Division of Air Pollution Control November Ohio Air Quality 2017

Transcription

1 Division of Air Pollution Control November 2018 Ohio Air Quality 2017

2 STATE OF OHIO AIR QUALITY CALENDAR YEAR 2017 PREPARED BY DIVISION OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OHIO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

3 Our Mailing address is: Ohio EPA, Division of Air Pollution Control PO Box 1049 Columbus, OH And we are located at: Ohio EPA, Division of Air Pollution Control 50 West Town Street, Suite 700 Columbus, OH Ohio EPA s web address is: The Ohio EPA s general phone number is: (614) The Division of Air Pollution Control phone number is: (614) Prepared by: Jennifer Van Vlerah, Manager, Air Quality Evaluation & Planning Dave Ambrose, Air Quality Evaluation & Planning Section Phillip Downey, Air Monitoring & Toxics Section Erica Fetty Davis, Air Quality Evaluation & Planning Section Laura Woods, Air Quality Evaluation & Planning Section Special Acknowledgment Dave Ambrose has been responsible for preparation of this report for the past 33 years. The staff at Ohio EPA DAPC wish him well in retirement. Craig W. Butler, Director John R. Kasich, Governor Page i

4 Table of Contents List of Tables... iii List of Figures... iv Acronyms and Abbreviations... v Executive summary... 1 I. Introduction... 3 A. General... 3 B. Development of the Ohio Air Monitoring System... 4 C. Remote Ambient Data System... 6 D. Data Availability on the Internet... 7 II Air Quality Data Summary Maps... 7 III. Air Quality Trends A. SO2 trends B. Ozone trends C. Carbon Monoxide Trends IV Air Quality Data A. Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) B. Particulate Matter 10µm (PM10) C. Particulate Matter 2.5µm (PM2.5) D. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) E. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) F. Carbon Monoxide (CO) G. Ozone (O3) H. Lead (Pb) V. Air Toxics Monitoring A. Introduction B. Volatile Organic Compound Sampling and Analysis C. Heavy Metals Sampling and Analysis D. Heavy Metals Parameters VI. Air Quality Index (AQI) VII Monitoring Sites Page ii

5 List of Tables Table 1. Violation of National Ambient Air Quality Standards by County Table 2. U.S. EPA and Ohio EPA Ambient Air Quality Standards... 3 Table 3. TSP Summary Statistics Table 4. PM10 Summary Statistics Table 5. PM2.5 Summary Statistics Table 6. PM2.5 Continuous Monitor Data (µ/m 3 ) Table 7. PM hour 98th Percentile Averages (µ/m 3 ) Table 8. PM2.5 Average of Annual Averages (µ/m 3 ) Table 9. SO2 Summary Statistics Table 10. NO2 Summary Statistics Table 11. CO Summary Statistics Table 12. O3 1-Hour Summary Statistics Table 13. O3 8-Hour Summary Statistics Table 14. Three-year Average of 4 th High 8-Hour O3 Averages (ppm) Table 15. Total days of 8-Hour Ozone Exceedances Statewide and Date of First Seasonal Exceedance ( ) Table 16. Last Ozone Exceedance Dates 8-Hr Standard ( ) Table 17. Lead Summary Statistics Table 18. DES VOC Target Compound List For TO-15 Analysis Table 19. VOC Summary of Statewide Canister Data Table 20. VOC Sampling Site Identification Table 21. Summary of VOC results Table 22. Metals Sampling Site Identification Table 23. Heavy Metals: E. Liverpool - 1 ( ) Table 24. Heavy Metals: E. Liverpool - 2 ( ) Table 25. Heavy metals: E. Liverpool - 3 ( ) Table 26. Heavy Metals: Cleveland - 1 ( ) Table 27. Heavy Metals: Cleveland - 2 ( ) Table 28. Heavy Metals: Cleveland - 3 ( ) Table 29. Heavy Metals: Cleveland - 4 ( ) Table 30. Heavy Metals: Columbus ( ) Table 31. Heavy Metals: Delta ( ) Table 32. Heavy Metals: Marion - 1 ( ) Table 33. Heavy Metals: Marion - 2 ( ) Table 34. Heavy Metals: Marion - 3 (AQS not assigned) Table 35. Heavy Metals: Elmore ( ) Table 36. Heavy Metals: Marietta ( ) Table 37. Heavy Metals: Canton ( ) Table 38. Comparison of AQI Values Table 39. Monitoring Network for Page iii

