separate tanks and pipewrk and s a separate metering system can easily be installed t quantify the use f nn-ptable water. When apprpriate metering is in place, the rati f ptable t nnptable water use at the design stage can be cmpared t the same rati fr actual ccupied perfrmance. When cmparing design and actual ccupied perfrmance, users must be aware f the main ptential surces f 'perfrmance gaps', which may include: inaccurate estimates f the number f building users (ccupants per day), actual ccupatin factrs (i.e. days per year) differing frm design estimates, inaccurate assumptins fr sme usage factrs (especially the use f shwers in ffice buildings), Significant ther water uses nt accunted fr in the calculatin (e.g. swimming pls, funtains and humidificatin systems) and pssible leaks. 111

112 L2 L Making level 2 r 3 assessments Level 2 - Making a cmparative perfrmance assessment Data reprting and calculatins fr level 2 are the same as level 1 (the cmmn metric) except that irrigatin is excluded frm the scpe. This is because different climates wuld make building t building cmparisns mre difficult fr irrigatin water cnsumptin. The nly ther difference is that with level 2, the ccupancy rates (days/year), number f full time equivalent building users (ccupants/d) and usage factrs (e.g. flushes/ccupant/day) are fixed. Cnsequently, changes in numbers will nly depend n the relative efficiencies f the sanitary fittings/devices and water using appliances, thus ensuring a better building t building cmparability Level 3 - Design perfrmance ptimisatin Users wh wish t demnstrate the effect f different design assumptins with the aim f imprving the accuracy f estimated water cnsumptin shuld use level 3. The calculatin methd is the same as level 1 but further flexibility is added fr sme aspects such as: Where multiple taps, shwers and tilets f differing efficiencies are installed, the ptin t define if sme will be used mre frequently than thers (based n their lcatin and building use patterns) is prvided. The ptin t calculate irrigatin water cnsumptin in line with intended irrigatin prtcls (i.e. days/year, minutes per day and L/min cnsumptin rates) instead f simply estimating the minimum required irrigatin water at a mnthly time reslutin is prvided. The ptin t use mre representative rainfall data (i.e. at sub-basin r site level) t better estimate rainwater harvesting ptential is prvided. The ptin t include ther water cnsuming features f the building, such as swimming pls, funtains and HVAC if data is available is prvided. The effect f different design assumptins can be cmpared side by side in the spreadsheet tl fr calculatins under level 3. This may be imprtant in decisin making with clients abut design features, r when attempting t market r value the water efficient features f the building. Key aspects t fcus attentin n The level 3 ptimisatin aspects fr indicatr 3.1 fcus n hw the estimated water cnsumptin calculatins can be made mre representative f the water resurces in the lcal area and hw the building is t be used. The three main aspects are: Aspect 1. Technical and gegraphical representativeness f the estimated water fittings perfrmance and use pattern Aspect 2. The technical and gegraphical representativeness f the irrigatin water calculatins Aspect 3. Technical pprtunities t substitute fresh, ptable water cnsumptin Fr each aspect a brief utline is prvided f hw they can imprve perfrmance, tgether with guidance ntes which g int mre detail. Users shuld then reprt n which aspects they have fcussed n. The mre aspects addressed the better the reliability rating that will be btained, as the rating imprves in functin f accuracy and representativeness. Level 3 includes prvisin fr the estimatin f ther water uses such as fr irrigatin, HVAC and building integrated systems. It als fcusses attentin n the ptential use f alternative water treatment and supply systems based n rainwater r the reuse f grey water. 112

113 Aspect 1. The technical representativeness f the estimated water fittings perfrmance and predicted use pattern Fcus f attentin: Estimatin f the buildings water use based n specificatins fr the fittings and predictins f the likely patterns f use and ccupatin f buildings. In this ptin, the usage factrs shall be tailred in rder t represent bth the actual fittings t be installed and the anticipated patterns and cnditins f use fr the building. The default specificatins and cnsumptin values listed in the spreadsheet tl can be used in this ptin as a baseline, and imprvement frm that baseline water cnsumptin can be estimated by inputting specific data frm suppliers f mre efficient devices and fittings. This shuld always be dne while keeping the tailred usage factrs cnstant. Additinally, adjustment factrs are prvided in the calculatin tl that allw fr the estimated perfrmance t be adjusted in functin f the average husehld cnsumptin in that cuntry r regin. This allws fr gegraphical and cultural variatins in patterns f use t be taken int accunt at a generalised level. Aspect 2. The technical representativeness f the pprtunities t substitute fresh, ptable water cnsumptin Fcus f attentin: In areas f water stress, additinal measures can be taken t reduce the stress n fresh water resurces by substituting with rainwater and/r grey water. The capture and use f rainwater r the reuse f grey water can reduce estimated ptable water cnsumptin fr lw grade uses such as tilet flushing r irrigatin. The ttal amunt f substitute nn-ptable water supplied t the building shall be estimated, and frm this data the percentage substitutin f ttal ptable water that wuld therwise have had t be supplied shall be calculated and reprted n. Fr rainwater systems, it will be necessary t chse either the default r manufacturer specific yield c-efficient t accunt fr any lsses due t first flush diversin devices, filter efficiency and ccasinal tank verflws during heavy and prlnged rainfall perids. Fr grey water input calculatins, the user simply has t select which flw (bathrm taps, shwer, bath-tub and/r kitchen taps) will be diverted t the grey water system. The Level(s) framewrk spreadsheet calculatr tl enables estimates t be made f grey water and rain water flws based n a buildings lcatin in Eurpe and ptential grey water surces within a building. Guidance nte 3.3 prvides further details. Guidance nte 3.3 fr design teams, asset and facilities managers Estimating and mnitring the benefit f nn-ptable water systems The calculatin methd in the spreadsheet tl links t rainfall data at the river basin level by default. If available, this default value can be substituted fr mre specific lcal data in level 3 reprting. The calculatin assumes that all harvested rainwater r greywater is sent t a strage tank f adequate capacity and that 90% f the water entering the system remains available fr reuse. Reuse can nly permitted fr flushing tilets r irrigatin in the calculatr. In rder t facilitate disaggregate reprting n ptable and nn-ptable water upn ccupatin f the building, sub-metering wuld be required fr lw grade (nn-ptable) water supplied t a building. Specific lcal quality and hygiene standards may apply fr lw grade water supplies based n rain r grey water. 113

114 Aspect 3. The gegraphical representativeness f the irrigatin water calculatins Fcus f attentin: Water cnsumptin assciated with the irrigatin f green landscaping within the curtilage f the building. Where a specific vegetated area within/arund the building is defined and is t be irrigated, it shall be pssible t explre hw the chice f efficient irrigatin systems, lwer water demand plants and/r shading and windbreak features can reduce irrigatin water requirements cmpared t a reference vegetated area swn with nrmal lawn grass. The calculatin methd prvided helps supprting design cmparisns by prviding reference evaptranspiratin (ET) figures fr a given lcatin and rainfall data t the river basin/sub-basin level. The main variables are the type f vegetatin, water demand f plant species, micr-climate factrs and irrigatin system efficiency. In rder t make the results mre cmparable, all reference ET rates are chsen in a cnsistent way that is based n data at the mnthly time reslutin and using multiannual averages ( ) reprted by the Eurpean Envirnment Agency and that are linked t specific river basin r sub-basin catchments Guidance nte 3.4 fr design teams Basic principles f estimating irrigatin water requirements The fllwing steps need t be fllwed t estimate the irrigatin water needed using the calculatin tl: The user must define the river basin in which the building is lcated (frm a drpdwn menu in the calculatin spreadsheet). This will activate default data fr actual evapratin rates and rainfall data frm the EEA database. The user must then define the ttal vegetated area linked t the building. The ttal vegetated area shuld then be split by vegetatin cver type (i.e. trees, bushes, climbing plants, mixed flwering plants r lawn grass). General water demand cefficients must then be chsen fr each vegetatin type (specific cefficients are als prvided fr arund 850 different plant species as well, in case these details are knwn already). One f three micr-climate cefficients shuld then be chsen fr each type f vegetatin cver. Depending n the type f irrigatin system t be installed, an efficiency factr needs t be specified. Vegetatin water demand will be generated n a mnthly basis and cmpared t rainfall data fr the same mnth. In mnths where rainfall exceeds vegetatin needs, irrigatin water cnsumptin is assumed t be zer. In ther mnths when vegetatin water demand exceeds rainfall, the difference between the tw values will be the estimated irrigatin water cnsumptin. The mnthly values are then summed up t generate an annual irrigatin water cnsumptin value. 114

115 Level 3 ptimisatin reprting frmat Part 1 - Perfrmance assessment reprt Net ptable water cnsumptin Nn-ptable water cnsumptin Ptable water substitutin rate m 3 /ccupant/yr m 3 /ccupant/yr % Part 2 Breakdwn f perfrmance by peratinal water uses and water grade Operatinal water uses Ttal fr each use (m 3 /ccupant per year) Ptable water use (m 3 /ccupant per year) Water use by grade Nn-ptable water use (m 3 /ccupant per year) Sanitary fittings and devices (e.g. tilets, urinals, taps, baths and shwers). Water using appliances (e.g. dishwashers and washing machines). Cleaning f flrs and windws (ffice buildings nly) Irrigatin Ttal Part 3 - Optimisatin aspects addressed Aspect Addressed? (yes/n) Ntes n data surces and calculatin methd Aspect 1 Technical representativeness f water fittings estimated perfrmance and use pattern Aspect 2 Technical representativeness f pprtunities t substitute fresh, ptable water cnsumptin Aspect 3 Irrigatin water gegraphical representativeness 115

116 3.1.3 Prperty valuatin influence and reliability rating The fllwing tls are prvided t infrm the valuatin f a prperty fr which perfrmance has been assessed accrding t indicatr 3.1: Checklists fr the ptentially psitive influence n value and risk Checklist 1: Ptential psitive influence n future perfrmance Checklist 2: Accunting fr the perfrmance assessment in valuatin criteria Ratings f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1: Basis fr the perfrmance assessment Rating 2: Prfessinal capabilities Rating 3: Independent verificatin The cmpleted reprting may be used separately alngside the Level 1, 2 r 3 results fr indicatr 3.1, r may frm part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2. In the case that the ratings will be used as part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2, then the rating 1 results shall be used t calculate the verall Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI). The Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI) fr rating 1 shall be calculated frm the individual ratings as fllws: (TeR min{rating aspects})+(gr min{rating aspects}) IRI = 2 Where: TeR = Technical Representativeness GR = Gegraphical Representativeness T calculate the IRI the lwest scre fr each f the tw types f rating aspect cvered by indicatr 3.1 shall be used t calculate arithmetic mean f the reliability The ptential fr a psitive influence n a market valuatin Checklist 1 Evaluatin f ptentially psitive influences n the market perfrmance Ptential influence Evaluated? Resulting assumptins used in the appraisal Ptential influence 1 Increased revenues due t market recgnitin and lwer vid rates. Ptential influence 2 Reduced peratinal, maintenance, repair and/r replacement csts. Ptential influence 3 Reduced future risk f increased verheads r lss f incme. Yes/n Yes/n Yes/n Checklist 2 Accunting fr the Level(s) assessment in the valuatin criteria used Valuatin criteria set used Identify the scheme r tl used Versin f the criteria set used 116

117 Criteria which the assessment has influenced Influence n the valuatin r rating Valuatin criterin Sub-criterin Criterin x Sub-criterin y Ntes n the extent f the influence and the supprting assumptins used Reliability rating f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1 - Basis fr the perfrmance assessment Rating aspect Brief descriptin f the aspect Rating scre (reflecting the degree f representativeness) 0 1 Lw 2 Medium 3 High 1. Technical representativeness f water fittings estimated perfrmance and use pattern 2. Technical representativeness f the pprtunities t substitute fresh, ptable water cnsumptin 3. Irrigatin water gegraphical representativeness The extent t which the parameters used represent the actual fittings t be installed and the anticipated patterns and cnditins f use fr the building. Estimatin f the ptential t substitute ptable water and t reduce the quantity f wastewater prduced. Accurate estimatin f irrigatin water needs based n lcal climatic data. Indicatr 3.1 Indicatr Reliability Rating Rating 2 Prfessinal capabilities Rating aspect Rating scre Technical capability f the persnnel carrying ut the assessment N frmal training and limited experience in using the calculatin methd frmal training r sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training and sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training and significant applied experience in using the calculatin methd 117

118 Rating 3 Independent verificatin Rating aspect Rating scre Independent verificatin f the assessment Self-declaratin f the perfrmance assessment results Peer review f the input data and calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the input data and calculatin steps 118

119 Macr-bjective 4: Healthy and cmfrtable spaces Key terms and definitins used Adaptatin Buildings withut mechanical cling Handver Lwest Cncentratin f Interest (LCI) value Mechanical cling Operative temperature Predicted Mean Vte (PMV) Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) Ventilatin rate Physilgical, psychlgical r behaviural adjustment f building ccupants t the interir (and exterir) thermal envirnment in rder t avid discmfrt. Buildings that rely n ther techniques t reduce high indr temperature during the cling seasn like mderately-sized windws, adequate sun shielding, use f building mass, natural ventilatin, night time ventilatin etc. t prevent verheating. Step at which pssessin f the cnstructin wrks is surrendered t the client upn cmpletin with r withut reservatin. Health-based values used t evaluate emissins after 28 days frm a single prduct during a labratry test chamber prcedure (as defined in the Technical Specificatin, TS f the hrizntal testing methd develped by CEN TC 351/WG 2). Cling f the indr envirnment by mechanical means used t prvide cling f supply air, fan cil units, cled surfaces etc. Unifrm temperature f an imaginary black enclsure in which an ccupant wuld exchange the same amunt f heat by radiatin and cnvectin as in the actual nnunifrm envirnment. An index that predicts the mean value f the vtes f a large grup f persns n a 7 pint thermal sensatin scale based n the heat balance f the human bdy. An index that establishes a quantitative predictin f the percentage f thermally dissatisfied peple (thse wh wuld vte ht, warm, cl r cld n the 7 pint thermal scale) wh feel t cl r warm. Magnitude f utdr air flw t a rm r building either thrugh the ventilatin system r infiltratin thrugh the building envelpe. 4.1 Indicatr f indr air quality 4.1 Indr air quality Where t find the guidance fr each Level Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) 119

120 L Level 1 - Making a cmmn perfrmance assessment Calculatin methdlgy, measurement and data cllectin When yu measure indr air quality it requires cnsideratin f perfrmance at a number f different prject stages. This is because f the cmplex cause and effect relatinships fr indr air parameters, which require measurements that take accunt f: the perfrmance f ventilatin systems, hw effective design strategies are in cntrlling humidity, the cmbined cntributin f building prduct emissins, and the impact n indr air quality f emissins frm ccupants and their chice f furniture and fit ut materials. The perfrmance assessment is divided int activities that relate t different stages in a building prject: At design stage based n simulatin and prduct testing At pst-cmpletin stage based n in-situ testing At ccupatin based n in-situ testing and inspectin Fr each stage assessment activities are specified, tgether with reference standards. Design stage 1: Simulatin f the ventilatin strategy A design simulatin f the building's ventilatin strategy in accrdance with EN shall be used t check the mdelled perfrmance f the ventilatin rate, CO 2 levels and relative humidity levels. Specificatin f filters fr intakes air shall be based n an assessment f the utdr air pllutin, in accrdance with EN Data is therefre required frm manufacturers fr filter specificatins. Accrding t Directive 2010/31/EU fr the Energy Perfrmance f buildings, a ventilatin system is part f the technical building system. The simulatin shall therefre always frm part f the perfrmance assessment fr the typical use f a building as a whle. Design stage 2: Use f prduct testing as a means f surce cntrl Test results shwing the emissins after 28 days shall be reprted fr each material r finish t be installed that falls within the identified scpe. The determinatin f emissins shall be in cnfrmance with CEN/TS Test data is therefre required frm manufacturers/suppliers f the selected building prducts, as defined in the scpe. All testing shall be n the as-finished prduct. Further guidance fr design teams n surce cntrl by prduct selectin is prvided in guidance nte 4.1. Guidance nte 4.1 fr designers Selecting building materials t cntrl pllutant emissins at surce The indr envirnmental quality standards EN and pren bth highlight the imprtance f cnsidering building materials as indr surces f pllutin. The EN and pren scpe and threshlds fr emissins 120

121 frm building materials includes emissins f frmaldehyde and carcingenic VOCs, with pren extending the scpe t include LCI ratis 53. A range f third party verified labelling schemes fr the emissins frm building materials and prducts have emerged during the last 20 years. These have had the bjective f prtecting building users and ccupants frm health hazards by encuraging (r requiring) surce cntrl strategies that cntrl building material emissins. Schemes in Finland, Germany, Denmark, Belgium and France are f particular nte. Of the schemes available in the market, sme have been develped as vluntary initiatives by industry r NGOs (e.g. in Germany GUT and EMICODE, in Finland M1, the Danish Indr Climate Label), whilst sme have been mandated by regulatin (e.g. the French emissins classes system, the Belgian VOC Regulatin, the German AgBB). Varius Type I Eclabels certify lw emissin prducts, including the EU Eclabel, the Blue Angel (Germany) and the Nrdic Swan. The JRC has highlighted the significant reductins in material emissins that have been driven by such schemes 54. The emissins frm these prducts are (as estimated by a material testing labratry) apprximately ne fifth f the level they were in the early 1990 s. Mature schemes nw als prvide access t many thusands f prducts, making them mre accessible. A harmnised Eurpean test methd fr emissins f vlatile rganic cmpunds frm cnstructin prducts int indr air, CEN/TS 16516, was published in This established a cmmn methd and test cnditins based n a 'Eurpean reference rm' in which prducts are t be tested. Verificatin f lw emissins accrding t the 28 day emissins test therefre nw prvides a cnsistent basis fr the selectin f prducts. Design stage 3: Risk assessment t prevent muld A risk assessment shall als be carried ut n building designs. This shall fcus n measures t cntrl pint surces f humidity and the avidance f areas f cld bridging and air infiltratin int the building envelpe. The risk assessment shall be made in accrdance with the fllwing tw standards: ISO 6946 calculatin methd fr the thermal resistance and transmittance f building materials 55. ISO calculatin methd fr the hygrthermal perfrmance f building cmpnents and elements 56. These standards prvide a calculatin methd fr critical surface humidity that may lead t muld grwth n the internal surfaces f buildings. T carry ut the risk assessment data is required n the thermal characteristics f building 53 The EU-LCI rati fr an individual cmpund in a mixture can be btained by dividing its emissin cncentratin by the crrespnding EU-LCI value (Ci/LCIi). 54 Eurpean Cmmissin Jint Research Centre IHCP (2012) Harmnisatin Framewrk fr Indr Prducts Labelling Systems in EU, Eurpean Cllabrative Actin: Urban air, indr envirnment and human expsure, Reprt N ISO Standards, ISO 6946: Building cmpnents and building elements - Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance - Calculatin methd. 56 ISO Standards, ISO 13788: Hygrthermal perfrmance f building cmpnents and building elements -- Internal surface temperature t avid critical surface humidity and interstitial cndensatin -- Calculatin methds. 121

