The differentiated correction of charge for air pollution

Transcription

1 The dierentiated correction o charge or air pollution N. N. Karnaukhov & L. G. Reznik Tymen State Oil and Gas University, Russia Abstract The system o dierentiated correction o charge or air pollution was worked out, which stimulates taking measures to reduce the content o polluting substances in the exhaust gases o automobiles. The dierentiating o charge is based on the establishing o regularities, relecting the inluence o rigorous conditions o operation on the change o content o polluting substances. Keywords: charge or pollution, dierentiated correction o charge, air temperature and pollutes emission. The charging or air pollution by the mobile sources is made rom their owners in the ollowing way. The charge is subdivided into: - the charge or the permissible emission; - the charge or the emission, exceeding the permissible ones. The speciic charge S or the permissible emission o polluting substances, ormed when consuming 1 ton o kind o uel, is calculated by the ormula: where S = n p p = 1 N p M p, rub/t or rub/1000 m 3, (1) N p the basic (nominal) norm o the charge or the emission o 1 ton o a polluting substance p in the amount not exceeding the permissible norms (rub.); p the kind o a polluting substance (p = 1, 2,, n p ); M p the mass o a polluting substance p in the exhaust gases o a technically sound vehicle, corresponding to the valid standards

2 702 Urban Transport X and technical demands o a manuacturer, when consuming 1 ton o the kind o uel (according to the data o NIIAT). As the main standardized polluting substances or the mobile sources the ollowing substances are taken into account: carbon oxides CO x, nitrogen oxides NO x, hydrocarbons C n H m, soot C, lead compounds PbO x, sulphur dioxide SO 2. The speciic charge S or dierent kinds o uel is (rub/t or rub/1000 m 3 ): 1. Casoline АИ-93 10,0 2. Casoline А-76 11,0 3. Diesel uel 21,0 4. Compressed natural gas 9,0 5. Liqueied gas 11,0 The charge C a or the admissible polluting substances emission into atmosphere is determined by the ormula: n С = S Q, rub (2) a = 1 where Q is the quantity (t) o uel o the n kind, consumed by a mobile source or the period covered. For lack o data about the quantity Q o consumed uel, the charge C a or the polluting substances emission rom the mobile sources is determined according to the types V o vehicles, the expected conditions and the place o their operation (the average annual run, uel consumption or the quantity o operating hours on the level o 85 % o providing, the uel with the most unavorable ecological characteristics and so on). The annual charge or a vehicle and other mobile sources is (in thousands o rubles per year or one vehicle): 1. Road-building machines and agricultural technique 0,5 2. Gasuel automobiles 1,4 3. A truck and a bus with a diesel ICE 2,5 4. A car 2,7 5. A truck and a bus with a gasoline ICE 4,0 6. Cargo ship 20,0 7. Cargo locomotive 21,4 The charge C e or the exceeding o admissible emission o polluting substances rom the mobile sources is calculated by the ormula: where n = v e Cav dv, v= 1 C rub (3) C av the charge (rub.) or the permissible emission o polluting substances rom the vehicle o the V type; V the type o a vehicle (V = 1,2,..., n v ); d v the share o vehicles o the V type, not corresponding to the standards. It is estimated as the ratio o the quantity o vehicles, not corresponding to the requirements o the standards, to the general quantity o the tested vehicles.

3 Urban Transport X 703 The charge or the exceeding o the permissible emission is calculated by the territorial organs o Russian Ministry o Nature on the results o control over the correspondence o vehicles to the requirements o the standards, regulating the volume o polluting substances in the exhaust gases under operation conditions. The control o correspondence the vehicles to the requirements o the standards, regulating the volume o polluting substances in the exhaust gases, is carried out by the organs o Ministry o Nature o Russia, Russian Transport Inspectorate, State Automobile Inspectorate, as well as special institutions, having the right to do this kind o job. The data on the results o quarterly check-ups are presented to the Ministry o Nature o Russia. The percentage o vehicles that undergo the control (separately by each kind o uel) must be, or instance, not less than: % or the enterprises with the number o vehicles up to 20 units; - 10 % or the enterprises with the number o vehicles over 500 units. I the results o the check-up proved that the share o vehicles, not corresponding to the norms requirements, is more than 90 % or less than 10 %, it is recommended to double the sample in order to increase the reliability. I the indicated volume o the sample is ollowed, the share o the revealed vehicles, not corresponding to the norms requirements, is applied to the total number o vehicles o the enterprise, in operation. I the inormation about the volume o the emission o polluting substances rom the concrete types o mobile sources is reliable, the territorial organs o Russian Ministry o Nature can calculate the charge or the permissible air pollution rom the mobile sources in accordance with these data. The sum total charge or the emission o polluting substances rom the mobile sources is calculated by the ormula: C = ( Ca + Ce ) Ks, (4) where K s is the coeicient o ecological situation and ecological signiicance o the atmosphere in a given region. When using a neutralizer or rendering harmless o the exhaust gases, the decreasing coeicients are applied to the charge: - or motor transport using non-ethyl gasoline and gas uel 0,05; - or other motor transport means 0,1. At conducting other measures (sets o measures) o decreasing the toxicity o exhaust gases, the amount o charge or the emission becomes less as many times as the eiciency o the given measure is conirmed. The coeicients o ecological situation and ecological signiicance o the atmospheric air or some economic regions o RF are as ollows: 1. Far-Eastern 1,0 2. West-Siberian 1,2 3. North-Western 1,5 4. Ural 2,0 The nominal, passport toxicity o the exhaust gases is determined by the constructive eatures o a vehicle. The nominal indexes o toxicity correspond to the standard operation conditions. The toxicity can essentially change under operation conditions dierent rom standard ones.