6 List of Figures Figure 1. OEPA District Offices & Local Air Pollution Control Agencies Jurisdictional Boundaries 5 Figure PM10 High 24-Hour Concentration... 8 Figure PM2.5 Highest Annual Average Concentration... 9 Figure PM2.5 98th Percentile 24-Hour Concentration Figure SO2 2nd Highest 3-Hour Average Concentration Figure SO2 99th Percentile 1-Hour Concentration Figure Carbon Monoxide 2nd Highest 8-Hour Concentration Figure Carbon Monoxide 2nd Highest 1-Hour Concentration Figure Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Arithmetic Mean Concentration Figure Nitrogen Dioxide 98th Percentile 1-Hour Concentration Figure Ozone 4th Highest 8-Hour Concentration Figure Average of the 4th High 8-Hour Averages Figure Lead, Highest 3 Month Rolling Average Figure 14. Sulfur Dioxide Trends Urban Areas ( ) Figure 15. Sulfur Dioxide Trends All Sites ( ) Figure nd Highest 1-Hr Ozone in Urban Areas (1) Figure nd Highest 1-Hr Ozone in Urban Areas (2) Figure th High 8-Hr Ozone Concentration by Urban Area (1) Figure th High 8-Hr Ozone Concentration by Urban Area (2) Figure 20. Three-Year Average of 4 th High 8-Hr Ozone Average by Urban Area (1) Figure 21. Three-Year Average of 4 th High 8-Hr Ozone Average by Urban Area (2) Figure 22. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Akron Figure 23. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Canton Figure 24. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Cincinnati Figure 25. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Cleveland Figure 26. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Lake Figure 27. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Dayton Page iv

7 Acronyms and Abbreviations AA AQI AQS ATMP CAA CASTNET CBSA CFR CO DAPC DES DO FEM FRM FR GC GC/MS LAA µg/m 3 mg/m 3 ng/m 3 NAAQS NAMS NCore NO NO 2 O 3 OAQPS OASN Obs Org Type Pb POC ppb ppm ppbv PQAO PM 10 PM 2.5 PSI RADS SLAMS SO 2 TO-15 TSP U.S. EPA VOC Page v Atomic Absorption Air Quality Index (replaced Pollutant Standard Index, PSI) Air Quality System Air Toxics Monitoring Program Clean Air Act Clean Air Status and Trends Network Core-Based Statistical Area Code of Federal Regulations Carbon Monoxide Division of Air Pollution Control Division of Environmental Services District Office Federal Equivalent Method Federal Reference Method Federal Register Gas Chromatograph or Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Local Air Agency micrograms per cubic meter milligrams per cubic meter nanograms per cubic meter National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Ambient Monitoring Stations National Core Monitoring Network Nitric Oxide Nitrogen Dioxide Ozone Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Ohio Air Sampling Network Observations Organization Type Lead Parameter Occurrence Code parts per billion parts per million parts per billion by volume Primary Quality Assurance Organization Particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter 10 microns Particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter 2.5 microns Pollutant Standard Index (replaced by Air Quality Index, AQI) Remote Ambient-Air Data System State/Local Ambient Monitoring Stations Sulfur Dioxide Toxics analysis methods descriptions Total Suspended Particulate United States Environmental Protection Agency Volatile Organic Carbon

8 Executive summary A. General Review Air quality data for calendar year 2017 are summarized for seven criteria pollutants: particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns (PM10), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), and lead (Pb). Data are also summarized for total suspended particulates (TSP). Also included is a section discussing toxics monitoring projects conducted and trend analysis results for three criteria pollutants: SO2, CO, and O3. B. Discussion of Violation Violations of multiple-year, annual and short-term air quality standards by county and pollutant are provided in Section II: 2017 Air Quality Data Summary Maps. Table 1 gives a breakdown of air quality standard violations by county. There were no violations of the PM2.5, PM10, NO2, Pb, or CO standards in effect during Table 1. Violation of National Ambient Air Quality Standards by County 2017 Pollutant Standard Counties O3 8-hour (0.070 ppm) Butler, Geauga, Franklin, Hamilton, Lake, Warren SO2 1-hour 99 th percentile Cuyahoga C. Observations and Conclusions Particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter 10 microns (PM10) There were 31 PM10 active monitoring sites including three sites operated by industry with a total of 49 monitors to collect ambient and quality assurance data. Particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter 10 microns (PM2.5) There were 47 active PM2.5 monitoring sites with 81 monitors to collect both ambient and quality assurance data. Most are filter-based instruments collecting individual 24-hour average concentration on a schedule of either every three days or every six days, and the remaining collect hourly concentrations each day in addition to some chemical speciation monitors that operate on an every three- or six-day schedule with filters analyzed for chemical composition of PM2.5 matter. In 2017, no sites were in violation of the annual PM2.5 NAAQS. There have been no violations of the 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS in Ohio since Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) There were 35 SO2 continuous sites collecting hourly data, five of which were operated by private industry. There were exceedances of the 1-hour standard in Cuyahoga and Lake counties in There were violations of the three-year, 1-hour SO2 standard in Cuyahoga county. Page 1