122 prducts and architectural design details, with a specific fcus n thermal transmissin. The latter may require calculatin t prvide estimates r perfrmance data may be prvided at natinal level fr accredited architectural details. This data can ptentially be btained frm existing dcuments based n natinal calculatin methds used t acquire a building permit and/r t issue an EPC. Pst-cmpletin stage 1: Functinal perfrmance testing f ventilatin systems The ventilatin rate shall be tested as part f the cmmissining prcess n site accrding t the methds described in Annex D f EN The average ventilatin rate shall be reprted. Measurements can be taken at a number f pints in a system. The measurements shall be made fr the related ducts and/r air terminals that supply air t the internal spaces as identified accrding t the guidance in sectin f the reference standard. Pst-cmpletin stage 2: Testing fr target air pllutants The actual success f design measures (and their cmbinatins) t minimise emissins can nly be assessed by measuring the indr air after cmpletin f a building. Testing is, hwever, cstly and requires careful cnsideratin and prgramming. It is therefre nly recmmended as an ptinal step t check and ptimise perfrmance. Guidance n sampling and detectin is prvided under Aspect 5 f perfrmance assessment level 3. Guidance nte 4.2 prperty managers and investrs Reference pllutant emissin limit values t prtect health The perfrmance f building prducts can be assessed based n the testing f emissins accrding t the reference standard CEN/TS This can infrm the selectin f prducts as part f a surce cntrl strategy t minimise the ptential risk t ccupiers. Carcingenic VOCs, frmaldehyde and substances with LCI (Lwest Cncentratin f Interest) value fr specific substances are included within the prpsed new EU emissins class system fr reprting n the perfrmance f prducts 57. The classes will enable prducts t be selected based n their relative perfrmance. The perfrmance f internal envirnments requires reference t a different set f standards that address indr air. The standards EN and pren prvide infrmative indr air cncentratin limits fr a number f pllutants. These are based n WHO Indr Air Quality (IAQ) guidelines fr the level f indr expsure 58. Thse substances that are measured by indicatr and which have WHO guideline values are frmaldehyde, benzene, particulates (PM 2.5 and 10.0) and radn. 57 The LCI cncept is intrduced in the fllwing Jint Research Centre reprt 58 WHO Eurpe (2010) Selected pllutants: Guidelines fr indr air quality and WHO Eurpe (2013) Health effects f particulate matter. 122

123 Occupatin stage 1: Testing fr target air pllutants The actual success f design measures t minimise CO 2, relative humidity, radn and muld can nly be assessed by measuring indr air after ccupatin f a building. Guidance n sampling and detectin is prvided under Aspects 2 and 3 f perfrmance assessment level 3. In the case f muld, expert inspectin is required. Testing fr the presence f muld is pssible. Hwever it is cstly and requires careful cnsideratin and prject prgramming. It is therefre nly recmmended in this framewrk as an ptinal additinal measure t check and ptimise perfrmance. Guidance nte 4.3 fr prperty managers, designers and cnstructin managers Quantitative testing f prperties fr the presence f muld Whilst standard building evaluatin methds are generally cnsidered t be the mst practical methd fr evaluating the visible presence f muld in a prperty, quantitative testing can play a rle in the detectin f hidden micrbial surces in a building materials and structures, thereby facilitating an bjective grading f damage. There are currently few reference standards fr quantitative testing. AFNOR XP X (France) includes the unit f measurement Clny Frming Units (CFC)/m 3. This metric prvides a starting pint fr measuring muld levels, but identificatin f the species present may be required t cmplete a mre detailed evaluatin. Sphisticated DNA testing using Plymerase Chain Reactin (PCR) methds can nw be used t identify the specific species f muld and bacteria that are present in a sample and which may be respnsible fr damage t building materials and structures. The US EPA s Envirnmental Relative Mldiness Index (ERMI) has been applied in the EU and is based n DNA analysis f samples fr cmparisn with a reference set f muld species 59. This frm f testing requires significant expertise as it entails careful sampling fllwed by characterisatin and evaluatin f the species present. Seasnal factrs, species whse presence may be unrelated t misture damage and cntaminatin frm utside a building must als be cnsidered. The ERMI methd in particular requires a crss-check with a reference list f species based n their gegraphical ccurrence Suggested reprting frmat Fr the cmmn perfrmance assessment the results f design simulatins and the tested perfrmance f building prducts shall be reprted n. The carrying ut f a design assessment fr muld preventin can als be reprted. The reprting shall be cmpleted fr each f the required aspects and parameters. 59 The applicatin f the ERMI in Finland is dcumented in this scientific paper - Täubel M, Karvnen AM, Repnen T, Hyvärinen A, Vesper S, Pekkanen J Applicatin f the envirnmental relative mldiness index in Finland. Appl Envirn Micrbil 82:

124 Level 1 cmmn perfrmance reprting frmat Indicatr Design indr air cnditins Indr air cnditins Ventilatin rate Reprting Perfrmance categry (accrding t EN 16978) CO 2 cncentratin Perfrmance categry (accrding t EN 16978) Relative humidity Perfrmance categry (accrding t EN 16978) Benzene Bth accrding t EN Outdr air class f the site: Ventilatin filter rating: Particulates (PM 2,5/10.0) Radn If relevant fr the lcatin Muld Design assessment carried ut? Yes/n Indicatr Target air pllutants fr surce cntrl Ptential perfrmance fr each building prduct Building prducts Target pllutants Carcingenic VOCs (μg/m³) LCI (Lwest Cncentratin f Interest) rati (if > 1,0) Frmaldehyde (μg/m³) Ceiling tiles Paints and varnishes - walls and ceiling - flrs and stairs - drs and windws Flr cverings - textile cverings - laminate and flexible cverings 124

125 - wden cverings - assciated adhesives and sealants Renvatin prducts - internal insulatin - interir surface treatments (e.g. t resist damp) L Making level 2 and 3 assessments Level 2 - Making a cmparative perfrmance assessment Where the perfrmance f the indr air cnditins and quality is reprted in the public dmain, the fllwing parameters shall be adhered t and, where applicable, shall be reprted n in rder t be able t make cmparative assertins: The design simulatin tl fr indr air quality cnditins. The timing f the testing and the selectin f sample rms in accrdance with the guidance prvided in the sampling prtcl fr rms and spaces (see guidance nte 4.4). The sampling and detectin methds laid dwn in Aspect 5 f the level 3 perfrmance assessment. The expert assessment rating f muld presence and severity. In all cases, the relevant reference standards as specified in this guidance shall als have been adhered t. L Level 3 - Perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Key aspects t fcus attentin n The five design ptimisatin aspects fr indicatr fcus n tw main aspects f perfrmance: the representativeness and precisin f design measures and simulatins. the carrying ut f pst-cmpletin and pst-ccupatin testing in rder t assess the impact f design stage decisins. The specific aspects which are recmmended t fcus n are listed in the same sequence in which they are presented in sectin : Aspect 1 Indr air cnditins: the time representativeness f design simulatins Aspect 2 Indr air cnditins: the technical representativeness f pstccupancy testing Aspect 3 Target pllutants: Muld inspectin t ensure the technical representativeness f remedial actins Aspect 4 Target pllutants: Assessment f lcal air quality t ensure gegraphical representativeness Aspect 5 Target pllutants: Perfrmance upn cmpletin and ccupancy Fr each aspect a brief utline is prvided f hw they can imprve perfrmance, tgether with guidance ntes which g int mre detail. 125

126 Users shuld then reprt n which aspects they have fcussed n. The mre aspects addressed the better the reliability rating that will be btained, as the rating imprves in functin f accuracy and representativeness. Aspect 1 Indr air cnditins: the time representativeness f design simulatins Fcus f attentin: The use f either a 'steady state' r a 'dynamic' methd f simulating the indr air cnditins f a building. Design perfrmance assessments f the ventilatin rate, CO 2 levels and relative humidity may be btained by simplified steady state calculatin r a dynamic simulatin, in accrdance with EN The tw methds differ in hw accurately they are able t simulate the ccupied perfrmance f a building, particularly in terms f hw air mvements and the interactin f ccupants are accunted fr within a simulatin. The precisin f the results will depend n the knwledge and experience f the prfessinals carrying ut the simulatin. This is because dynamic simulatins are mre cmplex and tend t require greater technical knwledge f the input data and the assumptins being made. Aspect 2 Indr air cnditins: the technical representativeness f pst-ccupancy testing Fcus f attentin: The testing f selected aspects upn ccupatin f the building in rder t check whether the design cnditins are being achieved. Internal spaces within a building shall be tested and inspected n-site and upn full ccupatin f the building after a minimum f ne year. The test rutines fr each rm specificatin in the building shall cnfrm t the requirements in table 4.4. Table Test specificatin fr indr air cnditins Testing target Testing parameters CO 2 cncentratin Relative humidity Radn Direct sampling f the air in rms, r indirect sampling f exhaust air, ver 1 week r 7 wrking days. Sample f the air during a tw mnth perid f cntinuus ccupatin. Aspect 3 Target pllutants: Muld inspectin t ensure the technical representativeness f remedial actins Fcus f attentin: The expert inspectin and rating f muld presence and severity in rder t infrm remedial actins. An expert cnditin inspectin and survey f prperties shall be carried ut prir t renvatin. This will prvide a basis fr understanding and diagnsing prblems that have ccurred in an existing building. Remedial steps can then be taken in the new renvatin design. 126

127 Muld inspectins shall, as minimum, be carried ut using a structured assessment frmat which prvides a rating. Any rating used shuld, as a minimum: reflect bth the presence and severity f muld. identify areas f ptential damage t the building envelpe. Guidance nte 4.4 prvides a brief intrductin t three example expert inspectin frmats. The frmat used and the basis fr the rating shall be reprted. Pst-ccupancy inspectins shall be carried ut after a minimum f tw heating seasns (winters). If damage t building materials and structures is identified which may be as a result f hidden muld, then quantitative testing fr muld culd be cnsidered (see guidance nte 4.3). 127

128 Guidance nte 4.4 fr designers, prperty managers and investrs Expert inspectin t identify muld prblems in buildings There is n standardised reference fr the expert inspectin f buildings fr muld. Hwever, a number f assessment frmats have been successfully used in the UK and the Nrdic cuntries. All thse presented here rely n qualified experts t use them. The English Husing Cnditin Survey ( ) used the Muld Severity Index (MSI) t quantify the presence f damp and muld. The MSI relies n visual inspectin by a qualified expert with the scring methdlgy cnsisting f three elements: Prevalence: 1 pint is allcated per rm where muld is present; Severity: fr each rm, 1 r 2 additinal pints are allcated based n the mderate r severe muld presence; Cmmunal space: An additinal 1 pint is allcated if muld is present in a living rm. A three level classificatin system was develped in Finland t grade the severity f misture damage frm muld. The classificatin system was tested fr the dse-respnse relatinship between the damage and ccupant health effects. Table Classificatin criteria fr the severity and amunt f misture damage in a prperty Grade I Grade II Grade III N visible misture damage recrded Minr misture damage, but n further cnsequences expected One patch f deterirated interir finish r cvering which needed repairing Single bservatin f a damaged interir structural cmpnent that needed pening, drying and renewal r minr repair Single patch f deterirated interir finish r cvering, as in Grade I, plus ther damage f the same r lwer severity The presence f a damaged interir structural cmpnent, as in Grade II, tgether with ther damage f the same level f severity r less A functinal element that needed partial r ttal renewal, tgether with r withut the presence f ther damage Surce: Haverinen et al (2001) The Nrdic cuntries have develped a classificatin f the cnditin f a building based n expert visual and nn-destructive inspectin. The ccurrence and extent f dampness and muld shall be measured in each rm and a sum f the areas used t determine the verall classificatin. Table Dampness and muld in building structures prpsed Nrdic classificatin system Classificatin criteria Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Cnditin f the structures has been checked and the maintenance f structures and installatins dcumented less than 5 years ag. Yes Yes Knwn water damages r ccurrences f cndensatin r capillary water have been repaired. Yes Yes Yes 128

129 Visible muld in ccupied spaces: - smaller areas (e.g. gasket in a windw sash) - minr areas shw signs f muld - larger areas shw signs f muld Nne < 400 cm 2 < cm 2 Risks f water damage have been assessed and practive measures taken t reduce the future risk. Misture frm recent cnstructin phase (nly fr newly cnstructed buildings). Yes N N Yes > cm 2 Surce: Danish Standards (2015) Aspect 4 Assessment f lcal air quality t ensure gegraphical representativeness Fcus f attentin: The assessment f lcal air quality in rder t infrm the apprpriate design f ventilatin systems. The quality f intake air in a building can be significantly affected by lcal air pllutin. This is particularly the case fr buildings with ventilatin systems. In lcatins with pr air quality, there is the risk that cncentratins f pllutants such as benzene and particulates are higher than WHO guidelines. In these lcatins, the lcatin f the ventilatin intakes and the filtratin f ventilatin intake air will need t be carefully designed in rder t achieve gd quality indr air (see guidance nte 4.5). Guidance nte 4.5 fr design teams Ventilatin design t manage quality f intake air frm utside EN standard prvides design criteria fr ventilatin systems t maintain indr air quality. The criteria are graded t reflect the quality f urban air accrding t WHO guidelines. Table A.5 f the standard includes filter specificatins t reduce the intake f urban pllutin and in guidance A2.2 recmmendatins are prvided n the lcatin f ventilatin intakes. Pr urban air quality is described in EN as lcatins where ' pllutant cncentratins exceed the WHO guidelines r any Natinal air quality standards r regulatins fr utdr air by a factr greater than 1,5.' Because under the Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC, Member States are required t prepare air quality actin plans and mnitr pllutin at a lcal level, this infrmatin is generally available frm the lcal authrity r frm reprted data in the public dmain. Aspect 5 Testing f perfrmance upn cmpletin and ccupancy t ensure technical representativeness Fcus f attentin: The testing f indr air upn ccupatin f the building in rder t assess the cncentratin limits f target pllutants. Selected internal spaces within a building shall be tested n-site fllwing practical cmpletin and prir t ccupatin. A prtcl fr the sampling f rms and spaces is utlined in guidance nte 4.6. The building shuld already 129

130 have been fitted-ut with the materials and finishes identified in table 4.1.1, but will nt cntain ccupiers furniture, because this can significantly affect the results at this stage. Guidance nte 4.6 fr cnstructin managers Rm and interir space sampling prtcl t supprt the cmparability f indr air quality mnitring exercises If cmparisns are t be made between the perfrmance f buildings, the sampling f rms and spaces shall be accrding t the fllwing prtcl: Fr ffices: Testing shall be carried ut fr each distinct rm cnfiguratin in the building that accunts fr >10% f the ffice space. Where rm cnfiguratins are lcated in different façade aspects f the building, rms frm ppsing aspects shall be tested. Fr apartment blcks and develpments f multiple huses: Testing shall be carried ut fr a minimum f 10% f the prperties, and be representative f any significant variatins in the huse r apartment typlgies, cnfiguratins and materials. Samples shall be taken in the living rm and the smallest bedrm f each prperty selected. The selected internal spaces within a building shall be tested n-site fllwing practical cmpletin, the cmmissining f ventilatin systems and prir t ccupatin. The sampling and detectin methds t be used fr each target pllutant are specified in table Sampling devices shall be placed in the centre f a rm s as nt t be influenced by drs, windws r heating/cling inputs. Because benzene and particulate emissins are strngly linked t utside air, cnsideratin needs t be given t the seasn. Peak expsure is likely t take place during the winter seasn, hence reprting shuld nte the time f year when testing takes place. Table Test specificatin fr in-situ pllutant testing Cncentratins t be tested Sampling and detectin methd Substances cvered by EU LCI ratis Only applicable t prduct testing 60 Frmaldehyde 30 minutes average in accrdance with ISO r equivalent. 60 This is because the LCI values n which R Values are based are health-based reference cncentratins f VOCs fr inhalatin expsure used t assess emissins after 28 days frm a single prduct during a labratry test chamber prcedure as defined in CEN/TS

131 Benzene Eight hur daytime average in accrdance with ISO r equivalent. Particulates Eight hur daytime average fr tw particle sizes in accrdance with ISO 7708 r equivalent: - PM10: 50 μ/m 3 - PM2.5: 15 μ/m 3 Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin reprting frmat Part 1 - Perfrmance aspects reprting frmat Aspect Aspect 1 Time representativeness f the ventilatin design simulatin Addressed? (yes/n) Ntes n the mdelling and sampling rutine adpted Aspect 2 Pst ccupancy testing f indr air cnditins Aspect 3 Muld inspectin t ensure technical representativeness f remedial measures Aspect 4 Gegraphical representativeness f the lcal air quality assessment Aspect 5 Pst cmpletin and ccupancy target pllutant testing 131

132 Design stage Cmpletin stage Pst-cmpletin Occupatin Part 2 - Indr air results frm all prject stages Indr air quality cnditin Ventilatin rate l/s/m 2 l/s/m CO 2 cncentratin ppm - - ppm Relative humidity % - - % EU LCI ratis Substances with ratis > 1, Frmaldehyde - - μg/m³ μg/m³ Benzene - - μg/m³ μg/m³ Particulates (PM 2,5/10.0) - - μg/m³ μg/m³ Radn Bq/m Bq/m 3 Part 3 - Muld inspectin reprting Assessment and rating methd used Expert inspectin carried ut prir t renvatn? Expert inspectin carried ut pstccupancy? Cuntry, methd and versin Yes/n Yes/n Rated perfrmance Pre-renvatin Pst-ccupancy As applicable, derived frm the methd derived frm the methd 132

133 4.1.3 Prperty valuatin influence and reliability rating The fllwing tls are prvided t infrm the valuatin f a prperty fr which perfrmance has been assessed accrding t indicatr 4.1: Checklists fr the ptentially psitive influence n value and risk Checklist 1: Ptential psitive influence n future perfrmance Checklist 2: Accunting fr the perfrmance assessment in valuatin criteria Ratings f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1: Basis fr the perfrmance assessment Rating 2: Prfessinal capabilities Rating 3: Independent verificatin The cmpleted reprting may be used separately alngside the Level 1, 2 r 3 results fr indicatr 4.1, r may frm part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2. In the case that the ratings will be used as part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2, then the rating 1 results shall be used t calculate the verall Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI). The Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI) fr rating 1 shall be calculated separately fr and frm the individual ratings as fllws: (TeR min{rating aspects})+(gr min{rating aspects})+ (TR min{rating aspect}) IRI = number f relevant aspects Where: TeR = Technical Representativeness GR = Gegraphical Representativeness TR = Time representativeness T calculate the IRI the lwest scre fr each f the three types f rating aspect shall be used t calculate arithmetic mean f the reliability The ptential fr a psitive influence n a market valuatin Checklist 1 Evaluatin f ptentially psitive influences n the market perfrmance Ptential influence Evaluated? Resulting assumptins used in the appraisal Ptential influence 1 Increased revenues due t market recgnitin and lwer vid rates. Ptential influence 2 Reduced peratinal, maintenance, repair and/r replacement csts. Ptential influence 3 Reduced future risk f increased verheads r lss f incme. Yes/n Yes/n Yes/n Checklist 2 Accunting fr the Level(s) assessment in the valuatin criteria used Valuatin criteria set used Identify the scheme r tl used in the appraisal 133

134 Versin f the criteria set used Criteria which the assessment has influenced Influence n the valuatin r rating Valuatin criterin Sub-criterin Criterin x Sub-criterin y Ntes n the extent f the influence and the supprting assumptins used Reliability rating f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1 - Basis fr the perfrmance assessment Sub-indicatr Rating aspect Rating scre (reflecting the degree f representativeness) 0 1 Lw 2 Medium 3 High Indr air quality 1. Ventilatin design simulatin time representativeness 2. Pst ccupancy technical representativeness f the indr air cnditins tested Target pllutants 3. Muld inspectin t ensure technical representativeness f remedial measures 4. Lcal air quality gegraphical representativeness 5. Pst cmpletin and ccupancy air quality testing technical representativeness Indicatr 4.1 Indicatr Reliability Rating 134

135 Rating 2 Prfessinal capabilities Rating aspect Rating scre Technical capability f the persnnel carrying ut the assessment(s) N frmal training and limited experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training r sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training and sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training and significant applied experience in using the calculatin methd Rating 3 Independent verificatin Rating aspect Rating scre Independent verificatin f the assessment Self-declaratin f the perfrmance assessment results Peer review f the input data and calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the input data and calculatin steps 135

136 4.2 Indicatr f time utside f thermal cmfrt range 4.2 Time utside f thermal cmfrt range Where t find the guidance fr each Level Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) L Level 1 - making a cmmn perfrmance assessment Calculatin methdlgy and data requirements The thermal simulatin shall be cnducted fr the building bth with and withut mechanical cling and heating. This shall ensure that the inherent thermal characteristics f the building envelpe and structure are assessed. Calculatin f the reprted perfrmance shall be carried ut in accrdance with the methd described in Annex F f EN and/r an verheating assessment that frms part f a natinal r reginal calculatin methd. Fr mdelling f a building withut mechanical cling, the assumptins described in Annex F f EN that relate t adaptive cnditins shall be fllwed (referred t as 'Acceptable indr temperatures fr design f buildings withut mechanical cling systems'). If intended t carry ut pst-ccupancy evaluatin f satisfactin/dissatisfactin f the thermal envirnment, and, depending n whether mechanical cling is t be used in the building, either the Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) shall be estimated based n EN ISO 7730 (fr mechanically cled buildings) r the acceptable summer indr temperature range (fr buildings withut mechanical cling). The thermal cmfrt categries can then be read acrss t the EN categries as shwn in table Table The read acrss between indr thermal envirnment categries, PPD and acceptable (adaptive) indr summer temperatures EN categry Fanger methd Adaptive methd (Nicl et al) PPD (%) PMV Operative temperature variance ( C) I PMV II PMV III PMV 3 4 IV >15 PMV < -0.7 and PMV > 0.7 Surce: Athienitis and O'Brien (2015) The verall thermal simulatin f the building shall be accrding t the CEN standards that supprt the Energy Perfrmance f Buildings Directive. This shall be as described in indicatr

