World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013

Transcription

1 World Small Hydropower Development Report THE NETHERLANDS

2 Disclaimer Published in 2013 by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) UNIDO and ICSHP All rights reserved This report was jointly produced by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) to provide information about small hydropower. The document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentations of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of UNIDO and ICSHP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as developed, industrialized and developing are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process: Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO or its partners. The opinions, statistical data and estimates contained in the articles are the responsibility of the author(s) and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or bearing the endorsement of UNIDO and its partners. While every care has been taken to ensure that the content is useful and accurate, UNIDO and ICSHP and any contributing third parties shall have no legal liability or responsibility for the content or the accuracy of the information so provided, or for any loss or damage caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with reliance on the use of such information. Copyright: Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint. Recommended citation: Liu, H., Masera, D. and Esser, L., eds. (2013). World Small Hydropower Development Report United Nations Industrial Development Organization; International Center on Small Hydro Power. Available from

3 4 Europe 4.4 Western Europe The Netherlands European Small Hydropower Association, Stream Map Key facts Population 16,730,632 1 Area 41,543 km 2 Climate Temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters Topography Mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast Rain pattern Average annual precipitation is 847 mm. 2 Electricity sector overview The Netherlands produced a total of 118,138.9 GWh of electricity in 2010, mainly based on gas, and imported electricity at 15,584 GWh (figure 1). The Netherlands is also working with Belgium, Luxembourg, France and Germany on an integrated North-West European electricity market. Fuel Oil Solar Energy Hydropow er Non-Biogenic Waste Nuclear Energy Wind Energy Other Non-Renew able Sources Biomass Imported Electricity Hard Coal Natural Gas Figure 1 Electricity generation in the Netherlands Source: Statistics Netherlands 3 Small hydropower sector overview and potential Small hydropower accounts for a minor part of the hydropower production (less than 8 per cent), only three plants have a capacity between 0.1 and 10 MW; and a few plants have a capacity under 0.1 MW. SHP installed capacity SHP potential n/a 0.02% 0.04% 0.08% 2.43% 2.97% 2.99% 3.23% 5.20% 11.65% 16.37% Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in the Netherlands 55.02% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 3 MW In 2010, the Netherlands had 17 small hydropower plants and a total installed capacity of 3 MW (8 GWh) (figure 2). By 2020, the aim is to have a total of 25 plants. Many small watermills could still be reactivated. No exact potential estimate is available presently. A report issued by Deltares in April 2010 identified the overall hydro potential from rivers as 100 MW, the small hydropower potential has not been estimated. Renewable energy policy The European target for renewable energy in the Netherlands is 14 per cent in The production of renewable energy will be promoted with the following instruments: 4 Sustainable Energy Incentive Scheme Plus (SDE+). Obligation for use of biofuels in the transport sector. Co-firing with biomass in coal-fired power stations. Import of renewable energy. The growth should mainly be sourced from wind, biomass and photovoltaic; hydropower is expected to account for less than one per cent. Legislation on small hydropower Small hydropower is mainly supported by the Stimulering Duurzame Energie (SDE) operating subsidy and the Energy Investment Allowance tax deduction. The SDE+ in 2011 has changed compared to the SDE subsidy that started in The SDE offers long-term (15 years for hydropower) financial security by covering the unprofitable component of projects. The subsidy is the difference between a basic amount (cost price of the renewable energy) and the energy market price. In 2011, application was open during four different time slots. Each slot had a different limit. The Dutch Government determined a maximum SDE+ budget for If this maximum is reached in a certain slot, no SDE+ is available for the next slots. This means: first come, first serve, and the projects that tender in the first slot (with lower subsidy) have the best chance to get the subsidy awarded. For small hydropower plants with a height <5 metres, the SDE provides a maximum of 12.2 euro cents/kwh (minus the energy market price) for 3,800 hours, for small hydropower plants with a height >5 metres: 7.1 euro cents/kwh (minus the energy market price) maximum for 4,800 hours. The Energy Investment Allowance tax deduction ensures that 44 per cent of the investment costs can be deducted from the taxable profit. Barriers to small hydropower development The main limitation results from the low hydrological potential in a flat country. Moreover, it is very difficult to obtain Waterwet (water law) and Natuur- 1

4 beschermingswet (nature preservation law) permits, due to new fish mortality requirements. While almost all sites are government property; no government policy is in place for allocation of sites to developers, this also creates a barrier. It is therefore, recommended to carry out a comprehensive study, using a geographic based information system (GIS) based computer model in order to provide a clear estimate of the practical potential for expanding hydropower production, including small hydropower within the Netherlands. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from 2. Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (2012). Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut Annual Report 2011 Delivering all year around. 3. Netherlands, Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (2012). Electricity production by energy source. The Hague/Heerlen, The Netherlands. Available from Accessed December The Netherlands, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (2011). Energy Report The Hague. June. 2

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