9 There were no exceedances of the 3-hour standard statewide in 2017; the last occurrence of an exceedance in Ohio of the 3-hour standard was in In the last ten years, SO2 concentrations have been reduced 80% statewide. Carbon Monoxide (CO) There were 14 CO continuous sites collecting hourly data. There were no violations of the CO NAAQS in Ohio. Concentrations remain very low throughout all the urban areas of the state. The last violation of the CO NAAQS occurred in 1990 in Steubenville. Ozone (O3) There were 51 continuous sites collecting hourly O3 data, three of which were operated by U.S. EPA as part of their CASTNET monitoring network. Ohio attained the former O3NAAQS standard of 75 parts per billion (ppb) throughout the state within timeframes specified by the Clean Air Act; however, in October 2015, U.S. EPA issued a more stringent O3NAAQS of 70 parts per billion. Ohio EPA provided recommendations to U.S. EPA on areas of the state exceeding or contributing to exceedances of the new standard and proposed non-attainment designations under the Clean Air Act. U.S. EPA designated areas non-attainment in accordance with Ohio EPA's recommendations, effective August 3, 2018, in the following Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Cleveland (Lorain, Cuyahoga, Lake, Geauga, Medina, Summit and Portage counties); Columbus (Franklin, Delaware, Licking and Fairfield counties) and Cincinnati (Hamilton, Butler, Warren and Clermont counties). Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) There were seven continuous NO2 monitoring sites collecting hourly data. There were no violations of the NAAQS for NO2 in 2017, and there have been none in Ohio since Air Pollution Alerts No air pollution alerts were declared in D. Monitoring Network There were 136 monitoring sites reporting data from 44 counties; a list of active monitors in 2017 can be found in Table 39 on page 77 of this report. Each year, Ohio EPA is required to submit an annual Air Monitoring Network Plan to U.S. EPA which describes the state s ambient monitoring network in detail. The most recent Ohio Air Monitoring Network Plan is available for viewing on our agency website at State maps depicting each of Ohio s air monitoring networks for U.S. EPA criteria pollutants and air toxics are presented in Appendix E of Ohio s Air Monitoring Network Plan. Page 2

10 I. INTRODUCTION A. General A variety of substances are generated and released into the atmosphere by a multitude of manmade and natural sources. Those substances that may affect public health and welfare are regarded as "air pollutants." The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to safeguard public health and welfare from these air pollutants. Ambient air is defined as air that is accessible to the general public. The air within fenced-in, guarded or limited access areas of facility property is not considered ambient air. Pollutants for which NAAQS have been promulgated are sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), lead (Pb), particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter 10 microns (PM10) and particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter 2.5 microns (PM2.5). The standards are concentrations expressed in micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m 3 ), parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb) per sampling averaging times. NAAQS concentrations, averaging times and restrictions in effect as of 2017 are provided in Table 2. Pollutant Table 2. U.S. EPA and Ohio EPA Ambient Air Quality Standards Maximum Allowable Concentration Averaging time Restriction Primary 1 Secondary 1 PM2.5 Annual Three-year average not to be exceeded 12.0 µg/m µg/m 3 24-hour Three-year average of 98th percentile not to be 35 µg/m 3 35 µg/m 3 exceeded PM10 24-hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year 150 µg/m µg/m 3 averaged over three years Sulfur 1-hour Each year s daily 1-Hour maximum 99th 75 ppb none Dioxide percentile value averaged over 3 years 3-hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year none 0.5 ppm (1300 µg/m 3 ) Carbon 8-hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year 9 ppm none Monoxide (10 mg/m 3 ) 1-hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year 35 ppm none (40 mg/m 3 ) Ozone 8-hour Each year s fourth high averaged over threeyears ppm ppm Not to be exceeded Nitrogen 1-hour Each year s daily maximum 98th percentile ppb Dioxide Hour value averaged over three-years. Not to be exceeded. Annual Not to be exceeded 53 ppb 53 ppb Lead 3-month Three month rolling average over a three-year period. Not to be exceeded µg/m µg/m 3 1 Primary standards are established for protection of public health; secondary standards are established for protection of public welfare. Page 3