137 Data requirements and surces The data surces fr the thermal simulatin shall be as per thse identified fr indicatr 1.1. The PPD requires input data fr six thermal parameters - clthing, activity, airand mean radiant temperature, air velcity and humidity. Reference values prvided at natinal level may be used, r alternatively bespke values can be identified but the assumptins shall be reprted. The weather data shall be representative f present climatic cnditins. Fr measured perfrmance assessments, the results shall be crrected in accrdance with EN r EN Table Data requirements and surces fr indicatr 4.2 Data item Ptential surce Default EU values Natinal, reginal r lcally specific values Thermal simulatin See indicatr 1.1 See indicatr 1.1 PPD thermal parameters ISO 8996, ISO 9920 EN ISO 7730 Annexes B/C EN ISO 7730 Annex E (verall estimate f PPD) Natinal r reginal calculatin methd (verheating assessment) Building permitting requirements Weather data Three climate znes (EN test cases) Natinal r reginal calculatin methd Member State Meterlgical Offices Suggested reprting frmat The cmmn perfrmance assessment requires, as a minimum, reprting n: the type f building thermal simulatin (usually carried ut accrding t natinal r reginal calculatin methds), the results f and parameters fr the thermal perfrmance assessment, and in the case that a pst-ccupancy evaluatin will be carried ut, bth predicted and actual satisfactin levels. This means that the results f existing verheating assessments carried ut accrding t natinal r reginal requirements can be used fr reprting, as lng as they are based n CEN standards series develped t supprt the Directive 2010/31/EU fr the Energy Perfrmance f Buildings. Users shall identify the type f perfrmance assessment they have carried ut, the calculatin methd and its cmpliance with an EN standards series as per the reprting fr indicatr

138 Level 1 cmmn perfrmance reprting frmat Part 1 - Type f perfrmance assessment Energy Perfrmance f Buildings assessment type Energy Perfrmance f Buildings assessment sub-type Calculated (asset) Measured (peratinal) Calculated (asset): Design r as built r standard Measured (peratinal): Standard Calculatin methd EN standard cmpliant thermal simulatin? Yes/n Methd and EN standard series Please indicate which Part 2 - Perfrmance assessment results Perfrmance aspect Heating seasn Cling seasn Operative temperature range ( C) Lwer/upper limits Lwer/upper limits Time ut f range (%) - withut mechanical cling - with mechanical cling Prprtin f time Prprtin f time Part 3 - Optinal results fr later cmparisn if a pst-ccupancy assessment is t be carried ut 61 Perfrmance aspect Heating seasn Cling seasn Thermal envirnment categries Accrding t EN Accrding t EN withut mechanical cling - with mechanical cling Mnitring f as-built and ccupied perfrmance Evidence shws that a cmmitment t carry ut functinal perfrmance testing f building services fcusses attentin n design precisin and the crrect installatin f services. Functinal perfrmance testing f HVAC systems shall be carried ut as part f the cmmissining prcess n site and accrding t the methds described in Annex D f EN These categries are based n estimatin f the ccupant dissatisfactin with the cmfrt cnditins, prviding the basis fr cmparisn f design and ccupied dissatisfactin levels. 138

139 Measurement f the perfrmance f HVAC systems upn ccupatin f the building shall be in cnfrmance with the prtcls in ISO Fr the pst-ccupancy evaluatin f satisfactin/dissatisfactin, ISO (currently under revisin) prvides a reference evaluatin methd and survey frmat fr thermal cmfrt. L Making level 2 and 3 assessments Level 2 - making a cmparative perfrmance assessment T use this reprting ptin, a number f parameters and items f input data used in the simulatin f a building are required t be fixed. T d this, the fllwing rules shall be fllwed: Chice f thermal simulatin methd: The quasi-steady state and simplified hurly methds described in EN ISO may be used. Alternatively, if a dynamic methd is used, the results shall be validated accrding t EN ISO r the criteria and test cases in EN Use f standard input data fr the thermal simulatin: Data prvided at natinal level r the default data prvided in Annex G f EN ISO (r EN ISO ) shall be used. This shall include the use f standard ccupancy and cnditins f data fr the building type (see Annex G.8). PPD thermal parameter input data: Fr the six parameters identified in EN ISO 7730, the default r reference natinal r reginal data fr the building type shall be used. Climate data: The test reference year stipulated by the natinal r reginal calculatin methd shall be used, crrected in the case f measured data fllwing the methds in EN and EN ISO Heating and cling seasns: The heating and cling seasns defined in the relevant natinal calculatin methd shall be used. Temperature ranges: The Categry II temperature ranges, as stipulated in EN and EN , shall be used in all cases. The sampling prtcl fr determining the rms t be mnitred pst-ccupancy shall be as fllws: Office buildings: All rm cnfiguratins within the ttal useful flr area that are used fr ffice-related wrk. Residential buildings: The main living rms and all bed rms within a hme. In the case f assessment f multiple hmes, each distinctive cnfiguratin and rientatin shall be assessed. 139

140 L Level 3 - perfrmance ptimisatin assessment The fllwing key aspects are imprtant fcus areas f attentin t imprve the representativeness and precisin f indicatr 4.2 perfrmance assessments: Aspect 1 - The gegraphical representativeness f the weather data used. Aspect 2 - The time representativeness f the calculatin methd used. Aspect 3 - The duratin and intensity f heating and cling weather events. Aspect 4 - Factrs that can cause lcalised thermal discmfrt. These aspects bradly reflect thse als identified fr indicatr 1.1, tgether with sme additinal cnsideratins. Fr each aspect a brief utline is prvided f hw they can imprve perfrmance, tgether with guidance ntes which g int mre detail. Users shuld then reprt n which aspects they have fcussed n. The mre aspects addressed the better the reliability rating that will be btained, as the rating imprves in functin f accuracy and representativeness. Key aspects t fcus attentin n Aspect 1 The gegraphical representativeness f the weather data used Fcus f attentin: The use f weather files that are as representative as pssible f the lcatin f the building. The mst likely ptin fr achieving greater representativeness wuld be a test reference year derived frm a medium term (20 r 30 year) time series fr a standard lcal weather statin. The Jint Research Centre has created an pen access weather file database that can be used acrss the EU 62. Further interplatin f weather datasets t take int accunt the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect can add precisin t datasets. This is particularly imprtant in majr cities and lcatins where the urban design, cmmuting patterns and tpgraphy can exacerbate winter r summer cnditins. Guidance nte 4.7 fr design teams Determining the extent f the urban heat island effect The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is an additinal factr t take int accunt when mdelling the external air and radiative temperatures arund a building. This is because the temperature in an urban area can be elevated cmpared t rural areas due t a cmbinatin f: vehicle exhaust, building air cnditining heat rejectin, street canyn gemetry, reduced evaptranspiratin by vegetatin and, absrptin and re-radiatin f heat by rads, paving and structures. The effect can be generalized acrss an urban area r, where there are cmbinatins f factrs, it can be very lcalised within a district r at specific 62 The database will frm an extensin f PVGIS

141 pints. Recgnising the significance f this effect, a number f cities have put in place initiatives t supprt designers t better take it int accunt. Examples include Lndn 63, Stuttgart 64 and Zaragza 65. Aspect 2 The time representativeness f the calculatin methd used Fcus f attentin: The use f a 'dynamic' methd f simulating the time ut f range f a building. Quasi-steady state and dynamic energy simulatin methds differ in hw accurately they are able t simulate the thermdynamic perfrmance f a building, particularly in terms f hw slar heat gains, cld bridging and air infiltratin are accunted fr within a simulatin. Steady state simulatins use weather data this has a seasnal r mnthly time interval, whereas dynamic simulatins use weather data with an hurly time interval, as well taking int accunt many mre factrs that will influence perfrmance. Steady state mdels can estimate verall annual cnsumptin t a reasnable accuracy but are unreliable when the building s perfrmance is determined by factrs that are variable n a daily and hurly basis. Fr this reasn it is particularly beneficial t use dynamic simulatin in Suthern Eurpean cuntries, where there is a greater duratin and intensity f slar radiatin during the year. Currently, natinal calculatin methds in EU may, in accrdance with EN ISO and EN ISO , be based n a seasnal r mnthly steady state, simplified hurly r fully dynamic methd. As a result, the precisin f an verheating assessment carried ut fr building permitting may differ. This will als dictate whether the time ut f range is determined based n hurs r days. Obtaining additinal precisin frm a dynamic simulatin will depend n the knwledge and experience f the prfessinals carrying ut the simulatin. This is because dynamic simulatins are mre cmplex and tend t require greater technical knwledge f the input data and the assumptins being made. In sme EU lcatins, a steady state simulatin may prduce equally valid and precise results. Guidance nte 1.3 under indicatr 1.1 prvides further infrmatin n dynamic simulatin. The Zer Carbn Hub's 'assessing verheating risk' prvides specific practical guidance in relatin t verheating risk assessment Lndn's urban heat island, average-summer 64 Climate ADAPT case study f Stuttgart, 65 Jsé M. Cuadrat Prats, Sergi M. Vicente-Serran y Miguel A. Saz Sánchez, Ls efects de la urbanizacin en el clima de Zaragza (España): La isla de calr y sus factres cndictintes, Bletín de la A.G.E. N.º , págs Zer Carbn Hub (2015) Assessing verheating risk, UK 141

142 Aspect 3 The time representativeness f the simulatin f extreme weather events Fcus f attentin: Assessment f the Cntinuusly Overheated Intervals (COIs) during which the building is predicted t remain ut f range fr a lnger perid f time. Whilst an estimatin f the time ut f range will prvide a brad indicatin f the tlerance f the building, it will nt prvide infrmatin n persistent perids f temperature stress that may reduce influence ccupants tlerance and willingness t adapt t higher temperatures, thereby affecting cling energy use, as well as having an impact n the reliability f building services. Analysis f the duratin and intensity f heat waves can prvide the basis fr a mre detailed risk assessment 67. Figure illustrates hw during a seven day perid a building's perative temperature exceeded a set temperature limit fur cnsecutive days in a rw fr a ttal f 31 hurs. Mre detailed analysis f duratin and intensity culd have implicatins fr hw, fr example, an excess f heat is managed ver a 24 hur perid r ver several days. This is imprtant because, during cntinuus verheated perids, the urban envirnment may re-radiate mre heat at night, thereby maintaining ambient air temperatures. The effects f heat stress n the human bdy may als be cmpunded ver time, reducing ccupant s willingness t adapt t higher temperatures in interir envirnments. Figure Example f Cntinuusly Overheated Intervals (COIs) ver a seven day perid Surce: Lee and Steemers (2017) Aspect 4 Technical representativeness f the factrs that can cause lcalised thermal discmfrt Fcus f attentin: Assessment f the ptential fr variatin in the lcal thermal sensatin felt at specific lcatins in the building. The sensatin f thermal cmfrt r discmfrt is in practice mre cmplex than defining an upper and lwer temperature range, r cnsidering the human bdy as a whle. Evidence frm the study f lw energy and passive buildings has shwn that the fllwing lcalised aspects are imprtant t cnsider: 67 W. Victria Lee & Ken Steemers (2017) Expsure duratin in verheating assessments: a retrfit mdelling study, Building Research & Infrmatin, 45:1-2,

143 Draughts, Vertical air temperature differences, Flr temperature, and Radiant temperature asymmetry. Assessments f the relatinship between ccupant discmfrt and the ptential variatin in the thermal sensatin caused by these aspects are prvided in EN ISO Indicative perfrmance categries fr each f these aspects are prvided in EN and EN

144 Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin reprting frmat Part 1 - Perfrmance assessment results Perfrmance aspect Heating seasn Cling seasn Operative temperature range ( C) Lwer/upper limits Lwer/upper limits Time ut f range (%) - withut mechanical cling - with mechanical cling Prprtin f time Prprtin f time Part 2 - Optinal results fr later cmparisn if a pst-ccupancy assessment is t be carried ut Perfrmance aspect Heating seasn Cling seasn Thermal envirnment categries Accrding t EN Accrding t EN withut mechanical cling - with mechanical cling Part 3 - Design ptimisatin aspects addressed Aspect Addressed? (yes/n) Ntes n data surces and calculatin methd Aspect 1 Weather data gegraphical representativeness Aspect 2 Calculatin methd time representativeness Aspect 3 Extreme weather event time representativeness Aspect 4 Technical representativeness f factrs that can cause lcalised thermal discmfrt Prperty valuatin influence and reliability rating The fllwing tls are prvided t infrm the valuatin f a prperty fr which perfrmance has been assessed accrding t indicatr 4.2: Checklists fr the ptentially psitive influence n value and risk Checklist 1: Ptential psitive influence n future perfrmance Checklist 2: Accunting fr the perfrmance assessment in valuatin criteria Ratings f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1: Basis fr the perfrmance assessment 144

145 Rating 2: Prfessinal capabilities Rating 3: Independent verificatin The cmpleted reprting may be used separately alngside the Level 1, 2 r 3 results fr indicatr 4.2, r may frm part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2. In the case that the ratings will be used as part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2, then the rating 1 results shall be used t calculate the verall Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI). The Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI) fr rating 1 shall be calculated frm the individual ratings as fllws: (TeR min{rating aspects})+(gr min{rating aspects})+ (TR min{rating aspect}) IRI = 3 Where: TeR = Technical Representativeness GR = Gegraphical Representativeness TR = Time representativeness T calculate the IRI the lwest scre fr each f the three types f rating aspect shall be used t calculate arithmetic mean f the reliability The ptential fr a psitive influence n a market valuatin Checklist 1 Evaluatin f ptentially psitive influences n future perfrmance Ptential influence Evaluated? Resulting assumptins used in the appraisal Ptential influence 1 Increased revenues due t market recgnitin and lwer vid rates. Ptential influence 2 Reduced peratinal, maintenance, repair and/r replacement csts. Ptential influence 3 Reduced future risk f increased verheads r lss f incme. Yes/n Yes/n Yes/n Checklist 2 Accunting fr the Level(s) assessment in the valuatin criteria used Valuatin criteria set used Identify the scheme r tl used in the appraisal Versin f the criteria set used 145

146 Criteria which the assessment has influenced Influence n the valuatin r rating Valuatin criterin Sub-criterin Criterin x Sub-criterin y Ntes n the extent f the influence and the supprting assumptins used Reliability rating f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1 - Basis fr the perfrmance assessment Sub-indicatr Rating aspect Rating scre (reflecting the degree f representativeness) 0 1 Lw 2 Medium 3 High 1. Weather data gegraphical representativeness The use f weather data that reflect the building lcatin. The extent t which the weather data that reflects the Urban Heat Island effect fr the lcatin. 2. Calculatin methd time representativeness 3. Extreme weather event time representativeness The extent t which simulatins are mre dynamic. The extent t which the risk assciated with intense perids f heat has been assessed. 4. Technical representativeness f factrs that can cause lcalised thermal discmfrt The extent t which lcalised thermal parameters have been assessed in rder t imprve designs. Indicatr 4.2 Indicatr Reliability Rating 146

147 Rating 2 Prfessinal capabilities Rating aspect Rating scre Technical capability f the persnnel carrying ut the assessment(s) N frmal training and limited experience in using the calculatin methd Accredited training r sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Accredited training and sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Accredited training 68 and significant applied experience in using the calculatin methd Rating 3 Independent verificatin Rating aspect Rating scre Independent verificatin f the assessment Self-declaratin f the perfrmance assessment results Peer review f the input data and calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the input data and calculatin steps 68 In accrdance with Article 17 f the EPBD 147

148 Ptential future aspects f Macr-bjective Future aspect: Lighting and visual cmfrt Why measure this perfrmance aspect? The availability and quality f light are imprtant factrs in the design f healthy and cmfrtable hmes and wrkspaces. Visual cmfrt can be understd bth in terms f the light needed t carry ut tasks but als in terms f what the human bdy requires and, where there is an excess f light, can tlerate. Natural light makes a significant cntributin t visual cmfrt. It is essential t the circadian rhythms sleeping and waking cycles f the human bdy and withut sufficient expsure t natural light, a persn's wellbeing and mtivatin can be affected. As well as reducing the electricity use assciated with artificial lighting, natural light has been shwn t cntribute t mre cnducive and prductive wrking envirnments, as well as mre attractive and healthy hmes. Natural light is, fr example, preferred by ffice wrkers, wh tend t seek a windw lcatin. Mrever, Directive 2010/31/EU fr the Energy Perfrmance f Buildings states that the psitive influence f natural lighting shall, where relevant in the calculatin f energy perfrmance f a building, be taken int accunt. The perfrmance f in-built lighting installatins is, furthermre, highlighted as a minimum aspect f energy perfrmance calculatin methds Which aspects can be measured? In this sectin the mst imprtant aspects relating t the quality and availability f light are briefly summarised, tgether with an verview f the mst used and accepted indicatrs and metrics. Table then prvides a general verview f pssible fcus areas fr attentin and related reference standards The availability and quality f light The starting pint fr cnsidering lighting in a building is the availability and quality f light. This can be understd in terms f a cmbinatin f the in-built, artificial lighting systems and the penetratin f natural light int a building: Artificial luminaire quality: The design and specificatin f artificial lighting can be used t ensure that there is bth sufficient light and f a suitable quality fr the type f building. Fr example, wrkstatins require a minimum f lux at desk height. The clur quality f luminaires is als an imprtant aspect and pr clur rendering can attenuate visin. Building plan depth and Daylight Factr: The plan depth f an ffice r hme will dictate hw much f the flr area can be illuminated with natural light. At a plan depth f mre than 4-6 metres, a glazing rati f less than 30% and a ceiling height f 3 metres, natural light levels will fall belw the 500 lux (lumens/m 2 ) necessary fr a wrking envirnment equivalent t a Daylighting Factr (DF) f 2%. Discmfrt glare: Withut careful design, bth artificial and natural light can make the internal envirnment uncmfrtable and, ptentially, result in mre energy use than predicted. S, whilst a building design may achieve an ideal plan depth and Daylighting Factr fr wrk r living spaces, this may result in unwanted glare and thermal gain. This can be the result f bth direct sunlight and reflectin frm cluds. As a result, slar cntrl strategies may be required. The reference standards EN , EN and pren address indr wrk area lighting requirements, indr lighting quality and daylighting 148

149 respectively. Standards relating t useful and discmfrt daylight are further addressed in the fllwing sectin Indicatrs and metrics fr useful and discmfrt daylight A range f related metrics have been develped t measure bth useful and discmfrt daylight, as well and any assciated glare. This can be simulated bth n a steady state and dynamic basis. Sme f the mst cmmnly used metrics include: The percentage 'spatial daylight autnmy' f mre than 300 lux at desk height fr a stipulated percentages f the year and an Annual Sun Expsure f >1000 lux fr <10% f the year. An illuminance level f between 300 and 3,000 lux at desk height, either fr the number f days f the year r as a percentage f the year. The Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) based n an upper and lwer lux threshld f 100 and 2000 lux, reflecting levels belw which daylight is insufficient r abve which there may be visual discmfrt Sme f these metrics are used in natinal building cdes, fr example the stipulatin f minimum Daylighting Factrs r a percentage f the surface area f a building that is glazed (e.g. France, UK, Denmark), but in general they tend nly t apply t residential buildings and n a guidance basis. In terms f estimating r measuring glare, EN prvides a rating f glare frm artificial lighting (the Unified Glare Rating), stating that there is currently n standardised rating f discmfrt glare frm windws. The mst widely accepted metric fr daylight glare assessment is currently Daylight Glare Prbability (DGP). DGP is based n an estimate f the number f ccupants that may find the level f glare uncmfrtable in a space. Field trials by Fraunhfer ISE in Germany have prvided sme indicative bands f perfrmance which can prvide fr an indicative risk assessment f unwanted glare. Table Fcus areas fr pssible attentin n lighting and visual cmfrt Perfrmance aspects Technical ratinale Reference standards 1. Building plan depth The plan depth f an ffice r hme will dictate hw much f the flr area can be illuminated with natural light. pren EN Dynamic daylighting simulatin 3. Lighting levels - Wrking plane - User cntrl 4. Artificial lighting quality - Diffusin f light - Clur rendering Dynamic simulatin f daylighting ptential can identify pprtunities t maximise daylighting withut glare, and t wrk in tandem with artificial lighting. Lighting design shuld ensure that there is bth sufficient light and f a suitable quality fr the type f building and functins carried ut. Artificial lighting design shuld ensure that luminaires prvide lighting that is f a suitable quality and cnsistency. EN pren EN