4 704 Urban Transport X The change o the exhaust gases toxicity depends on the concrete operation conditions and the adaptability o a vehicle to these conditions. However, the inluence o operation conditions and the inluence o adaptability o vehicles o dierent makes and models is still insuiciently investigated. This impedes scientiically based correction o charge or environmental pollution by vehicles. That is why the investigation o dierentiated correction charge is actual. The aim o the given investigation, its object and subject, as well as the tasks o the investigation were determined on the basis o the analysis o the problem elaborated and the analysis o earlier works. The object o the investigation is the process o changing the harmul substances content in exhaust gases, and the subject o the research is this process as applied to the vehicles o concrete makes and models. To reach the goal set it is necessary to solve the ollowing tasks. 1. To ind the regularity o change o harmul substances content in exhaust gases under the ambient temperature alling. 2. To determine the rational intervals o low temperature rigour o operation conditions. 3. To evaluate the vehicles adaptability to low temperature intervals o the rigour by exhaust gases toxicity and to range the vehicles according to the level o their adaptability. 4. To develop a dierential correction methods o payment or air pollution caused by vehicles. At Tyumen State Oil & Gas University it is determined that the content o polluting substances in the exhaust gases o vehicles depends not only on the kind o uel, the type o a vehicle, its technical condition and so on, but also on ambient temperature. While operating one and the same vehicle under dierent surrounding air temperatures, the content o the polluting substances emission is dierent. The inluence o the surrounding air temperature upon the change the amount o pollutants emission is dierent or the vehicles o dierent makes and models, depending on the level o their adaptability to the ambient temperature. These dierences are very considerable. In this connection it was proposed to introduce the correcting coeicient o adaptability into the eqn (4) o charge calculation or air pollution. The coeicient takes into account the level o vehicle adaptability to the air temperature, which is dierent rom the standard one. The planned annual charge calculation or environmental pollution is carried out quarterly. Consequently, it is convenient to consider the average quarterly air temperature in dierent inhabited localities or estimating the coeicient o adaptability. The coeicient o adaptability by the charge or environmental pollution can be estimated on the analogy with the coeicient o adaptability to the air temperature on uel consumption. For calculation the correcting coeicient it is necessary to do the ollowing: 1. To set the rational intervals o rigour operation conditions. 2. To estimate the adaptability o a vehicle o a certain make and model to the given rigour low temperature interval o operating conditions by the toxicity o the exhaust gases.

5 Urban Transport X 705 The ranging o vehicles into three levels o adaptability makes the practical use o that approach easier. On the results o the investigations conducted it can be concluded that the car GAZ-3110 with the engine ZMZ (electronically controlled, spark-ignition and uel-injection engine) reers to the middle level o adaptability. The vehicles equipped with the systems o the exhaust gases neutralization can be reerred to the group with a high level o adaptability. The values o coeicients, correcting the charge or the emission o pollutants depend on the rigour o operating conditions and the adaptability o the vehicles to these conditions by toxicity o the exhaust gases. The correcting coeicients are, or instance, equal to 1,01, 1,11 and 1,37 accordingly or moderate rigorous, rigorous and extremely rigorous intervals o operation conditions with reerence to the vehicles with a medium level o adaptability. The main conclusions 1. The dierentiated correction o charge or air pollution relects an objective estimation o the ecological properties o dierent makes and models o vehicles, taking into account the real conditions o their operation. 2. The objective estimation o the ecological properties o the vehicles is the eective instrument o the improvement o their qualities on the pollutants exhausted. 3. To make the practical use o the estimation easier, all the vehicles are subdivided into three main groups: with high, medium and low levels o adaptability by the amount o harmul substances in the exhaust gases. 4. For each o the three levels o adaptability the dierentiated correction coeicients are set, with account o the rigour intervals o operation conditions. 5. The dierentiated correction o charge or air pollution is aimed at decreasing the pollution by proper measures when production and operating the vehicles. Reerences [1] Instruktivno-metodicheskie ukazanija po vzimaniju plati za zagraznenie okryzajuchey prirodnoy sredi (Utv. Minprirodi Roccii ). [2] O vnesenii izmenenija v punkte 4.5 Prilozenija 1 Instruktivnometodicheskie ukazanija (Prikaz Goskomekologii от ). [3] Reznik L.G. i dr. Eektivnost ispolzovanija automobilei v razlichnih uslovijah ekspluatazii. M., Transport, s.