11 In some cases, standards are separated into two parts: primary and secondary. A primary standard sets the level of air pollution where human health is protected. A secondary standard sets the level where the welfare of citizens is protected due to air pollution damage to crops, animals, vegetation and materials. This report presents summaries of Ohio EPA s measurements of the NAAQS criteria and toxic air pollutants during calendar year Also presented are selected statistics and trend analyses for parts of Ohio. Prior to pollutant data tables found in Section IV, there is a brief description of pollutants, sources from which they originate, potential adverse health effects and monitoring methods used. B. Development of the Ohio Air Monitoring System Society's concern about air pollution began with Clean Air Act (CAA) of This Act and its subsequent amendments first encouraged, then authorized, grants to help finance the establishment of state and local air pollution control programs. In 1963, Ohio established the Ohio Air Sampling Network (OASN) with 21 monitoring sites, measuring total suspended particulates (TSP) throughout the state. The CAA Amendments of 1970 mandated the promulgation of NAAQS. The U.S. EPA was formed in 1970 and began developing air monitoring regulations requiring states to establish a network of monitors to measure air quality in all major urban areas. Cleveland NCore Site The air monitoring program began under the Ohio Department of Health and started with Particulate Matter, Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, and Photochemical Oxidants. In October of 1972, Ohio EPA was formed and was responsible for CAA compliance. In 1978, U.S. EPA promulgated the NAAQS for lead. In 1979, the NAAQS for ozone replaced photochemical oxidants. Throughout that time, Ohio's air quality network significantly expanded. Ohio currently has four District Offices and eight local air agencies supporting the Ohio s air program. See Figure 1 on page 5 for geographic coverage and contact information 1. The goals of the ambient monitoring program are to determine compliance with the ambient air quality standards; to provide real-time monitoring of air pollution episodes; to provide data for trend analyses, regulation evaluation and planning; and to provide daily information to the public concerning air quality in high population areas, near major emission sources and in rural areas. 1 Effective October 1, 2018, Mahoning-Trumbull APC Agency (M-TAPCA) is no longer active, and all sites in this jurisdiction are transferred to Northeast District Office (NEDO). Figure 1 reflects jurisdictions for 2017, where M- TAPCA contact information notes this change. Page 4

12 Page 5 Figure 1. OEPA District Offices & Local Air Pollution Control Agencies Jurisdictional Boundaries

13 In 1980, U.S. EPA and Ohio EPA established and designated certain portions of Ohio's ambient air monitoring network to be a part of the National Air Monitoring Station (NAMS) network, created for tracking national trends. This required that all sites produce data of adequate quality and quantity to meet monitoring objectives and statistical analysis. The first PM10 standard became effective July 1987, and the first PM2.5 standard was effective in Filter-based PM2.5 monitors began collecting data in Monitors to determine chemical makeup of the particulate matter were added in In 2001, monitors that could continuously measure PM2.5 became a programmatic requirement. The 1-hour ozone standard was supplanted with an 8-hour standard in The 8-hour standard is a three-year average of the 4 th highest daily 8-hour averages, which was set at 0.08 ppm not to be exceeded. In 2001, the United States Supreme Court found U.S. EPA s proposed implementation plan for ozone unlawful and further held that, in the setting of a standard for ozone pursuant to Section 109 of the CAA, U.S. EPA must set air quality standards at levels that are requisite, i.e., no higher or lower than necessary to protect public health with an adequate margin of safety. The Supreme Court sent the case back to the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals to review U.S. EPA s subsequent actions. In March 2002, the court upheld U.S. EPA s revision of the ozone NAAQS. In October 2015, the 8-hour ozone standard was set to ppm as the threeyear average of each site s annual fourth high 8-hour average. In 2009, the standard for Pb was revised to 0.15 µg/m 3 as a three-month rolling average, replacing the 1.5 µg/m 3 calendar quarter average. New monitors near known or presumed sources were required to be operational on the first sampling day of January On January 1, 2011, U.S. EPA made changes to the designations of sites. The NAMS designation, used for national trends in concentrations was eliminated in favor of National Core Monitoring Network (NCore) sites, a much smaller network of sites with many more parameters per site monitored. There are three NCore sites in Ohio, which are located in Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Preble County. Details on Ohio's ambient air monitoring network are provided annually in the Annual Monitoring Network Plan (AMNP). The AMNP is a CAA requirement, annually addressing the state's network as it existed on July 31 of the reporting year and as it was expected or anticipated to be modified in year ahead. Appendix A of the AMNP is the Complete Network Plan Description, listing each monitoring site within the Local Air Agencies and District Offices in Ohio. The AMNP is available at C. Remote Ambient Data System Beginning in 1986, the Remote Ambient-Air Data System (RADS) provided for the automatic acquisition of data from Ohio EPA s remote monitors to a central computer. Data is retrieved from each district office and local air agency s continuous monitoring sites on an hourly basis. Page 6