150 5. Cntrl f daylight glare Excessive daylight can cause discmfrt, artificial lighting use and cntribute t verheating Initial reprting frmat fr ptential future aspect 4.3 Lighting and visual cmfrt addressed? Yes/n Specific design aspects addressed Aspect x Yes/n Reference standards and methds used Aspect y Yes/n Reference standards and methds used Aspect z Yes/n Reference standards and methds used 150

151 4.4 Future aspect: Acustics and prtectin against nise Why measure this perfrmance aspect? The ptential fr acustic disturbance frm bth inside and utside a building is cited as an imprtant aspect f ccupant satisfactin. Nise disturbance can have a significant detrimental effect n peple's health and quality f life. It can als affect prductivity in a wrk envirnment. The imprtance f prtecting citizens frm nise is recgnised in Eurpean plicy, with Directive 2002/49/EC n the assessment and management f envirnmental nise 69, requiring external nise surce mapping at lcal level, tgether with reprting n the number f residents expsed t differing levels f nise. Annex VI f the Directive prvides a technical definitin f a 'quiet façade', referring t buildings where residents are expsed t lwer relative nise levels Which aspects can be measured? The ptential fr disturbance frm unwanted nise depends n the nature f the use f the buildings, servicing and internal layut. The ptential issues related t ffice and residential buildings are briefly summarised belw. Table then prvides a general verview f pssible fcus areas fr attentin and related reference standards In ffice buildings Nise prblems may relate t disturbance in pen plan envirnments r, in mre traditinal ffice layuts, pr acustic separatin between cellular ffices r meeting rms. Servicing such as air cnditining, as well as printers and server rms, can als cause disturbance In residential buildings In apartments, terraces and semi-detached hmes, acustic insulatin f party walls and flrs is particularly imprtant t minimise sund transmissin between prperties. Cnsideratin f bth impact and airbrne transmissin f sund is imprtant in these cases. The reverberatin f sund is als an imprtant factr, as it can affect cncentratin within a shared ffice space, as well as prviding a means t cntrl the extent f airbrne sund. In the case f bth ffices and hmes, external surces f nise disturbance such as traffic and street activity can be f significance. In cmmercial buildings, this can lead t decisins t seal windws and mechanically ventilate spaces. 69 Directive 2002/49/EC f the Eurpean Parliament and f the Cuncil f 25 June 2002 relating t the assessment and management f envirnmental nise 151

152 Table Fcus areas fr pssible attentin n acustic and nise Perfrmance aspects Technical ratinale Reference standards 1. Façade acustic perfrmance 2. Impact nise - between ffices r dwellings - between rms 3. Airbrne nise - between ffices r dwellings - between rms 4. Reverberatin time - disturbance within a rm r space - extent f airbrne nise Prtectin f wrkers and residents frm external surces f nise. Prtectin frm the sund f impacts r wrks n a flr r wall. Prtectin frm the sund f activities in a rm r space. Prtectin frm the reverberatin f sunds within a rm. Directive 2002/49/EC, Annex VI ISO Hmes: ISO (under develpment) ISO ISO Hmes: ISO (under develpment) ISO ISO Hmes: ISO (under develpment) Hmes: ISO (under develpment) Initial reprting frmat fr ptential future aspect 4.4 Acustics and prtectin against nise addressed? Yes/n Specific perfrmance aspects addressed Aspect x Yes/n Reference standards and methds used Aspect y Yes/n Reference standards and methds used Aspect z Yes/n Reference standards and methds used 152

153 Macr-bjective 5: Adaptatin and resilience t climate change Key terms and definitins used Climate Climate change Climate change adaptatin Climate prjectins Resilience Average and variability f weather at a given lcatin ver a perid f time, nrmally 30 years. Change in the state f the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/r the variability f its prperties, and that persists fr an extended perid, typically decades r lnger. Prcess f adjustment t actual r expected climate change and its effects. Time-dependent infrmatin abut the future climate, mdelled n the basis f plausible assumptins abut future greenhuse gas emissins and climatlgical relatinships. Capacity f a scial, eclgical r ecnmic system t cpe with hazardus events r disturbance, respnding r rerganizing in ways that maintain its essential functin, identity and structure, while als maintaining the capacity fr adaptatin, learning and transfrmatin. 5.1 Life cycle tls: scenaris fr prjected future climatic cnditins 5.1 Life cycle scenaris: prjected future climatic cnditins Scenari 1: Prtectin f ccupier health and thermal cmfrt Where t find the guidance fr each Level Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) The first life cycle scenari t be prvided fr this macr-bjective fcuses n extremes f temperature, with a fcus n prtecting the health and cmfrt f building ccupiers. The guidance and reprting prvides users with qualitative and quantitative ways f reprting n hw far the building addresses this specific aspect f climate change adaptatin and resilience. Sectin prvides general rules that shall be fllwed when using the scenari tl. Then in sectin detailed rules are prvided. Sectin prvides specific rules fr life cycle-based analysis using Level Rules fr describing and reprting n scenaris General rules fr each type f perfrmance assessment If a user chses t mdel the scenari they shall fllw the accmpanying set f rules. These are designed t ensure the cnsistency f the underlying assumptins and calculatins behind the reprting. The rules, which differ accrding t the three types f perfrmance assessment in the Level(s) framewrk, are set ut in table Specific rules shall be fllwed 153

154 fr the use f indicatr 1.2 life cycle GWP r cradle t cradle LCA t analyse the scenari. The use f life cycle GWP r LCA in level 3 allws fr the perfrmance f future scenaris t be tested and evaluated. In the case f level 3, the specific rules in sectin shall additinally be fllwed. Table Overall rules fr hw the scenari tl shall be used Type f perfrmance assessment Level 1 Cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 Cmparative perfrmance assessment Scenari tl 1 Prtectin f ccupier health and thermal cmfrt Use f the same calculatin methd and indicatr metrics as fr indicatr 4.2 Extensin f the thermal simulatin used t reprt n indicatr 4.2 in rder t calculate the perfrmance using weather prjectins fr 2030 and The future perfrmance shall be calculated using the same perative temperature range as fr indicatr 4.2 If future prjectins are nt available at natinal, reginal r lcal level, weather files derived frm heat wave events in the last years may be used. Cmparisns may be made f simulated thermal scenaris fr 2030 and 2050 if the same parameters have been used fr: cnditins f use perative temperature range thermal envirnment input data weather prjectins Level 3 Design perfrmance ptimisatin Identificatin and subsequent thermal simulatin f design ptins that culd imprve the resilience f the initial design ptin. Simulatin shuld take int accunt the additinal aspects identified in the guidance as ptentially imprving the reliability f the results. Analysis f the design ptins using life cycle GWP r LCA in rder t identify ptential tradeffs against ther perfrmance aspects. The life cycle GWP r LCA analysis shall be carried ut accrding t the specific additinal rules prvided. 154

155 5.1.2 Detailed methdlgies fr btaining results fr each scenari Scenari tl 1: Prtectin f ccupier health and thermal cmfrt Aim: T encurage assessment f the ptential medium t lng term effects n the health and thermal cmfrt f building ccupiers that may result f future climate change. Fcus f attentin: The ability f a building fabric t maintain pre-defined thermal cmfrt cnditins under prjected future climate change. This shall be fr the summer seasn nly. Links t ther indicatrs: The additinal cling energy required t maintain these cnditins, with reference t indicatr 1.1. The ptential fr trade-ffs assciated with changes in a building's design and bill f materials shall als be cnsidered. See indicatrs 1.2 and 2.1. L1 Level 1: Cmmn perfrmance assessment Users shall extend the thermal simulatin f a building t include scenaris fr the climate in the years 2030 and The simulatin shall fllw the calculatin methdlgy stipulated fr indicatr 4.2. The quasi-steady state (mnthly) r simplified hurly methds described in EN ISO may be used. In all cases, the calculatin methd shall be reprted. The future weather file may therefre be either a design summer year based n mnthly data r hurly data fr a defined summer seasn. Simulatins shall be carried ut using prjected future weather files fr 2030 and The mdelling shall, as a minimum, be based n the UN IPCC 'mitigatin' (SRES E1) emissins scenari. A secnd wrst case scenari 'medium-high' (SRES A1B) emissins scenari may als be cnsidered. This secnd scenari is mre extreme and will intrduce greater variance int the 2050 simulatin. Level 1 Cmmn perfrmance reprting frmat Part 1 - Climate change prjectins used Weather file surce Scenaris mdelled e.g. E1, A1B Part 2 - Perfrmance assessment results Perfrmance aspect 2030 scenari 2050 scenari E1 A1B E1 A1B Time ut f range (%) - withut mechanical cling Prprtin f time Prprtin f time Prprtin f time Prprtin f time - with mechanical cling 155

156 L2 Level 2: Cmparative perfrmance assessment The fllwing parameters shall be fixed in rder t ensure a cnsistent and cmparable analysis f the impact f the climate scenaris n a building's perfrmance: Temperature ranges: The Categry II temperature ranges, as stipulated in EN 15251, shall be used in all cases. Summer seasn: The cling seasns defined in the Natinal Calculatin methd shall be used. The present weather data shall be the design summer year derived frm time series with a minimum f 20 years fr the nearest lcal weather statin. PPD thermal parameter input data: Fr the six parameters identified in EN ISO 7730 the default r reference natinal r reginal data fr the building type shall be used. Either the quasi-steady state (mnthly) r the simplified hurly methds as described in EN ISO may be used. The methd used may frm part f a natinal calculatin methd/verheating assessment. In all cases, the calculatin methd shall be reprted. The future weather file may be either: a design summer year based n mnthly data, r hurly data fr a defined summer seasn. The same reprting frmat shall be used as fr Level 1. L3 Level 3: Perfrmance ptimisatin assessment The fllwing key aspects shall be cnsidered in rder t imprve the representativeness and precisin f the scenari: Aspect 1 Prjected weather file time representativeness and uncertainty Aspect 2 the inherent thermal resilience f the building design Aspect 3 Shading and micrclimate benefits f green infrastructure The latter tw aspects address the extent t which built assets integrate inherently resilient features, excluding services. Fr each aspect a brief utline is prvided f hw they can imprve perfrmance, tgether with guidance ntes which g int mre detail. Users shuld then reprt n which aspects they have fcussed n. The mre aspects addressed the better the reliability rating that will be btained, as the rating imprves in functin f accuracy and representativeness. Users chsing t carry ut a life cycle GWP assessment r a cradle t cradle LCA in rder t mdel the scenari can additinally reprt n the imprvement ptential f their chsen climate resilience measures. The results f the scenari are incrprated int the reprting frmat fr life cycle GWP (see sectin ) and cradle t cradle LCA (see sectin 7.2.3). T ensure cnsistency, the specific rules laid dwn in sectin shall be fllwed. Key aspects t fcus attentin n: Aspect 1 Prjected weather file time representativeness and uncertainty Fcus f attentin: The precisin and uncertainty assciated with the future climate prjectin fr a building lcatin. The availability f detailed prjectins f climate change acrss the EU varies, with sme Member States having used highly cmplex mdels t develp weather files. 156

157 In ther Member States, nly high level prjectins develped at EU level may be available, and designers may have t resrt t the use f wrse case existing scenaris fr heat waves as a prxy fr future extreme weather. Further infrmatin is prvided in guidance nte 5.1. The baseline year fr the prjectin shall, as far as pssible, be chsen t be cnsistent with thse f the present day weather file used. The level f prbability fr the 2030 and 2050 prjectins shall be reprted, if available. An additinal level f precisin can be intrduced if any lcalised Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects have been factred int the present weather files, thereby ensuring that the baseline (and prjected) climate reflects any significant lcal effects. This is described further under aspect 1 f indicatr 4.2. Guidance nte 5.1 fr design teams Pssible surces f future climate change prjectins There are bradly three pssible surces f climate change prjectins currently available t users f the Level(s) framewrk. Each, in turn, is assciated with an increasing level f precisin and certainty: 1. Wrst case scenari based n recent heat wave events: Average data fr summers in which heat wave events 70 ccurred in lcal area during the last 30 years. An example surce at EU level is the Eurpean Climate Assessment & Dataset 71. Natinal meterlgical ffices can als prvide this data based n established definitins f a heat wave event Dynamic dwnscaling f UN IPCC mdels t reginal r lcal scale: Use f a weather file generatr that is based n UN IPCC General Circulatin Mdels, such as the Climate Change Wrld Weather file generatr 73 r the Climate Cst prject Prbabilistic dwnscaling f large-scale mdels and interplatin f reginal r lcal weather statin data: The interplatin f lcal r reginal weather files based n statistical mdelling at a larger scale, such as the Ensembles prject 75. Aspect 2 the technical representativeness f building designs with inherent thermal resilience Fcus f attentin: Taking int accunt the extent t which a building design has features that make it inherently mre resilient and therefre prvide an additinal margin fr adaptatin ver time. The building structure and fabric may be designed in a way that prvides inherent future resilience t verheating events. There are three main areas f fcus fr resilient design t manage the thermal balance f a building: 70 Accrding t the Wrld Meterlgical Organisatin a heat wave is defined as when the daily maximum temperature f mre than five cnsecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 C, the nrmal perid being Eurpean Climate Assessment & Dataset prject, 72 See the fllwing example fr Spain AEMET, AEMET analiza las "las de calr" registradas en España desde University f Suthamptn, Climate Change Wrld Weather File Generatr fr Wrld-Wide Weather Data CCWrldWeatherGen, Energy and Climate Change Divisin, UK 74 ClimateCst, 75 ENSEMBLES, Prject verview, 157

158 Thermally activated building structures: These can, even in the present climate, allw fr a significant reductin in the size f HVAC plant because f its inherent thermal inertia ver a 24 hur perating perid. Thermally resilient envelpe and façade: The materials can be selected fr bth their albed effect (slar reflectance) and their thermal resistance (insulatin value), thereby reducing absrptin and transmissin f slar radiatin t the interir f the building. Thermally resilient air intake systems: The design f fresh air intake pathways s that air is brught int buildings thrugh shaded external spaces and thrugh undergrund systems can minimise air intake temperatures Dynamic thermal simulatin is required t mre accurately quantify the benefits f inherently resilient design features. It can als be used t ptimise the design f facades and structures, as well as the peratin f ventilatin and cling systems, in rder t utilise this capacity. Aspect 3 the technical representativeness f the shading and micrclimate benefits frm green infrastructure Fcus f attentin: Taking int accunt the shading and micrclimate benefits f green infrastructure in the thermal simulatin. The presence f vegetatin n buildings (e.g. green rfs) r between/within buildings (e.g. trees) can prvide shading and mderate external air and surface temperatures. This is because it shades materials with a lw albed and a high thermal capacity, such as paving, thereby minimising the re-radiatin f heat. The use f sil instead f hard 'sealed' surfacing can further mderate external temperatures. Guidance nte 5.2 prvides sme further infrmatin n the ptins available t factr the shading and cling actin f vegetatin and sil int building designs. Guidance nte 5.2 fr design teams Optins fr mdelling and assessing the perfrmance imprvements f green infrastructure features Tw main ptins exist fr factring the shading and cling functin f vegetatin and sil int a building design: 1. Change building thermal simulatin inputs: Sme dynamic and quasi steady-state building simulatins allw fr the input f vegetatin shading. Hwever, the ptential t d this is nt currently well develped and representative input data is difficult t btain. 2. Use f a green factr scring system: This can be used as a prxy fr the ecsystem services prvided by green infrastructure. It wrks by scring the shading and cling ptential f green features n, in r arund a building (e.g. trees accrding t their leaf area, evaptranspiratin rate, sil water retentin). This apprach has been applied in cities such as Berlin, Stckhlm and Suthamptn. The secnd ptin can nly be cnsidered t prvide a useful prxy if the ptential ecsystem services that can be prvided are weighted t reflect the shading and cling ptential f vegetatin, sil r cmbinatins f bth. The 158

159 maturity and extent f the vegetatin in 2030 and 2050 shuld als be estimated. T take an example f the secnd ptin, Malmö's Green Space Factr (GSF) prvides a simplified weighting system fr green infrastructure 76. The GSF is weighted as fllws t take int accunt the extent f sil sealing, the depth f sil and the extent f vegetatin (e.g. mature trees have a greater weighting). GSF = (area A x factr A)+(area B x factr B)+(area C x factr C)+etc. ttal curtyard area Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin reprting frmat T be reprted in additin t the results using the frmat prvided fr Level 1, and thse btained fr a life cycle GWP r LCA analysis. Part 1 - Perfrmance ptimisatin aspects addressed Aspect Addressed? (yes/n) Ntes n data surces and calculatin methd Aspect 1 Prjected weather file time representativeness and uncertainty. Aspect 2 The technical representativeness f inherently thermal resilience building designs Aspect 3 The technical representativeness f shading and micrclimate benefits frm green infrastructure features 76 Kruuse.A, the green space factr and the green pints system, GRaBs Expert paper 6, EU INTERREG prject, TCPA, April

160 5.1.3 Specific rules fr analysing scenaris using life cycle GWP r LCA (level 3) If results are t be reprted in the public dmain, it is imprtant t ensure that the scenari is mdelled in a cnsistent way. If life cycle GWP r LCA is used, the fllwing steps shall be fllwed: 1. Reference assumptins: The initial assumptins abut the building's thermal envirnment shall be set ut. Parameters that are fixed at natinal r reginal level accrding t the Directive 2010/31/EU fr the Energy Perfrmance f Buildings. Calculatin methds fr verheating assessments shall be reflected in these assumptins. 2. New scenaris based n a risk assessment: The thermal simulatin shall be re-run in rder t identify ptential risks t the thermal cmfrt f ccupiers in the future. This shall thereafter be used t develp imprved design ptins fr subsequent thermal simulatin. 3. Life cycle mdelling f the design ptin(s): Life cycle GWP r LCA shall be used t mdel the reference (initial design) case and the new design ptins in rder t identify the ptimal envirnmental slutin, including any ptential trade-ffs. 4. Cst and value engineering f the design: Wrking within the cnstraints f the prject, the preferred ptin t be cnstructed shall be identified and then remdelled using life cycle GWP r LCA. 5. Reprting f the results: The results fr the reference (intended) case and the preferred (imprved) ptin shall be reprted n. T maximise the value f these steps t ptimise designs, they are recmmended as taking place during the design cncept stage. These steps imply the input f the architect, energy specialist (if used), service engineers and the cst cnsultant in rder t develp and test design scenaris. 160

161 5.1.4 Market valuatin influence and reliability rating The fllwing tls are prvided t infrm the valuatin f a prperty fr which perfrmance has been assessed accrding t indicatr 5.1: Checklists fr the ptentially psitive influence n value and risk Checklist 1: Ptential psitive influence n future perfrmance Checklist 2: Accunting fr the perfrmance assessment in valuatin criteria Ratings f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1: Basis fr the perfrmance assessment Rating 2: Prfessinal capabilities Rating 3: Independent verificatin The cmpleted reprting may be used separately alngside the Level 1, 2 r 3 results fr Scenari 1, r may frm part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2. In the case that the ratings will be used as part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2, then the rating 1 results shall be used t calculate the verall Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI). The Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI) fr rating 1 shall be calculated frm the individual ratings as fllws: (TeR min{rating aspects})+ (TR) IRI = 2 Where: TeR = Technical Representativeness TR = Time representativeness T calculate the IRI the lwest scre fr each f the types f rating aspect shall be used t calculate arithmetic mean f the reliability The ptential fr a psitive influence n a market valuatin Checklist 1 Evaluatin f ptentially psitive influences n the market perfrmance Ptential influence Evaluated? Resulting assumptins used in the appraisal Ptential influence 1 Increased revenues due t market recgnitin and lwer vid rates. Ptential influence 2 Reduced peratinal, maintenance, repair and/r replacement csts. Ptential influence 3 Reduced future risk f increased verheads r lss f incme. Yes/n Yes/n Yes/n 161

162 Checklist 2 Accunting fr the Level(s) assessment in the valuatin criteria used Valuatin criteria set used Identify the scheme r tl used in the appraisal Versin f the criteria set used Criteria which the assessment has influenced Influence n the valuatin r rating Valuatin criterin Sub-criterin Criterin x Sub-criterin y Ntes n the extent f the influence and the supprting assumptins used Reliability rating f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1 - Basis fr the perfrmance assessment Sub-indicatr Rating aspect Rating scre (reflecting the degree f representativeness) 0 1 Lw 2 Medium 3 High 1. Prjected weather file time representativeness and uncertainty. 2. Technical representativeness f inherently resilience building design features 3. Technical representativeness f the shading and micrclimate benefits f green infrastructure features The extent t which simulatins are based n a cmbinatin f prbabilistic dwnscaling and lcal/reginal interplatin. The extent t which the structure, envelpe, façade and air intake systems cntribute t thermal resilience. The extent t which the ptential benefit f green infrastructure has been factred int designs and simulatins. Scenari 1 Indicatr Reliability Rating 162

163 Rating 2 Prfessinal capabilities Rating aspect Rating scre Technical capability f the persnnel carrying ut the assessment(s) N frmal training and limited experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training r sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training and sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training 77 and significant applied experience in using the calculatin methd Rating 3 Independent verificatin Rating aspect Rating scre Independent verificatin f the assessment Self-declaratin f the perfrmance assessment results Peer review f the input data and calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the input data and calculatin steps 77 In accrdance with Article 17 f the EPBD 163

164 Ptential future aspects f macr-bjective Future aspect: Increased risk f extreme weather events Why measure this perfrmance aspect? As well as a prjected rise in average temperature, climate change is prjected t lead t a greater frequency and intensity f extreme weather events. This culd include flds, wind, rainfall and snwfall, as well as ht and cld cnditins. By expsing them t greater stress, the increased weather ladings may have an impact n the life span f building elements and materials Which aspects can be measured? The aspects that culd be measured are thse fr which there may be an impact n the service life f a building cmpnent r material. Table prvides a general verview f pssible fcus areas fr attentin and related reference standards. Flds are addressed as a separate ptential future aspect 5.3. Table Fcus areas fr attentin n increased risk f extreme weather events Resilience aspects Technical fcus Reference standards 1. Increased wind lads the level f structural resistance required, the fixing f cladding façade elements, fabric air tightness. 2. Increased rainfall water tightness t rain ingress, damage t walls and insulatin, surces f damp, rf and drainage systems ladings. 3. Increased snwfall the need fr greater structural resistance t snw lads, the need fr increased dimensins f eaves and gutters. 4. Temperature stress the resistance f cladding, render, paint and catings t temperature changes. EN EN EN EN Initial reprting frmat fr ptential future aspect 5.2 Risk f extreme weather events addressed? Yes/n Specific design aspects addressed Aspect x Yes/n Reference standards and methds used Aspect y Yes/n Reference standards and methds used Aspect z Yes/n Reference standards and methds used 164

165 5.3 Future aspect: Increased risk f fld events Why measure this perfrmance aspect? Climate change is prjected t result in an increased frequency f fld events acrss many regins f the EU. In areas at risk, fld events can have a significant impact n peple and the buildings they live and wrk in. The direct impact n peple's lives can be substantial, with the ptential f displacement and disruptin as a result f damage, r even drwning and injuries during event. The impacts n buildings can include damage t building structures, interirs and related infrastructure. The direct impact f financial lsses can be substantial, having a lnger term impact n insurance premiums and prperty values in affected areas. The indirect financial impacts f business, supply chain and husehld disruptin can in sme cases be ecnmically mre severe than the direct impacts Which aspects can be measured? Whilst fld risk management is usually mst effectively addressed by large scale fld preventin and mitigatin strategies at sub-reginal/reginal level 78, there is still scpe fr any remaining residual risk t be addressed and measured at building level. Perfrmance aspects that culd be measured include a fcus n: fld risk at a fluvial, river basin level and as a result f lcalised, trrential rain events resulting frm cludbursts, the related level f prtectin f prperties in functin f an identified level f risk in a given lcatin. Table prvides a general verview f pssible fcus areas fr attentin and related reference standards. Table Fcus areas fr attentin n increased risk f fld events Resilience aspects Technical fcus 1.1 Fluvial fld risk Identificatin f the level f fld risk f the site, with reference t lcal hazard maps 79. Lcatin in an area that already has larger scale mitigatin measures will lwer the site risk. 1.2 Cludburst (lcalised) fld risk 2. Level f prperty prtectin Examinatin f histrical rainfall and landscape mapping t identify areas f ptential risk 80. The extent t which basement, grund flr access and habitable rms (in residential buildings) are clear f design fld levels. The extent t which drainage systems cntrl and retain excess water flw See Climate-ADAPT case study (2016) Public-private partnership fr a new fld prf district in Bilba, 79 Eurpean Envirnment Agency, Adaptatin f fld management plans, An example frm Denmark illustrates the ptential risk and hw mapping can be used - ArcGIS, Lessns: Find areas at risk f flding in a cludburst, 81 This culd include the use f natural water retentin measures, sme f which are classified here 165

166 5.3.3 Initial reprting frmat fr ptential future aspect 5.3 Risk f fld events addressed? Yes/n Specific design aspects addressed Aspect x Yes/n Reference standards and methds used Aspect y Yes/n Reference standards and methds used Aspect z Yes/n Reference standards and methds used 166

167 Macr-bjective 6: Optimised life cycle cst and value 6.1 Life cycle csts Where t find the guidance fr each Level Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) 6.2 Value creatin and risk factrs The ptential fr a psitive influence n a market valuatin Reliability rating f a Level(s) assessment Calculatin f the technical rating Key terms and definitins used Discunted cst Discunt rate Elemental cst plan Life Cycle Cst (LCC) Maintenance Maintenance cst Net present cst Nminal cst Operatin cst Real cst Reference service life resulting cst when the real cst is discunted by the real discunt rate r when the nminal cst is discunted by the nminal discunt rate factr r rate reflecting the time value f mney that is used t cnvert cash flws ccurring at different times t a cmmn time. the ttal cnstructin cst fr the prject divided int building elements, estimated based n the actual quantities f wrk and materials that will be required t cnstruct the prject. cst f an asset r its parts thrughut its life cycle, whilst fulfilling its perfrmance requirements. cmbinatin f all technical actins during the service life t retain a building r an assembled system in a state in which it can perfrm its required functins ttal f necessarily incurred labur, material r ther csts incurred t retain a building r its parts in a state in which it can perfrm its required functins sum f the discunted future csts. expected price that will be paid when a cst is due t be paid, including estimated changes in price due t, fr example, frecast changes in efficiency, inflatin r deflatin and technlgy. cst incurred in running r managing a facility r the built envirnment, including administratin supprt services. cst expressed as a value at the base date, including estimated changes in price due t frecast changes in efficiency and technlgy. service life f c cnstructin prduct which is knwn t be expected under a particular reference set f in-use cnditins and which may frm the basis fr estimating 167

168 the service life under ther in-use cnditins. Repair Replacement Required (r intended) service life Scenari returning an item t an acceptable cnditin by the renewal replacement r mending f wrn, damaged r degraded parts. substitutin f a whle cnstructin prduct, building element r installatin with the same r an equivalent prduct, building element f installatin in rder t reestablish the required functinal and technical perfrmance. service life required by the client r thrugh regulatin cllectin f assumptins and infrmatin cncerning an expected sequence f pssible future events 6.1 Indicatr f life cycle csts 6.1 Life cycle csts Where t find the guidance fr each Level Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) L Level 1 - Making a cmmn perfrmance assessment Calculatin methdlgy and data requirements Calculatin methdlgy t be used The calculatin methd is based n elemental cst estimates, i.e. the cst f land and labur are nt included. Cst estimates shall be cmpiled fr each f the building elements and their assciated cmpnents, as identified by the minimum scpe in sectin The csts shall include thse related t cnstructin f the building, as well as prjected csts assciated with the future peratin f the building (utility csts) and the maintenance, repair and/r replacement f building elements and cmpnents. Further guidance n future cst planning and prjectins can be fund in guidance nte 6.2. The reference standard fr calculating the life time f each life cycle stage shall be ISO The accmpanying reference standard ISO prvides a methdlgy fr calculating the design life f elements and cmpnents. The cst data shall be used t create a cash flw f real csts alng the life cycle f the building. A discunt rate shall thereafter be applied in rder t btain a discunted cash flw and the net present csts. A default 'scietal rate' f 3% may be used based n the Eurpean Cmmissin's guidance fr calculating cst ptimal levels fr minimum energy perfrmance requirements Cmmissin Delegated Regulatin (EU) N 244/2012 f 16 January 2012 supplementing Directive 2010/31/EU f the Eurpean Parliament and f the Cuncil n the energy perfrmance f buildings by 168

169 The net present csts shuld generally be calculated using real csts, i.e. excluding inflatin. Hwever, assumptins abut inflatin may als be included within the discunt rate if nminal csts are required fr the purpse f detailed financial planning 83. Where there is evidence in a Member State f past utility r cnstructin csts indices having escalated at a significantly different rate t inflatin, a different rate may be applied t these csts. In all cases, the material and energy csts shall be adjusted t reflect current prices frm the reference year This adjustment shall be based n annual price indices fr the cuntry where the prject is lcated. Where a natinal index time series is nt available, the EU cnstructin price index data published by Eurstat shall be used 84. The defined reference study perid f 50 years shall be used. In additin, the life cycle csts fr a client's intended service life r investment hlding perid may be calculated. In all cases, elements and cmpnents are nt assumed t be replaced until they have reached the end f their intended service life. Sectin 9.5 f EN prvides further guidance n calculating replacement rates. Data requirements and surces Develpment f the life cycle cst plan fr a building will require the cllectin f a range f cst data. Fr the whle life cycle this data will need t mdel csts at different pints in time and that may, as a result, require a range f different types and surces t be used. The data requirements and assciated prfessinals respnsible fr cllecting and estimating csts are utlined in table Table Data requirements and respnsibilities by life cycle stage Life cycle stage Cnstructin csts Operatinal (utility) csts Prfessinal invlvement Obtained during the design and cntracting stages by the cst cnsultant. Dependant n the life cycle stage. Types f data required Cst data btained frm suppliers and cntractrs. During the design and cnstructin stage, n the basis f the energy and water use perfrmance assessments. Upn cmpletin, prperty managers and wner ccupiers may btain data frm metering. establishing a cmparative methdlgy framewrk fr calculating cst-ptimal levels f minimum energy perfrmance requirements fr buildings and building elements 83 The inflatin rate shall reflect the Member State where the assessment takes place, and based n the Harmnised Index f Cnsumer Prices (HICP) 84 Eurstat, 169

170 Maintenance, repair and replacement csts Refurbishment csts End f life csts Estimated by cst cnsultants wrking with prperty managers during the acquisitin f (a) building(s) Ptential scenaris fr the future adaptatin f a prperty t changing market cnditins will need t be develped and csted by cst and prperty surveyrs Ptential scenaris fr the decnstructin and demlitin f the building will need t be develped and csted. At a basic level, estimates require data n: the design life f elements and cmpnents, the envirnmental expsure cnditins that they may be expsed t, the service cnditins they will be subjected t, the ptential causes and prbability f early failures. Based n currently available prducts and technlgies at current prices. Fr ffices, this culd range frm csting f a renewal f the fit-ut and servicing, t a change f use frm ffice t residential r shrt stay units (r vice versa). Revised cst estimates culd be btained frm cntractrs n the basis f design features intended t make the building easier t decnstruct, reuse and recycle. Cst estimates wuld need t be made based n current technlgies and prices Simplified rules based n an incmplete life cycle The Level(s) framewrk prmtes an LCC methd that encmpasses all the life cycle stages defined in EN and ISO and fr the scpe f building elements defined in sectin 1.1, table 1.1. Hwever, the Level(s) framewrk als recgnises that upn starting t use LCC, it may be challenging t make meaningful assumptins and chices in relatin t prjected future csts alng the life cycle. In the shrt term, therefre, the Level(s) framewrk encurages design prfessinals t start using LCC by supprting and allwing users t carry ut simplified assessments f life cycle csts that may fcus n a reduced number f life cycle stages. Because a simplified LCC will nt present a true picture f all the life cycle csts f a building, a number f reprting rules shall be fllwed: The results shall clearly be reprted as being based n an incmplete life cycle In each case, the minimum life cycle bundaries and scpe f building elements shall be fllwed A reliability rating cannt be reprted n, because the basis fr the LCC is incmplete Mre detailed guidance n the minimum life cycle bundaries and scpe f building elements is prvided in guidance nte

171 Guidance nte 6.1 fr design teams Simplified ptins fr life cycle csting based n the mdelling f selected life cycle stages A simplified apprach may be adpted by fcusing first n thse life cycle stages f shrt term cncern t clients wh need t finance the capital csts and require an utlk n the peratinal utility csts fr ptential ccupiers. Stages B2, 3 and 4 shall be based n prjectins fr the clients required service life. They shall be based n scheduled maintenance, repairs and replacements f cnstructin prducts. Table Suggested simplified reprting ptins Simplified reprting ptin 1: incmplete life cycle: prduct stage and calculated energy and water perfrmance Simplified reprting ptin 2: incmplete life cycle: prduct stage, calculated energy perfrmance and prjected service life The prduct stage (A1-3) The use stage (B6-7) The prduct stage (A1-3) The use stage (B2-4,B6) 171

172 Suggested reprting frmat The reprting f csts shall be by life cycle stage. The csts reprted under each life cycle stage shall be disaggregated int ne-ff csts (e.g. cnstructin f a building), annual recurrent csts (e.g. utility csts) and prjected nn-annual csts (e.g. unscheduled and planned maintenance). Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment reprting frmat Perfrmance assessment results Type f cst Cst by life cycle stage ( /m 2 /yr) A Prduct and cnstructin stages B Use stage C End f life stage One ff csts Cnstructin Refurbishment and adaptin Decnstructin and demlitin Annual recurrent csts - Energy Water - - Maintenance, repair and replacement - Prjected nn-annual csts - Maintenance, repair and replacement - Ttal csts 172

173 L Mnitring f as-built and ccupied perfrmance The first pprtunity t mnitr the predicted life cycle csts ccurs with the final as-built csts f the building elements, which can be btained frm the lead cntractr r cnstructin manager upn practical cmpletin and final settlement. Thereafter, asset and facilities managers can gather data n the perfrmance f the building ver time in cmparisn t design estimate values fr energy and water demand, as well as annual spending n maintenance, repairs and replacements in cmparisn t prjectins. The cllectin f accurate metered energy and water cnsumptin data requires a metering strategy. Issues t cnsider in develping a metering strategy are utlined in Part 1, sectin 3.5.1, guidance nte 2. A range f sftware packages are available n the market t supprt asset and facilities managers t track maintenance, repair and replacement csts Making Level 2 and 3 cmparative and ptimisatin assessments Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment A number f rules that fix parameters fr the calculatin f csts shall be fllwed if cmparative reprting is required. These are described belw: The reference study perid shall be 50 years. The client's intended service life r investment hlding perid shall additinally be reprted. A discunt rate f 4% shall be used t calculate the net present csts reprted n. The discunt rate stipulated by the client fr internal appraisal purpses shall additinally be reprted. Cnstructin csts shall be adjusted t reflect current prices frm the reference year The cash flws generated shall be discunted ver the reference study perid t give the net present csts f the building. Average natinal utility csts fr husehlds r services shall be used 85. The future prjectins prvided by the Eurpean Cmmissin in the guidance t Delegated Regulatin (EU) N 244/2012 may be used as reference values. Alternatively, the cmparative reprting rules f anther building assessment r reprting scheme may be chsen, in which case the scheme and the assciated parameters used fr cst mdelling shall be reprted in rder t identify the cmparative basis. 85 see Eurstat, 173

174 The fllwing life cycle stages shall be ptinal, subject t them being specified as taking place within the reference study perid that will be reprted n: Refurbishment: The fllwing scenaris shall be csted and reprted fr cmparative purpses: Office building: Refurbishment f the interir fit ut, as well as renvatin f windws and the fllwing systems - lighting and HVAC. The ease f carrying ut the refurbishment shall be factred int the csts. Residential apartment building: Refurbishment f the interir fit ut and facades, as well as the fllwing systems lighting and energy. Residential individual huses: Refurbishment f the interir fit ut and facades, as well as the fllwing systems lighting and energy. End f life: The end f life stages shall be csted n the basis f current technlgy and prices. Sme csts will in any case be incurred in relatin t use stage investments (e.g. the replacement f equipment). Level 2 cmparative perfrmance reprting frmat Part 1 The basis fr reprting Basis fr reprting EU Level(s) framewrk r anther assessment r reprting scheme? Part 2 - Parameters used in calculating the reprted results Reference discunt rate Cmparative investrs discunt rate Reference year Life cycle stages If different frm the EU Level(s) framewrk discunt rate f 3% The discunt rate used by the develper r investr in the building If reprting is accrding t anther scheme Specify if a simplified ptin has been used L Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Users f the Level(s) framewrk seeking t ptimise life cycle csts are recmmended t fcus attentin n the fllwing tw aspects: Aspect 1 Quality and representativeness f cst data Aspect 2 Quality and representativeness f maintenance, repair and replacement plans and prjectins Fr each aspect a brief utline is prvided f hw they can imprve perfrmance, tgether with guidance ntes which g int mre detail. Users shuld then reprt n which aspects they have fcussed n. The mre aspects addressed the better the reliability rating that will be btained, as the rating imprves in functin f accuracy and representativeness. 174

175 In additin a number f parameters and assciated assumptins used t make a mre precise and accurate assessment f life cycle csts shall be reprted, s as t ensure that there is a transparent basis fr the reprted perfrmance. Parameters that shall be reprted n The main parameters fr the life cycle cst calculatins may be selected by the user, but they shall be reprted n in rder t ensure transparency. These shall include: Discunt rate: The rate shall reflect the investment perfrmance requirements f the user (e.g. defined in terms f Weighted Average Cst f Capital (WACC), Internal Rate f Return (IRR) r yield) in rder t use the csts as a cmpnent in calculating a building s Net Present Value. Intended service life: Selected t reflect the intended service life r investment hlding perid f the building and the duratin f the reprted maintenance, repair and replacement planning. Cst escalatin ver time Inflatin: Csts may be real r nminal (inclusive f inflatin). The latter may be chsen if specific sums must be made available t meet payments at specific pints in time in the future. Different rates may be used if there is evidence f higher escalatin rates fr the cst f cnstructin materials. Energy prices: The future prjectins prvided by the Eurpean Cmmissin in the guidance t Delegated Regulatin (EU) N 244/2012 may be used as default values. Refurbishment scenari: Definitin f a scenari fr the refurbishment f the building in rder t extend its service life. This may cntinue the same use, r require a change in the use. End f life scenari: Definitin f a scenari fr the decnstructin and demlitin f the building, which may take int accunt design t facilitate reuse and recycling. The reference year fr cst data shall in all cases by Csts shall be adjusted accrding t the guidance in sectin Key aspects t fcus attentin n Aspect 1 Quality and representativeness f the cst data used Fcus f attentin: Cst data used shall be as gegraphically, temprally and technically representative as pssible f the building typlgy and elements. Because f strng reginal differences in cnstructin and utility csts, users shall cnsider the data used, its quality and its representativeness. A fcus shall be made n btaining data that is as high as pssible in the fllwing indicative hierarchy f cst data, in ascending rder f representativeness: 1. Generic r default natinal r EU data Default data prvided at EU r natinal level Default data prvided by an existing assessment r reprting scheme 2. Older r less gegraphically specific benchmarked and averaged data Published benchmark data, aggregated and averaged frm similar prjects Estimates frm published, average cst data btained frm cntractrs and suppliers 3. Recent tender and market estimates 175