14 RADS has since been upgraded for improved remote access to data by digital cellular wireless technology. Beginning in 2015, RADS began using Agilaire s AirVision software to poll, process and assemble all hourly data collected in Ohio. D. Data Availability on the Internet Air monitoring data is available on Ohio EPA s AirOhio website at Ohio EPA also provides ozone and PM2.5 data updates hourly to U.S. EPA s AirNow website. Current data and data forecasts are displayed in the form of tables and maps and can be viewed at Historical ambient air quality data can also be found at This site is a gateway to maps, reports and user-selected data residing in U.S. EPA s Air Quality System (AQS) database. II AIR QUALITY DATA SUMMARY MAPS A series of maps on the following pages summarize data presented in Section IV of this report. Values are presented on maps in counties where data was recorded. Page 7

15 Page 8 Figure PM10 High 24-Hour Concentration

16 Page 9 Figure PM2.5 Highest Annual Average Concentration

17 Page 10 Figure PM2.5 98th Percentile 24-Hour Concentration

18 Page 11 Figure SO2 2nd Highest 3-Hour Average Concentration

19 Concentrations in counties reflect the 99 th percentile 1-hour reading in 2017 only. Shaded counties represent a violation of three-year average form of the NAAQS. Figure SO2 99th Percentile 1-Hour Concentration Page 12

20 Page 13 Figure Carbon Monoxide 2nd Highest 8-Hour Concentration

21 Page 14 Figure Carbon Monoxide 2nd Highest 1-Hour Concentration

22 Page 15 Figure Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Arithmetic Mean Concentration

23 Page 16 Figure Nitrogen Dioxide 98th Percentile 1-Hour Concentration

24 Concentrations in counties reflect the 4 th highest 8-hour average in 2017 only. Shaded counties represent a violation of three-year average form of the NAAQS. Figure Ozone 4th Highest 8-Hour Concentration Page 17

25 Page 18 Figure Average of the 4th High 8-Hour Averages

26 Page 19 Figure Lead, Highest 3 Month Rolling Average

27 III. AIR QUALITY TRENDS Monitoring sites designated as State & Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) meet rigid prescribed federal requirements. Trend analyses in this section are drawn from data originating in the SLAMS network. A. SO 2 trends Data for SO2 continuous instruments in urban areas meeting SLAMS siting requirements were used to generate Ohio SO2 trend studies for years 2008 through 2017, which are plotted in the figures below. Figure 14 is based on annual averages. Figure 15 plots the 99 th percentile value, which is the short term 1-hour NAAQS for SO2. In the last ten years, 99 th percentile SO2 concentrations statewide have improved an average of 80%. Figure 14. Sulfur Dioxide Trends Urban Areas ( ) Figure 15. Sulfur Dioxide Trends All Sites ( ) Page 20

28 B. Ozone trends Assessing progress towards attainment of the ozone NAAQS is complicated because of the influence of meteorology on ozone levels. Differences in weather conditions can cause variations from year to year in both NAAQS exceedances and second highest 1-hour ozone levels. High temperatures, brilliant sunshine, and stagnant air contribute to increased evaporation from fuel storage tanks, fuel systems, and auto refueling activities. These emissions, with nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons from vehicles, are a major contributor to low-level ozone pollution during these atmospheric conditions. In the presence of sunlight, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides create ground-level ozone. One Hour Ozone Data: Trend information is presented from eight metropolitan areas in Ohio for the period of 2008 through Figure 16 and Figure 17 on the following page shows second highest 1-hour averages for each year. In an area where ozone is monitored at several sites, the site with the highest second high for each year was used, which may be a different site from year to year. Eight Hour Ozone Standard: Eight metropolitan areas are presented with the 4 th highest 8-hour daily ozone averages for the years 2008 through 2017 in Figure 18 and Figure 19 on page 23. Figure 20 and Figure 21 on page 24 present the three-year average of the 4 th highest 8-hour daily ozone averages for years 2008 through 2017 for the same areas. The year listed is the last year of the three-year period. The NAAQS is a three-year average of the 4 th highest 8-hour averages; the concentration must be less than or equal to parts per million (70 parts per billion) for compliance with the standard. The monitor with the highest 4 th high in each three-year period was used, not necessarily the same monitor for all years. The three- year averages for each site in Ohio are listed in the ozone portion of Section IV(G) on page 46. Page 21