176 Analysis f the bills f quantities and schedules frm ther similar prjects 4. Current tender and market estimates Direct estimates based n ffers frm cntractrs and suppliers Guidance n ptential surces f default, generic and specific data is prvided in guidance nte 6.2. The surces f cst data used fr each majr building element shall be reprted using the frmat prvided fr Level 3. The energy and water cnsumptin perfrmance, and the savings ptential relative t benchmarked perfrmance fr ther buildings in the market, can be verified using a standard such as the Internatinal Perfrmance Measurement and Verificatin Prtcl (IPMVP) 86. Guidance nte 6.2 fr design teams Ptential surces f elemental cst data fr life cycle cst assessment A range f surces f cnstructin cst data exist, usually cmpiled based n averages fr specific types f buildings at Member State level. These can prvide a cst effective surce f initial data. Sme examples include: Eurpean Cnstructin Csts: A private paid subscriptin service that prvides access t data cmpiled frm a number f Member States. Natinal cst databases: BCIS (Building Cst Infrmatin Service) nline (UK): A paid service prvided by the Ryal Institute fr Chartered Surveyrs (RICS). Catálg de Elements Cnstructivs del CTE (BEDEC, Spain): A natinal database f cnstructin elements and materials which includes indicative LCC and LCA data. Belgian Cst Database (ASPEN) ( A natinal database f cnstructin elements and materials. BKI (Germany): A paid service fr design teams which prvides access t cst yardsticks fr typical building elements and fr different building types 87. OSCAR (Germany): A paid service cmpiled by prperty specialists that prvides cst benchmarks fr ffice buildings 88. Aspect 2 Quality and representativeness f maintenance, repair and replacement plans and prjectins Fcus f attentin: Prjected csts fr maintenance, repairs and replacements shall be based n the best available data, knwledge and experience. 86 Efficiency Valuatin Organisatin, Internatinal Perfrmance Measurement and Verificatin Prtcl (IPMVP), 87 Bauksteninfrmatinszentrum Deutscher Architekten (BKI), Statistische Kstenkennwerte für Gebäude, 2010, www. bauksten.de. 88 Jnes Lang LaSalle, Bürnebenkstenanalyse OSCAR Office Service Charge Analysis Reprt, Jnes Lang Lasalle, Germany, jneslanglasalle.de/germany/de-de/pages/research- OSCAR.aspx 176

177 The develpment f a cherent set f cst prjectins requires the structuring f a range f data abut the building int a cherent timeline and plan. Guidance nte 6.3 prvides sme initial rientatin n typical elements f such a plan. Users f the Level(s) framewrk wishing t imprve the reliability f plans and prjectins shall fcus n the quality f the analysis f the data that will be used t develp the plan, as highlighted in sectin : Data fr the design life f elements and cmpnents, Cnsideratin f the envirnmental expsure cnditins that they may be expsed t, Cnsideratin f the service cnditins they will be subjected t, The ptential causes and prbability f early failures. Mrever, an expert review f the verall plan and the assumptins used by an experienced maintenance prfessinal culd highlight additinal imprvements. Where indicatr 1.2 Life cycle Glbal Warming Ptential and/r 2.4 Cradle t cradle Life Cycle Assessment have been calculated, the cnsistency f the maintenance, repair and replacement assumptins shall be ensured. Guidance nte 6.3 fr investrs, prperty managers and wner ccupiers Develping maintenance, repair and replacement plans Experience gained frm lng term management f building stck, such as scial husing, prvides a useful starting pint fr scheduling and estimating the future csts assciated with the maintenance, repair and replacement f building elements and cmpnents. A better understanding f the need fr data and the types f estimates required can be gained by develping such a plan under the fllwing headings: Unscheduled replacement, repairs and maintenance csts: These relate t unfreseen failure r damage befre the design life expires. This might nrmally be estimated n the basis f prbability. Cyclical replacement, repairs and maintenance csts: These relate t csts that reccur during the service life, which can include the predicted failure rates ver time f elements r systems. Fr example, the repainting f windw frames and external render, the repair/replacement f windw glazed units, the repair/replacement f dmestic bilers. Minr replacement, repairs and maintenance csts: These relate t cmpnents that may require interventins several times during the service life, but which n their wn represent relatively minr csts each time. Fr example, parts f the external fit-ut. Majr replacement csts: These relate t the planned replacement f majr elements f the building upn expiry f their prjected design life e.g. rfing, external render, cladding, windws and HVAC systems. The resulting plan can be used t anticipate future csts as they ccur. Sufficient mney can thus be saved annually in a sinking fund t pay fr knwn future replacements that will be required at different pints in time. Such a plan can als be used t manage ptential risks and liabilities. Further guidance can be fund in sectin f ISO

178 Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin reprting frmat Part 1 - Optimisatin aspects addressed Aspect Aspect 1 Quality and representativeness f the cst data used Addressed? (yes/n) Ntes n data surces and calculatin methd Aspect 2 Quality and representativeness f maintenance, repair and replacement plans and prjectins Part 2 - Data transparency Building elements Types f data surce used fr the identified life cycle stages * Basis fr future assumptins A Prduct and cnstructin stages B2 Maintenance B3 Repair B4 Replacement Fundatins Lad bearing structural frame Nn-lad bearing elements Facades Rf Parking facilities Fixed lighting system Energy system Ventilatin system Sanitary systems Miscellaneus systems * types f data surces: 1. Generic r default natinal r EU data 1a. Default data prvided at EU r natinal level 1b. Default data prvided by an existing assessment r reprting scheme 178

179 2. Older r less gegraphically specific benchmarked and averaged data 2a. Published benchmark data, aggregated and averaged frm similar prjects 2b. Estimates frm published, average cst data btained frm cntractrs and suppliers 3. Recent tender and market estimates 3a. Analysis f the bills f quantities and schedules frm ther similar prjects 4. Current tender and market estimates 4a. Direct estimates based n ffers frm cntractrs and suppliers Prperty valuatin influence and reliability rating The fllwing tls are prvided t infrm the valuatin f a prperty fr which perfrmance has been assessed accrding t indicatr 6.1: Checklists fr the ptentially psitive influence n value and risk Checklist 1: Ptential psitive influence n future perfrmance Checklist 2: Accunting fr the perfrmance assessment in valuatin criteria Ratings f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1: Basis fr the perfrmance assessment Rating 2: Prfessinal capabilities Rating 3: Independent verificatin The cmpleted reprting may be used separately alngside the Level 1, 2 r 3 results fr indicatr 6.1, r may frm part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2. In the case that the ratings will be used as part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2, then the rating 1 results shall be used t calculate the verall Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI). The Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI) fr rating 1 shall be calculated frm the individual ratings as fllws: (TeR Σ{rating aspects}) IRI = 2 Where: TeR = Technical Representativeness The ptential fr a psitive influence n a market valuatin Checklist 1 Evaluatin f ptentially psitive influences n future perfrmance 179

180 Ptential influence Evaluated? Resulting assumptins used in the appraisal Ptential influence 1 Increased revenues due t market recgnitin and lwer vid rates. Ptential influence 2 Reduced peratinal, maintenance, repair and/r replacement csts. Ptential influence 3 Reduced future risk f increased verheads r lss f incme. Yes/n Yes/n Yes/n Checklist 2 Accunting fr the Level(s) assessment in the valuatin criteria used Valuatin criteria set used Identify the scheme r tl used Versin f the criteria set used Criteria which the assessment has influenced Influence n the valuatin r rating Valuatin criterin Sub-criterin Criterin x Sub-criterin y Ntes n the extent f the influence and the supprting assumptins used Reliability rating f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1 - Basis fr the perfrmance assessment Sub-indicatr Rating aspect Rating scre (reflecting the degree f representativeness) 0 1 Lw 2 Medium 3 High 1. Quality and representativeness f the cst data used 2. Quality and representativeness f maintenance, repair and replacement plans and prjectins The ptential accuracy f the surces f cst data fr building elements and cmpnents. The extent t which maintenance, repair and replacement plans and prjectins are based n the best available data, knwledge and experience. 180

181 Indicatr 6.1 Indicatr Reliability Rating Rating 2 Prfessinal capabilities Rating aspect Rating scre Technical capability f the persnnel carrying ut the assessment(s) N frmal training and limited experience in using the calculatin methd Accredited training r sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Accredited training and sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Accredited training and significant applied experience in using the calculatin methd Rating 3 Independent verificatin Rating aspect Rating scre Independent verificatin f the assessment Self-declaratin f the perfrmance assessment results Peer review f the input data and calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the input data and calculatin steps 181

182 6.2 Indicatr f value creatin and risk factrs 6.2 Value creatin and risk factrs The ptential fr a psitive influence n a market valuatin Reliability rating f a Level(s) assessment Calculatin f the technical rating This indicatr relies n the gathering f the tw types f results frm each f the ther indicatrs and life cycle scenaris: Valuatin checklists: The infrmatin gathered frm each f the tw checklists per indicatr is intended t prvide an utlk n the ptential fr a psitive influence f imprved sustainability perfrmance n a prperty valuatin. Reliability ratings: The results f the ratings are intended t prvide a semi-quantitative assessment f: the reliability f a Level(s) perfrmance assessment, the prfessinal capabilities f thse carrying ut a perfrmance assessment, and the extent t which the results have been third party verified. The checklists are t be cmpleted fllwing the guidance prvided fr each indicatr and scenari. Guidance is then prvided in as t hw ratings frm individual indicatrs can be aggregated t present an verall reprt fr a Level(s) assessment The ptential fr psitive influence n a market valuatin Using the reprting checklists The reprting fr this first cmpnent f indicatr 6.2 cmprises tw checklists which are t be applied t each f the indicatrs in the Level(s) framewrk. It is envisaged that these checklists are used by valuatin prfessinals. The first checklist identifies three ptential influences n prject csts, revenues and expsure t risk. The user shall identify which have been evaluated fr the relevant indicatr, and if s, what the resulting assumptins were. The secnd checklist requests that the criteria used t appraise the prperty value are identified. The criteria and sub-criteria which are cnsidered t have been influenced by the perfrmance assessment shall be identified. Ntes shall be prvided n the extent f the influence and the supprting assumptins. The cmpleted reprting may be used separately t reprt n the result fr individual indicatrs r scenaris, r may frm part f the verall reprting fr indicatr Suggested reprting frmat Checklist 1 Evaluatin f ptentially psitive influences n the market perfrmance 182

183 Ptential influence Evaluated? Resulting assumptins used in the appraisal Ptential influence 1 Increased revenues due t market recgnitin and lwer vid rates. Ptential influence 2 Reduced peratinal, maintenance, repair and/r replacement csts. Ptential influence 3 Reduced future risk f increased verheads r lss f incme. Yes/n Yes/n Yes/n Checklist 2 Accunting fr a Level(s) assessment in the valuatin criteria used Valuatin criteria set used Identify the scheme r tl used Versin f the criteria set used Indicative example Valuatin criteria set used Versin f the criteria used VOB (Germany) 2005 Criteria which the assessment has influenced Influence n the valuatin r rating Valuatin criterin Sub-criterin Criterin x Sub-criterin y Ntes n the extent f the influence and the supprting assumptins used Indicative example EU Level(s) framewrk indicatr r scenari Valuatin r risk rating criteria influenced Valuatin criterin Sub-criterin Scenari Design fr refurbishment and adaptability Quality f the prperty cash flw Tenant and ccupier situatin: duratin and structure f rental cntracts Letting prspects Vacancy/letting situatin Usability by third parties 183

184 6.2.2 Reliability rating f the perfrmance assessment Calculatin methdlgy Each indicatr reliability rating cnsists f three separate ratings: 1. Technical rating - the extent t which perfrmance ptimisatin aspects listed fr Level 3 have been implemented. The aspects relate t the time, gegraphical r technical representativeness f the data and/r the precisin f the calculatin methd used. 2. Prfessinal capability - the prfessinal capabilities f the persnnel carrying ut the perfrmance assessment fr a given indicatr r scenari, 3. Independent verificatin - the extent t which the input data and calculatin steps have been audited and third party verified. The first rating is an aggregatin f a number f ratings. It shall be determined frm the arithmetic mean f the rating scres fr each f the Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin aspects listed fr a given indicatr. If a perfrmance aspect is nt addressed, a zer scre is assigned. The frmat used t present the rating f aspects fr each indicatr is shwn in table Table Frmat fr the presentatin f a semi-quantitative reliability rating Rating aspect Brief descriptin f the aspect Rating scre (reflecting the degree f representativeness) Time representativeness aspect Descriptin f the aspect Aspect nt addressed 2. Gegraphical representativeness aspect 3. Technical representativeness aspect Indicatr x.y Indicatr Reliability Rating Resulting IRI The Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI) fr each technical rating shall be calculated frm the individual ratings as fllws: (TeR min{rating aspects})+(gr min{rating aspects})+ (TR min{rating aspect}) IRI = 3 Where: TeR = Technical Representativeness GR = Gegraphical Representativeness TR = Time representativeness The lwest scre fr each f the three types f rating aspect shall be used t calculate the arithmetic mean f the reliability. 184

185 The scales fr the rating f prfessinal capabilities and independent verificatin are prvided belw. Table Frmat fr the prfessinal capability rating Rating aspect Rating scre Technical capability f the persnnel carrying ut the assessment(s) N frmal training and limited experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training r sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training and sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Frmal training and significant applied experience in using the calculatin methd Table Frmat fr the independent verificatin rating Rating aspect Rating scre Independent verificatin f the assessment Self-declaratin f the perfrmance assessment results Peer review f the input data and calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the input data and calculatin steps Suggested reprting frmat The reprting frmat requires users t reprt n the ratings made fr all the indicatr s selected fr reprting by users f Level(s). Fr each perfrmance assessment carried ut, the results f each f the three ratings (technical, prfessinal capability and independent verificatin) shall be reprted n using the traffic light scale prvided. The clur cde crrespnds t the same categries as fr the rating scre. Indicatr 6.2 reprting frmat Reliability ratings fr each perfrmance assessment Indicatr r scenari 1. Technical reliability rating 2. Prfessinal capabilities rating 3. Independent verificatin rating Indicatr x.y Clur cded rating result Clur cded rating result Clur cded rating result Rating key: Rating aspect nt addressed Lw Medium High 185

186 Overarching assessment tl 7: Cradle t cradle Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Cradle t cradle LCA Where t find the guidance fr each Level Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2 cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3 perfrmance ptimisatin assessment Valuatin influence and reliability rating (all levels) The Level(s) framewrk seeks t address the life cycle envirnmental impacts f buildings in an integrated way. The quantitative assessment f the envirnmental impacts f a building using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is recgnised at EU level as the best methd t achieve this. Whilst LCA was nted under macr-bjective 2 as a methd t assess the significant envirnmental impacts f building materials, LCA is prmted as an verarching methd t assess perfrmance within the Level(s) framewrk. This sectin prvides a tlkit t make LCA mre accessible t new users. Guidance is prvided n hw t define the scpe, bundaries, functinal equivalent, time-related characteristics and scenaris required t carry ut an LCA. Data quality is als addressed. 7.1 Terms and definitins used Allcatin Attributinal LCA Backgrund prcesses Characterizatin factr Cmpnent Cnstructin prduct Cnstructin wrk Critical review Cut-ff criteria partitining the input r utput flws f a prcess r a prduct system between the prduct system under study and ne r mre ther prduct systems. system mdelling apprach in which inputs and utputs are attributed t the functinal unit f a prduct system by linking and/r partitining the unit prcesses f the system accrding t a nrmative rule. prcesses which are linked t the fregrund prcesses (e.g. the prductin and supply f cncrete / grid electricity). factr which is applied t cnvert an assigned life cycle inventry result t the cmmn unit used fr the respective envirnmental indicatr cnstructin prduct manufactured as a distinct unit t serve a specific functin r functins. item manufactured r prcessed fr incrpratin in cnstructin wrks. activities f frming a cnstructin wrks. prcess intended t ensure cnsistency between a life cycle assessment and the principles and requirements f the Internatinal Standards n life cycle assessment. specificatin f the amunt f material r energy flw r the level f envirnmental significance assciated with unit prcesses r prduct system t be excluded frm a study. 186

187 Data quality Elementary flw Envirnmental aspect Envirnmental impact Envirnmental impact categry Envirnmental indicatr Envirnmental perfrmance Estimated service life Fregrund prcesses Functinal equivalent Functinal perfrmance Functinal requirement Functinal unit Functinality Htspts Primary data (specific data) characteristics f data that relate t their ability t satisfy stated requirements. material r energy entering the system being studied that has been drawn frm the envirnment withut previus human transfrmatin, r material r energy leaving the system being studied that is released int the envirnment withut subsequent human transfrmatin. aspect f cnstructin wrks, part f wrks, prcesses r services related t their life cycle that can cause change t the envirnment. change t the envirnment, whether adverse r beneficial, whlly r partially, resulting frm envirnmental aspects. class representing envirnmental issues f cncern t which life cycle inventry analysis results may be assigned. quantifiable value related t envirnmental impacts/aspects. perfrmance related t envirnmental impacts and envirnmental aspects. service life that a building r an assembled system (part f wrks) wuld be expected t have in a set f specific inuse cnditins, determined frm reference service life data after taking int accunt any differences frm the reference in use cnditins. prcesses which affect directly the LCA results (e.g. the actual cntent f cncrete in a clumn, the cnsumptin f electricity during the ccupatin f a building). quantified functinal requirements and/r technical requirements fr a building r an assembled system (part f wrks) fr use as a basis fr cmparisn. perfrmance related t the functinality f the cnstructin wrks r an assembled system (part f wrks), which is required by the client and/r by users and/r by regulatins. type and level f functinality f a building r assembled system which is required by the client and/r by users and/r by regulatins. quantified perfrmance f a prduct system fr use as a reference unit. suitability r usefulness fr a specific purpse r activity. aspects, areas r elements in the life cycle f a prduct which have the highest impacts/imprtance. site-specific infrmatin based n direct measurement r characterisatin f parameters fr a certain cntext. Primary data can be btained fr instance thrugh meter readings, purchase recrds, utility bills, engineering 187

188 mdels, direct mnitring, mass balance, stichimetry, r ther methds. Prcess Prduct system Reference flw Reference study perid Required service life Scenari Secndary data Sensitivity analysis Service life / wrking life System bundary Technical building system Technical perfrmance Technical requirement Unit prcess set f interrelated r interacting activities that transfrms inputs int utputs. cllectin f unit prcesses with elementary and prduct flws, perfrming ne r mre defined functins, and which mdels the life cycle f a prduct. measure f the utputs frm prcesses in a given prduct system required t fulfil the functin expressed by the functinal unit. perid ver which the time-dependent characteristics f the bject f assessment are analysed. service life required by the client r thrugh regulatins. cllectin f assumptins and infrmatin cncerning an expected sequence f pssible future events. nn-specific infrmatin which is gathered frm LCA databases r ther surces available in the literature (e.g. industry-average data frm published databases, gvernment statistics, literature studies, and industry assciatins, financial data, prxy data, and ther generic data). Primary data that g thrugh a hrizntal aggregatin step are als cnsidered as secndary data. systematic prcedures fr estimating the effects f the chices made regarding methds and data n the utcme f a study. perid f time after installatin during which a building r an assembled system (part f wrks) meets r exceeds the technical requirements and functinal requirements. set f criteria specifying which unit prcesses are part f a prduct system interface in the assessment between a building and its surrundings r ther prduct systems technical equipment fr heating, cling, ventilatin, ht water, lighting r fr a cmbinatin theref. perfrmance related t the capability f a cnstructin wrks r an assembled system (part f wrks) t fulfil its required functins under the intended use cnditins. type and level f technical characteristics f a cnstructin wrks r an assembled system (part f wrks), which are required r are a cnsequence f the requirements made by either the client, and/r by the users and/r by regulatins. smallest element cnsidered in the life cycle inventry analysis fr which input and utput data are quantified. 188

189 L1 7.2 Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment using the LCA methd Bundary and scpe The life cycle stages and dcumentatin f the building The scpe cmprises the evlutin f the building frm cradle t cradle. The setting f the system bundaries shall fllw the mdularity principle accrding t the EN This means that the unit prcesses influencing the building s envirnmental perfrmance during its life cycle shall be assigned t the mdule in the life cycle where they ccur. The building shall be dcumented as fllws, fllwing the scpe defined in sectin 1.1: Cmpnents (elements, structural parts, prducts, materials) needed during its life time. This als includes the cnsideratin f in-use cnditins and timedependent qualities. Assciated prcesses such as maintenance, exchange and End f Life prcesses and re-use, recycling and energy retrieval Energy and water use during the peratin f the building. Additinal methdlgical rules and cut-ff criteria are described in Sectins and The End f Life f a building starts when the building is decmmissined and n further use is intended. Cmpnents and materials t clear frm the site have t be remved and the site has t be made ready fr the next use. The End f Life stage shall be defined accrding t Mdule C1-C4 f EN Lads r benefits utside the system bundary are included in Mdule D Simplified ptins based n an incmplete life cycle The Level(s) framewrk prmtes an LCA methd that encmpasses all the life cycle stages defined in EN and fr the scpe f building elements defined in sectin 1.1, table 1.1. Hwever, the framewrk als recgnises that upn starting t use LCA it may be challenging t cmpile sufficient life cycle inventry data fr all the building elements. Mrever, design prfessinals may nt have the expertise t make meaningful assumptins and chices in relatin t the use f generic data r data frm ther surces. Because a simplified LCA will nt present a true picture f the life cycle envirnmental impact f a building, a number f reprting rules shall be fllwed: The results shall clearly be reprted as being based n an incmplete life cycle In each case the minimum life cycle bundaries and scpe f building elements shall be fllwed A reliability rating may nt be reprted n, because the basis fr the LCA is incmplete Mre detailed guidance n the minimum life cycle bundaries and scpe f building elements is prvided in LCA guidance nte 1. LCA guidance nte 7.1 fr design teams Simplified ptins fr LCA based n the mdelling f selected life cycle stages It is anticipated that ver time, the availability f data and sftware tls, as well as imprved access t prfessinal training, will facilitate the use f LCA acrss the EU. In the shrt term, hwever, the Level(s) framewrk will encurage design prfessinals t start using LCA by supprting and allwing users t carry ut simplified LCAs that may fcus n a reduced number f life cycle stages. A simplified apprach may be adpted by fcussing first n thse life cycle stages in which material use and envirnmental impacts will have taken place upn cmpletin f the building, and will be directly influenced by design decisins. Stages B2, 3 and 4 shall be based n prjectins fr the client's required service life. 189

190 They shall be based n scheduled maintenance, repairs and replacements f cnstructin prducts. Stage D is intended t represent the net benefit f the materials used in the building if they were t be reused and/r recycled smetimes referred t as the building material bank. Specific calculatin rules shall be fllwed (see sectin ). Table 7.1 Suggested simplified reprting ptins Simplified reprting ptin 1: incmplete life cycle: prduct stage, calculated energy perfrmance and prjected service life Simplified reprting ptin 2: incmplete life cycle: prduct stage, calculated energy perfrmance and the building material bank' The prduct stage (A1-3) The use stage (B4-5, B6) The prduct stage (A1-3) The use stage (B6) The end f life stage (C3-4) Benefits and lads beynd the system bundary (D) Calculatin methdlgy and data requirements Calculatin methdlgy t be used The general methdlgy fr carrying ut an LCA is standardised by the reference standard ISO 14040/44 (2006) which describes fur main phases: 1. Gal and Scpe definitin 2. Life Cycle Inventry (LCI) analysis 3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 4. Interpretatin Mre specific guidance n hw t carry ut an LCA study fr buildings and cnstructin prducts can be fund in the reference standards EN (2011) and EN (2012). The Life Cycle Inventry (LCI) analysis phase is at the heart f the LCA calculatin methdlgy. It cnsists f the cmpilatin and quantificatin f inputs (e.g. raw materials, water and energy flws) and utputs (e.g. c-prducts, waste emissins t air, water and sil) fr a prduct thrughut its life cycle, and in accrdance with the gal and scpe definitin. The LCI cmpilatin is based n the fllwing steps: Gathering f infrmatin abut the resurces cnsumed and the emissins released in the life cycle prcesses included in the system bundary. These are called fregrund data, which are typically quantified thrugh data cllectin sheets. Identificatin f surces f infrmatin fr quantifying the assciated elementary flws. These can be a mix f primary and secndary data, typically quantified with the supprt f LCA databases. Dcumentatin f all data cllected per life cycle stage: Measurement methd and the frequency f data cllectin List f prcesses and primary/secndary data used Detailed Bill f Materials, including names, units and quantities, as well as infrmatin n grade/purity and ther technically and/r envirnmentally relevant characteristics Evaluatin f data quality (see Sectin 7.4) 190

191 Implementatin f the infrmatin gathered in spreadsheets and/r LCA sftware. Cmputer-aided quantificatin f input and utput elementary flws. The Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) phase aims at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance f the ptential envirnmental impacts frm the life cycle f the system under evaluatin. Inputs and utputs quantified in the LCI need t be assigned t each impact categry selected in the gal and scpe f the study. Envirnmental impacts are then calculated fr each categry by cnverting LCI results int quantified impacts by applying characterisatin factrs. The utcme f the calculatin is a numerical indicatr result. The Interpretatin phase is the final step f LCA, where initial assumptins and utcmes frm LCI and LCIA must be critically evaluated in relatin t the defined gal and scpe, and in rder t ensure that rbust cnclusins and recmmendatins are achieved. As described under macr-bjective 2, additinal rules fr using LCA are prvided within the Level(s) framewrk fr the fllwing life cycle scenaris which fcus n resurce efficiency: Scenari tl 1: Building and elemental service life planning Scenari tl 2: Design fr adaptability and refurbishment Scenari tl 3: Design fr decnstructin, reuse and recyclability Fr further guidance n each step in this prcess it is recmmended t cnsult the EeB Guide prject: Table 7.2 Calculatin rules fr carrying ut a Level 1 LCA Level 1: Cmmn perfrmance metric Target end-users Building scpe The main users f this ptin are intended t be prfessinals wh are nt LCA experts, but they are interested in understanding and imprving the verall envirnmental perfrmance f the building. A simplified calculatin methd and data surces are therefre prvided. The building elements listed fr the shell and cre, and excluding external wrks. See the building element listing in Sectin 1,Table 1.1 System bundary and cut ff rules All life cycle stages shall be calculated, unless a simplified reprting ptin is selected as a starting pint. The mdelling shall be as cmprehensive and realistic as pssible in describing the life cycle f the building. Energy mdelling Inventry data t be btained frm indicatr 1.1 Water mdelling Inventry data t be btained frm indicatr 3.1 Scenaris and End f Life With reference t scenaris in macr-bjective 2 LCI and LCIA datasets and sftware As a minimum, default data has t be used fr calculating the impacts assciated with building parts and elements and life cycle prcesses. This data can be btained by a literature review and/r by using existing sftware tls and databases. This ptin shuld be pssible based n freely available and simple sftware tls and databases. A list f databases and sftware 191

192 tls is prvided as a separate dynamic list. Data quality requirements Interpretatin f the results and critical review Since the main bjective f this ptin is t encurage prfessinals t use LCA and t fcus n the same key envirnmental issues, the fcus fr data quality shall be n transparency. A data quality index calculated accrding t the methd set ut in Sectin is t be reprted fr transparency reasns, as well as data surces. Result shall be interpreted critically thrugh a sensitivity analysis in rder t understand: Envirnmental ht-spts, pssible trade-ffs between life cycle stages and imprvement areas The influence f data surces n the results, Data gaps, rbustness f assumptins, and limitatins. Summary cnclusins and recmmendatins shall be drafted Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methds A range f different envirnmental impact indicatrs have been develped by the scientific cmmunity. The indicatrs that shall be used in this framewrk are the midpint indicatrs stipulated in the reference standards EN and EN Midpint indicatrs are cnsidered t be a pint in the cause-effect chain (r envirnmental mechanism) at which an impact n the envirnment can be quantified. An impact can be calculated by applying characterisatin factrs that reflect the relative imprtance f an emissin r extractin in a Life Cycle Inventry (LCI) (e.g. the glbal warming ptential f methane cmpared t CO 2 ). A brief descriptin f the envirnmental impact categries and their related indicatrs that users f the Level(s) framewrk shall characterise and reprt upn is given in the fllwings: Glbal Warming Ptential (GWP), which measures hw much heat a greenhuse gas can ptentially trap in the atmsphere cmpared t the amunt f heat trapped by a similar mass f carbn dixide. GWP is calculated ver a specific time interval, cmmnly 20, 100 r 500 years. GWP100 (fr 100 years) is cnsidered in this cntext. GWP is expressed as equivalent mass f carbn dixide (whse GWP is nrmalised t 1). Depletin ptential f the stratspheric zne layer (ODP), which measures the relative amunt f degradatin t the zne layer caused by a chemical cmpund cmpared t trichlrflurmethane (CFC-11, whse ODP is thus equal t 1.0). CFC 11 has the maximum ODP amngst chlrcarbns because f the presence f three chlrine atms in the mlecule Acidificatin Ptential f land and water (AP), which can be defined as the prpensity f a chemical t frm acidifying H+ ins. The main acidifying chemicals are xides f sulphur (SOx), xides f nitrgen (NOx), hydrchlric acid (HCl) and ammnia NH3, which are mainly prduced by fssil fuel cmbustin. The acidificatin ptential is expressed in terms f equivalent mass f SO 2. Eutrphicatin Ptential (EP), expressed as equivalent mass f PO4, indicates the degree f hyper-prductivity f ecsystems due t nutrients. While phsphrus is a critical factr fr freshwater, nitrgen plays a mre imprtant 192

193 rle in marine and terrestrial ecsystems. T much nutrients in water can cause the excessive generatin f bimass, which finally result in the depletin f the disslved xygen. Increased cntent f nitrgen in sil can lead t the undesired prliferatin f fast grwing plant species that can adapt easily t thse levels. Frmatin ptential f trpspheric zne phtchemical xidants (POCP) is used t estimate the ptential f air emissins t create zne. The POCP value f a particular substance (NO x and vlatile rganic cmpunds) measures hw much the zne cncentratin can vary cmpared t an equivalent mass f ethene (C 2 H 4 ). Abitic Resurce Depletin Ptential fr elements (ADP elementsultimate reserves) and fr fssil fuels (ADP fssil fuels), respectively expressed as equivalent mass f Antimny (Sb) and equivalent feedstck energy (Lwer Heating Value), are used t evaluate the cnsumptin f resurces. LCA guidance nte 7.2 fr design teams Selecting mre cmprehensive envirnmental impact categries Building prducts and materials are respnsible fr a diversity f envirnmental impacts, with sme being distinct t specific materials. Chices made at the design phase may therefre be affected by the type f envirnmental aspects cnsidered by an LCA. The impact categries included in the current versins f EN and EN address nly a prtin f the pssible envirnmental effects f a building. This is due t the fact that methds fr assessing ther envirnmental impacts were nt cnsidered t be rbust enugh t be included in the standard. A revisin f the EN standard is under preparatin, with final publicatin planned by the first quarter f 2019, and is likely t mve twards clser alignment with the current Prduct Envirnmental Ftprint (PEF) pilt prject f the Eurpean Cmmissin 89. This culd in particular result in the mdificatin and/r update f the impact categries cnsidered in the EN standard and f the assciated impact assessment methds. Additinal impact categries under cnsideratin are: Ec txicity and human txicity Particulate matter / respiratry inrganics (dust particles) Inising radiatin Land use Water scarcity Users f LCA will then have the ptin t assess the perfrmance f buildings fr a brader range f impacts. One drawback is that it will then take time fr prduct specific data t be develped. Cnsequently, generic data may have t be initially used, making the results less accurate

194 LCA guidance nte 7.3 Abitic Depletin Ptential (ADP) and ther indicatrs fr assessing the depletin f resurces Cnstructin prducts are made f different types f materials like metals, nn-metallic minerals, fssil and bimass-based materials. Depletin f sme f these resurces is assessed in the standards EN and EN by the fllwing indicatrs: 1. ADP elements, in kg Sb eq (which is cnsidered representative fr the cnsumptin f metallic resurces) 2. ADP fssil fuels, in MJ (which is cnsidered representative fr the cnsumptin f fssil resurces used fr bth material and energy purpses) These indicatrs are in particular addressing the depletin f metallic and fssil resurces. Tw additinal indicatr fr nn-metallic mineral and bimass resurces, in kg, are thus necessary t include in rder t prvide a mre cmprehensive assessement f resurce depletin. The amunt f material input needed t make a cnstructin prduct is in general higher that the mass f cnstructin prduct itself, due t waste and material lsses alng the supply chain and depending n the efficiency f the manufacturing prcess. Using the Bill f Quantities (BQ) and the Bill f Materials (BM) fr a building, it is pssible t quantify the Life Cycle Inventry (LCI) f resurces. The LCI is effectively a cmpilatin f elementary flws f resurces assciated t the prductin and supply f the cnstructin prducts listed in the BQ r materials listed in the BOM. These prducts and materials are cnsidered as necessary during the entire service lifetime f the building (e.g. if the expected life f a windw is 25 years and the lifetime f the building is 50 years, the amunt f materials assciated t a windw must be dubled). If ADP is taken as example, the ADP f a prduct A can be calculated as fllws: Where, Optin 1) Σ EF i x ADP i Optin 2) mass A x ADP A EF i is the elementary flw i assciated t the life cycle f A ADP i is the ADP assciated t EF i ADP A is the ADP factr assciated t A. T prvide an example, the fllwing cnstructin prduct wuld result in 579 elementary flws f resurces. Althugh this type f cncrete is nt reinfrced, its ADP elements is assessed as kg Sb eq per m 3 f cncrete. This results frm 95 resurces used in its prductin chain, with 4 f them cntributing all tgether t mre than 90% f the verall scre, as reprted belw. Tables 7.3 and 7.4 present the results. Table 7.3 BM f an unreinfrced cncrete prduced with cement CEM II/A Prducts Amunt Unit Nrmal cncrete prduced with cement CEM II/A (Average Wrld's cnditins)* 1 m 3 Material resurces Amunt Unit Lubricating il 0.02 kg Sand 720 kg Cncrete mixing factry 4.17E-07 p Gravel, rund 1280 kg Synthetic rubber 0.12 kg 194

195 Tap water (CA-QC) kg Tap water (Eurpe withut Switzerland) kg Tap water (Rest f the Wrld) kg Cement, alternative cnstituents 6-20% kg Cement, alternative cnstituents 6-20% kg (*) Ntes: Expsitin class accrding t EN 206-1: X0 Density: 2370 kg/m3, cntent f cement: 200 kg/m 3 Table 7.4 Elementary flws f resurces cntributing t the ADPelements f the example abve Substance Amunt (g Sb eq.) Cntributin Relative Cumulative 1) Indium % 78.2% 2) Cadmium % 87.6% 3) Lead % 89.7% 4) Silver, 0.007% in sulfide, Ag 0.004%, Pb, Zn, Cd, In 5) Silver, Ag 9.7E-4%, Au 9.7E-4%, Zn 0.63%, Cu 0.38%, Pb 0.014%, in re % 91.5% % 93.0% 6) Zinc % 94.0% 7) Nickel, 1.98% in silicates, 1.04% in crude re % 94.9% 8) Tin The apprach described abve can be used t calculate depletin f resurces fr the entire life cycle f the building Data mdelling and surces Sftware tls An LCA study culd theretically be carried-ut using nly spreadsheets t cmpile the data and make the calculatins. Hwever, due t the amunt f data t prcess, LCA mdelling and calculatins are typically supprted by sftware tls, which can als cnstitute a surce f LCI databases and datasets fr elements, technlgies and peratins f relevance fr buildings. LCA sftware tls can be classified as fllws: Simplified tls based n excel and/r IT interface (where simplificatin is usually made at the level f life cycle aspects cnsidered and data implemented) vs. mre cmplex tls fr full LCA (e.g. GaBI, OpenLCA, Simapr). Open-surce (e.g. OpenLCA) vs. cmmercial (e.g. GaBi, SimaPr) sftware tls. Generic (e.g. GaBi, SimaPr) vs. building-specific sftware tls (e.g. BEES, which is a Windws-based sftware tl, and, ATHENA, ELODIE and SB Tl). A nn-exhaustive list f LCA sftware tls which may have the ptential fr use is prvided in a separate dynamic list fr users f the Level(s) framewrk. 195

196 Mdelling rules An attributinal apprach shall be fllwed in the mdelling 90. Cut ff rules are t be used, which define which building elements and parts shall be cnsidered in an LCA. The rules t be used are described in Sectin Default cut-ff rules are stipulated fr reprting at the simplest level (fr a cmmn perfrmance assessment). An allcatin prcedure is necessary when input and utput frm a prcess must be split between mre than ne prduct (e.g. grund blast furnace slag frm steel prductin which is used in cement mixes) r prcess. Accrding t EN 15804, allcatin shuld be avided as far as pssible by dividing the unit prcess t be allcated int different subprcesses that can be allcated t the c-prducts and by cllecting the input and utput data related t these sub-prcesses. When allcatin is needed, inputs and utputs shuld be partitined in a way that reflects the underlying relatinships between the cprducts: 1. Material flws carrying specific inherent prperties, e.g. energy cntent, elementary cmpsitin (e.g. bigenic carbn cntent), shall always be allcated reflecting the physical flws, irrespective f the allcatin chsen fr the prcess 2. Allcatin shall be based n physical prperties (e.g. mass, vlume) when the difference in revenue frm the c-prducts/prcesses is lw (i.e. f the rder f 1%); 3. In all ther cases allcatin shall be based n ecnmic values. Mdule D recgnises the design fr reuse, recycling and recvery cncept fr buildings by indicating the ptential benefits f avided future use f primary materials and fuels while taking int accunt the lads assciated with the recycling and recvery prcesses beynd the system bundary. In this case, the net credits assciated t the ptential substitutin f primary material can be taken int accunt. Net credits are calculated as fllws: by adding all utput flws f a secndary material r fuel and subtracting all input flws f this secndary material r fuel frm each sub-mdule first (e.g. B1-B5, C1-C4, etc.), then frm the mdules (e.g. B, C), and finally frm the ttal prduct system thus arriving at net utput flws f secndary material r fuel frm the prduct system (this in rder t avid duble cunting); by adding the impacts cnnected t the recycling r recvery prcesses frm beynd the system bundary (after the end-f-waste state) up t the pint f functinal equivalence where the secndary material r energy substitutes primary prductin and then subtracting the impacts resulting frm the substituted prductin f the prduct r substituted generatin f energy frm primary surces; by applying a justified value-crrectin factr t reflect the difference in functinal equivalence where the utput flw des nt reach the functinal equivalence f the substituting prcess. The amunt f secndary material utput, which is fr all practical purpses able t replace ne t ne the input f secndary material n a clsed lp basis is allcated t the prduct system under study and nt t mdule D. 90 The attributinal apprach is a system mdelling apprach in which inputs and utputs are attributed t the functinal unit f a prduct system (in this case the use f 1m 2 f a building during 1 year) by linking and/r partitining the unit prcesses f the system in direct prprtin t the flws assciated with the prduct. The alternative ptin is the cnsequential apprach which is a system mdelling apprach in which activities in a prduct system are linked s that activities are included in the prduct system t the extent that they are expected t change as a cnsequence f a change in demand fr the functinal unit. 196

197 Data surces Carrying ut an LCA relies n the cmpilatin f data t describe as accurately as pssible all the prductin prcesses, resurce use and emissins related t the building and its elements. This data can be either specific r generic data fr cnstructin prducts and materials. Data must be relevant and accurate, irrespective f the selected type (e.g. specific LCI data, average LCI data). In general, specific and verified LCA data (i.e. frm Envirnmental Prduct Declaratins) is mre precise than generic LCA data. Databases are imprtant resurces when primary data related t the specific cnstructin prducts used is nt available. Databases can be: Specific (e.g. Bauteil katalg, EPDs) r generic (e.g. Ecinvent, GaBi) Freely available (e.g. ELCD), partially cstly (e.g. Bauteil katalg) r cstly (e.g. Ecinvent, GaBi) A nn-exhaustive list f databases and data surces f relevance fr buildings is prvided in a separate dynamic list fr users f the Level(s) framewrk. LCA guidance nte 4 prvides design teams with further rientatin. LCA guidance nte 7.4 fr design teams LCA sftware tls and databases Mst LCA sftware tls and databases are nt freely accessible, instead a license has t be paid t be able t use them. There are sme exceptins. The OpenLCA tl is an example f a sftware tl that can be dwnladed and used fr free. It allws fr life cycle mdelling and assessment based n the insertin f primary data and the link t (either free r cmmercial) databases. It des, hwever, suppse prfessinal develpment t make crrect use f it. Alternatively, an accessible way t carry ut the LCA f a building is t reprt in an excel file the bill f materials and any ther relevant fregrund data related t the building's life cycle mdules (e.g. energy cnsumptin in mdule B6, net credits in mdule D). Characterisatin factrs, expressing relative envirnmental impacts per unit f material r prcess (e.g. per kg r m 3 ), can then be assigned t each entry in rder t calculate abslute impacts. This can be a lng prcess but allws the user t have a transparent and effective tl fr calculating the envirnmental impacts f a building. An example f a partially free database f relevance fr the building sectr is the Bauteil katalg. The Bauteilkatalg supplies datasets fr the mst cmmn building cmpnents, including prduct weight and LCIA data. The LCIA data prvided with the free licence is fr primary energy and GWP values. The user needs t have a basic knwledge f LCA t understand the data. Further data can be bught. Sftware tls such as Athena allw fr imprting directly the bill f materials frm CAD r BIM. The calculatin f the building's envirnmental prfile is much easier but at the same time, they cannt easily cntrl the results and identify any dd assumptins and results. Users f the Level(s) framewrk shall evaluate and reprt n the quality f the data they use. Guidance n hw t evaluate data quality is prvided in Sectin

198 Mnitring f as-built and ccupied perfrmance In the cntext f this framewrk, LCA is largely intended as a design tl. This is an early stage f a building prject, which relies n design specificatins and ther expected characteristics (e.g. Bill f Materials, cnditins f use). It is thus imprtant t understand and cmpare hw the building ptentially perfrms nce ccupied, i.e. based n as built-specificatins, real Bill f Materials, adapted cnditin f use. Mnitring upn cmpletin shall include: Cmparisn between an LCA f the building as designed and as-built. Verificatin f the cmpleteness f the infrmatin needed fr the quantificatin. Traceability f the data. Cnfrmity with relevant methdlgical references and a cnsistency check Suggested reprting frmat fr results The envirnmental impacts shall be reprted in a tabular frmat at a disaggregated level, i.e. by life cycle mdule fr each f the impact categry indicatrs. The template shwn n the fllwing page shall be used. Supplementary infrmatin shall als be reprted in a summary reprt, t include: The reasn fr carrying ut the study, prject stages during which the LCA was created, the intended applicatin and target audiences (including a statement if the study will supprt cmparative assertins intended t be disclsed t the public). Building characteristics, intended perid f use and scenaris f analysis (as per sectin 1). Infrmatin abut the assessment methds used t characterise the life cycle impacts System bundary and prcesses cnsidered in the study, including cut-ff and allcatin rules used fr their definitin Data surces used fr the elements and systems that cmpse the building (as per sectin 1, table 1.1) Energy and water peratinal use (as per the results fr indicatrs 1.1 and 3.1) LCA mdel and calculatins made t quantify elementary flws and envirnmental indicatrs Analysis f ht-spts, trade-ffs, imprvement ptins Data quality and limitatins f the study Critical review accrding t ISO 14071, if applicable All infrmatin shall be as cmplete, accurate and bjective as pssible and shall be transparently reprted. 198

199 Cradle t cradle LCA generic assessment reprting frmat Envirnmental impact categry results fr each life cycle stage Indicatr Unit Scenari Prduct (A1-3) Cnstructin prcess (A4-5) Use stage (B1-7) End f life (C1-4) Benefits and lads beynd the system bundary (D) GWP kg CO 2 eq S i / DO j ODP AP EP POCP ADP elements ADP fssil fuels Use f renewable primary energy resurces used as raw material Use f nn-metallic mineral resurces Ntes: kg CFC11 eq kg SO 2 eq kg (PO 4 ) 3- eq kg C 2 H 4 eq kg Sb eq MJ (LHV) MJ kg Impacts referred t the use f 1 m 2 f useable internal flr per year fr a default reference study perid f 60 years 91. Results shall be reprted fr Design Optins and Scenaris that have been mdelled. S i (= Scenari) and DO j (= Design Optin) can refer t Reference study perid 91 A further table shall be prepared if, in additin t the reference study perid, an additinal reference unit ran intended service life is t be usedhas been mdelled. 199

200 Intended service life r investment hlding perid accrding t clients requirements Building and elemental service life planning (2.2 Life cycle tls: scenari 1) Design fr adaptability and refurbishment (2.2 Life cycle tls: scenari 2) Design fr decnstructin, reuse and recyclability (2.2 Life cycle tls: scenari 3) Future climate change (5.1 Life cycle tls: scenari 1) 200

201 7.3 Making level 2 and 3 assessments using the LCA methd In the fllwing sectin, rules are laid dwn fr hw t use the additinal types f perfrmance assessment available fr carrying ut an LCA and reprting n the results. The rules are presented in a tabular frm in table 3.5 and cver the fllwing aspects f carrying ut an LCA: Objective(s) Cut-ff rules fr the system bundary definitin Energy and water cnsumptin mdelling Scenaris and End f Life LCI and LCIA datasets and sftware Data requirements Interpretatin f the results and critical review 201

202 Table 7.5 Rules fr carrying ut a level 2 r 3 cradle t cradle LCA Target endusers Building scpe Level 2: Cmparative perfrmance assessment The main users f this ptin are intended t be prfessinals wh wish t reprt in the public dmain n the envirnmental perfrmance f buildings. This perfrmance culd be cmpared with ther buildings in a prtfli r with natinal/reginal reference buildings. In this case, the LCA is t be perfrmed fllwing a mre cmprehensive apprach in rder t btain reprducible results using the same level f infrmatin detail. Fr this purpse, minimum requirements n the data quality are specified. The building elements listed fr the shell and cre, and excluding external wrks. See the building element listing in sectin 1, table 1.1 Level 3: Design perfrmance ptimisatin The main users f this ptin are intended t be prfessinals wh want t use LCA at an early stage f the building prject life cycle as a decisin making supprt tl fr imprving the sustainability f the building. As fr level 2, the LCA is t be perfrmed fllwing a mre cmprehensive apprach in rder t btain reprducible results. Fr this purpse, minimum requirements n the data quality are specified. All building elements listed fr the shell, cre and external wrks. See the building element listing in sectin 1, table 1.1 System bundary and cut ff rules All life cycle stages shall be calculated, unless a simplified reprting ptin is selected as a starting pint. Different rules shall apply t the cnstructin prducts mdelled depending n the calculatin rute: 1. Use f EPDs: The Prduct Categry Rules fr the EPDs used shall be cmpliant with EN Use f datasets at the level f LCIA: All elements and their cmpnents that make up less than 1% f the building's ttal mass can be excluded. The ttal amunt f excluded elements and cmpnents must nt exceed 5% f the ttal mass f the building. 3. Use f LCA database and tls: All elements and their cmpnents that make up less than 1% f the building's ttal mass can be excluded. The ttal amunt f excluded elements and cmpnents must nt exceed 5% f the ttal mass f the building. All input flws t unit prcesses that make less than 1 % f primary energy usage and 1 % All the life cycle stages shall be cnsidered. The fllwing cut-ff rules are prescribed: All elements and their cmpnents that make up less than 1% f the building's ttal mass and ttal envirnmental impacts can be excluded. The ttal amunt f excluded elements and cmpnents must nt exceed 5% f the ttal mass and the ttal envirnmental impacts f the building. All input flws t unit prcesses that make less than 1 % f primary energy usage and 1 % f the ttal mass input f that unit prcess. The ttal amunt f excluded input flws per mdule must nt exceed 5% f the ttal primary energy usage and mass input, r the ttal envirnmental impacts depending n the cmplexity f the calculatin tls, f that life cycle mdule. 202

203 Energy mdelling Water mdelling Scenaris and End f Life LCI and LCIA datasets and sftware Data quality requirements Interpretatin f the results and critical review f the ttal mass input f that unit prcess. The ttal amunt f excluded input flws per mdule must nt exceed 5% f the ttal primary energy usage and mass input f that life cycle mdule. Inventry data t be btained frm indicatr 1.1 Inventry data t be btained frm indicatr 3.1 With reference t scenaris in macr-bjective 2 Data fr fregrund prcesses shuld refer t specific data. Data fr backgrund prcesses shall be representative f the natinal/reginal cntext analysed. Data frm primary and secndary surces must be validated and third party certified. This ptin may rely n mre cmplex sftware tls. Sme f the sftware tls and databases reprted in Sectin have these characteristics. Since this ptin aims at reprting building's envirnmental perfrmance, data quality becmes a mre imprtant issue. A data quality index is t be calculated accrding t the methd set in Sectin 7.4. The verall data quality index shall scre abve 2. Fr transparency reasns, als data surces shall be reprted. Result shall be interpreted critically thrugh a sensitivity analysis in rder t understand: Envirnmental ht-spts, pssible trade-ffs between life cycle stages and imprvement areas The influence f data surces n the results, Data gaps, rbustness f assumptins, and limitatins. Summary cnclusins and recmmendatins shall be drafted. If cnclusins are nt cnsistent with the defined gal and scpe, the phases f LCA shuld be repeated until cnvergence is reached. A critical review carried ut accrding t ISO is als Inventry data t be btained frm indicatr 1.1 Inventry data t be btained frm indicatr 3.1 With reference t scenaris in macrbjective 2 Data fr fregrund prcesses shuld refer t specific data. Data fr backgrund prcesses shall be representative f the natinal/reginal cntext analysed. Data frm primary and secndary surces must be validated and third party certified. This ptin suppses the use f building specific sftware tls. Sme f the sftware tls and databases reprted in Sectin have these characteristics. Since this ptin aims at supprting prfessinals t ptimise a building's envirnmental perfrmance, data quality becmes a mre imprtant issue. A data quality index is t be calculated accrding t the methd set in Sectin 7.4. The verall data quality index shall scre abve 2. Fr transparency reasns, als data surces shall be reprted. Result shall be interpreted critically thrugh a sensitivity analysis in rder t understand: Envirnmental ht-spts, pssible trade-ffs between life cycle stages and scenaris and imprvement areas Influence f data n the results, Data gaps, rbustness f assumptins, and limitatins Summary cnclusins and recmmendatins shall be drafted. If cnclusins are nt cnsistent with the defined gal and scpe, the phases f LCA shuld be repeated until cnvergence is reached. A critical review carried ut accrding t ISO is als needed t check the cnsistency f the study against 203

204 needed t check the cnsistency f the study against the requirement f ISO 14040/44. Mre in detail, the critical review prcess shall ensure that the methds used t carry ut the LCA are cnsistent with this Internatinal Standard, the methds used t carry ut the LCA are scientifically and technically valid, the data used are apprpriate and reasnable in relatin t the gal f the study, the interpretatins reflect the limitatins identified and the gal f the study, and the study reprt is transparent and cnsistent. The critical review shall be carried ut by an external independent expert in thse cases when the results are t be publicly disclsed. Mrever, if the results are intended t be used t supprt cmparative assertin, the critical review shall be carried ut by a panel f interested parties. Mrever, if the study and the results are intended t be used t supprt cmparative assertin amng tw r mre prducts, the critical review shall be carried ut by a panel f interested parties. the requirement f ISO 14040/44. Mre in detail, the critical review prcess shall ensure that the methds used t carry ut the LCA are cnsistent with this Internatinal Standard, the methds used t carry ut the LCA are scientifically and technically valid, the data used are apprpriate and reasnable in relatin t the gal f the study, the interpretatins reflect the limitatins identified and the gal f the study, and the study reprt is transparent and cnsistent. The critical review shall be carried ut by an external independent expert in thse cases when the results are t be publicly disclsed. 204

205 7.4 Prperty valuatin influence and reliability rating The fllwing tls are prvided t infrm the valuatin f a prperty fr which perfrmance has been assessed using a cradle t cradle LCA: Checklists fr the ptentially psitive influence n a market valuatin Checklist 1: Ptential psitive influence n future perfrmance Checklist 2: Accunting fr the perfrmance assessment in valuatin criteria Reliability rating f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1: Basis fr the perfrmance assessment Rating 2: Prfessinal capabilities Rating 3: Independent verificatin The cmpleted reprting may be used separately alngside the Level 1, 2 r 3 results fr an LCA, r may frm part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2. In the case that the ratings will be used as part f the verall reprting fr indicatr 6.2, then the rating 1 results shall be used t calculate the verall Indicatr Reliability Index (IRI) The ptential fr a psitive influence n a market valuatin Checklist 1 Evaluatin f ptentially psitive influences n market perfrmance Ptential influence Evaluated? Resulting assumptins used in the appraisal Ptential influence 1 Increased revenues due t market recgnitin and lwer vids. Ptential influence 2 Reduced peratinal, maintenance, repair and/r replacement csts. Ptential influence 3 Reduced future risk f increased verheads r lss f incme. Yes/n Yes/n Yes/n Checklist 2 Accunting fr the Level(s) assessment in the valuatin criteria used Valuatin criteria set used Identify the scheme r tl used Versin f the criteria set used Criteria which the assessment has influenced Influence n the valuatin r rating Valuatin criterin Sub-criterin Criterin x Sub-criterin y Ntes n the extent f the influence and the supprting assumptins used 205

206 7.4.2 Reliability rating f the perfrmance assessment Rating 1: - Basis fr the perfrmance assessment The calculatin f a cradle t cradle LCA generally wrks at tw levels: Fregrund prcesses, which affect directly the results (e.g. the actual cntent f cncrete in a clumn, the cnsumptin f electricity during the ccupatin f a building) Backgrund prcesses, which are linked t and are nested behind the fregrund prcesses (e.g. the prductin and supply f cncrete, the prductin and supply f grid electricity). The quantificatin f data fr bth fregrund and backgrund prcesses may then require a cmbinatin f: Primary Data, which is site-specific infrmatin based n direct measurements r the characterisatin f parameters fr a certain cntext. Secndary Data, which is available frm technical literature and data prviders (e.g. specific studies, LCA databases) Assumptins, especially when satisfactry data is nt available. The data available can vary with respect t: Representativeness (its relevance and cmpleteness); Accuracy. Rating 1 is based n the assessment f the quality f data against these tw main parameters. The rating has a matrix frm, which is adapted frm the Eurpean Cmmissin's Prduct Envirnmental Ftprint methd's (PEF) data quality evaluatin methdlgy, and which is based n fur parameters: Technlgical representativeness f data (TeR) Gegraphical representativeness f data (GR) Time-related representativeness f data (TiR) Uncertainty f data (U) A rating level is t be evaluated fr each parameter accrding t the matrix in Table 7.6. The verall rating is equal t the Data Quality Index (DQI) which can be calculated frm the individual ratings as fllws: DQI = ((TeR+GR+TiR)/3+U)/2 The rating shall be calculated fr each ht spt f the envirnmental impacts identified frm LCA calculatins. Ht spts are pints in the life cycle f a prduct which have the highest impacts/imprtance in the verall LCA result. They may be related t a building's life cycle stages, prcesses, cmpnents (elements, structural parts, prducts, materials) r t elementary flws cntributing in ttal t mre than 50% f an impact categry result). Once the ht spts have been identified the data quality shall then be rated fr each htspt. The verall data quality shall then be calculated as the cntributin-weighted average f the data quality fr each ht-spt: DQI verall = Σi (DQI ht-spt,i x Cntributin ht-spt,i) / Σi (Cntributin htspt,i) 206

207 Rating 2 Prfessinal capabilities Rating aspect Rating scre Technical capability f the persnnel carrying ut the assessment N frmal training and limited experience in using the calculatin methd Accredited training r sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Accredited training and sme applied experience in using the calculatin methd Accredited training and significant applied experience in using the calculatin methd Rating 3 Independent verificatin Rating aspect Rating scre Independent verificatin f the assessment Self-declaratin f the perfrmance assessment results Peer review f the input data and calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the calculatin steps Third party auditing and verificatin f the prcess data, life cycle inventry data and calculatin steps 207

208 Table 7.6 Data quality evaluatin matrix Rating aspect Technlgical representativeness Gegraphical representativeness Time-related representativeness Brief descriptin f each aspect Degree t which the dataset reflects the true ppulatin f interest regarding technlgy (e.g. the technlgical characteristics, including perating cnditins) Degree t which the dataset reflects the true ppulatin f interest regarding gegraphy (e.g. the given lcatin/site, regin, cuntry, market, cntinent) Degree t which the dataset reflects the specific cnditins f the system being cnsidered regarding the time/age f the data (e.g. the given year and, if applicable, f intraannual r intra-daily differences) Rating scre and criteria N evaluatin made N evaluatin made N evaluatin made The data used des nt reflect satisfactrily the technical characteristics f the system (e.g. Prtland Cement, withut ther specificatins) The data used refer t a ttally different gegraphic cntext (e.g. Sweden instead f Spain) There are mre than 6 years between the validity f the data used and the reference year t which the data applies. The data used reflects partially the technical characteristics f the system (e.g. Prtland Cement type II, withut further specificatins) The data used refers t a similar gegraphic cntext (e.g. Italy instead f Spain) There are between 2 and 4 years between the validity f the data used and the reference year t which the data applies. The data used reflects the technical characteristics f the system (e.g. Prtland Cement type II B-M) The data used refers t the specific gegraphic cntext (e.g. Spain) There are less than 2 years between the validity f the data used and the reference year t which the data applies. 208

209 Uncertainty Qualitative expert judgment r relative standard deviatin expressed as a percentage. N evaluatin made Mdelled/similar data is used. Accuracy and precisin f the data has been estimated qualitatively (e.g. by expert judgment f suppliers and prcess peratrs) Mdelled/similar data is used which is cnsidered t be satisfactrily accurate and precise with the supprt f a quantitative estimatin f its uncertainty (e.g. representative data frm trade assciatins fr which a sensitivity analysis has been carried ut). Site specific and validated data is used which is cnsidered t be satisfactrily accurate and precise (e.g. windw system fr which a verified EPD is available) The allcatin hierarchy has been respected. 209

210 7.4.3 Calculatin f the technical rating The technical rating shall be calculated fr each ht spt f the envirnmental impacts identified frm the LCA study. Ht spts are pints in the life cycle f a prduct which have the highest impacts/imprtance in the verall LCA result. They may be related t either a building's life cycle stages, prcesses, cmpnents (elements, structural parts, prducts, materials) r elementary flw cntributing in ttal t mre than 50% f an impact categry result. The calculatin f the rating shall be based n the fllwing steps: 1. Ht-spts shall be identified fr each impact categry indicatr. 2. Ht-spts shall be listed accrding t their cntributin t the envirnmental impacts, as shwn in Table Data quality shall then be rated fr each ht-spt accrding t Table 3.6, as shwn in Table The verall data quality shall be calculated as the cntributin-weighted average f the data quality fr each ht-spt: DQI verall = Σ i (DQI ht-spt,i x Cntributin ht-spt,i ) / Σ i (Cntributin ht-spt,i ) Fr the example reprted belw in Table 7.7 and Table 7.8, the verall data quality wuld be calculated as Table 7.7 Example f hw t list ht spts based n their cntributin Cntributins t the verall envirnmental impacts Ht-spt Electricity demand during use Heat demand during use Reinfrced cncrete Insulatin material GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADP element ADP fssil 40% 45% 30% 30% 40% 45% 25% 20% 35% 30% 30% 30% 10% 15% 15% 20% 15% 50% 10% 5% 30% = [(40% x % x % x 2 + 5% x 1) +(45% x % x % x 2) + (30% x % x % x 2) + (30% x % x % x 2) + (50% x % x 2) + (45% x % x % x 2)] / 570% 210

211 Table 7.8 Example f data quality evaluatin fr each ht-spt Data quality fr each ht-spt Ht-spt Electricity demand during use Heat demand during use Reinfrced cncrete Insulatin material GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADP element ADP fssil

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