29 Figure nd Highest 1-Hr Ozone in Urban Areas (1) Figure nd Highest 1-Hr Ozone in Urban Areas (2) Page 22

30 Figure th High 8-Hr Ozone Concentration by Urban Area (1) Figure th High 8-Hr Ozone Concentration by Urban Area (2) Page 23

31 Figure 20. Three-Year Average of 4 th High 8-Hr Ozone Average by Urban Area (1) Figure 21. Three-Year Average of 4 th High 8-Hr Ozone Average by Urban Area (2) C. Carbon Monoxide Trends Comparative plots of changes in carbon monoxide (CO) in the past ten years for eight major Ohio cities are presented in Figure 22 through Figure 27 on pages One central-city monitor in each urban area was selected to yield data for a trend study of 8-hour average CO concentrations. Data for years are used in the figures. The last violation of the CO NAAQS occurred in 1990 in Steubenville. Page 24

32 Figure 22. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Akron Figure 23. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Canton Figure 24. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Cincinnati Page 25

33 Figure 25. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Cleveland Figure 26. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Lake Figure 27. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Dayton Page 26

34 IV AIR QUALITY DATA A. Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Total suspended particulate matter is defined as any liquid (aerosol) or solid substance found in the atmosphere. Particles larger than approximately 100 microns in diameter settle rapidly due to gravity and are not considered suspended particulates. Fly ash, process dusts, soot and oil aerosols are all common forms of suspended particulate matter. The major sources of particulate pollution are industrial processes, electric power generation, industrial fuel combustion, and dust from roadways and construction sites. Particulate pollution causes a wide range of damage to materials, as well as limiting visibility and reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth. Components of particulates may be harmful, such as sulfates, nitrates and metals. The major adverse health effects on humans are related to damage to the respiratory system through interference with the lungs natural cleansing processes. Such adverse health effects are dependent, in a general sense, upon two factors: the concentration, size and chemical composition of the particles of which the TSP consists; and the composition of any pollutant gases in combination with it. Particles greater than ten microns in diameter can rarely penetrate below the larynx and, therefore, are less likely to damage the respiratory system. Particles less than six microns in diameter can penetrate the bronchial passage while those of less than one micron in diameter can usually penetrate and be deposited in the capillaries and alveoli of the lungs. Page 27

35 In 1987, TSP sampling was gradually replaced by ten-micron particulate sampling (PM10). The number of monitors decreased from over 200 in 1987 to seven monitors in All TSP data is used for lead and other metals monitoring. U.S. EPA later added a NAAQS for 2.5-micron particulate matter (PM2.5). Data collection for PM2.5 began in The PM2.5 monitors supplement and partially replace the PM10 network. Table 3 below summarizes key data statistics in 2017 for the five TSP sites in Ohio. Sampling Method TSP is measured by the high-volume air sampler method. This instrument draws measured volumes of air through a glass fiber filter for 24 hours. Particulate matter trapped on the filter is weighed to determine the mass of the particulates collected per volume of air. Results are reported as micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter of air (µg/m 3 ). Normal sampling is done intermittently once every six days. Table 3. TSP Summary Statistics Suspended particulate (TSP) (micrograms/cubic meter) County Site ID POC City Obs 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Mean Columbiana East Liverpool Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Page 28

36 B. Particulate Matter 10µm (PM10) In 1987, U.S. EPA promulgated a primary standard for particulate matter that included only those particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than or equal to 10 micrometers (PM10, particulate matter 10 micrometers). From 1987 until 1997, the annual standard was 50 µg/m 3 annual arithmetic mean (averaged over three years' data). The 24-hour standard was 150 µg/m 3 and was not to be exceeded more than once per year, averaged over three years. The original annual standard was retained until changes to the particulate NAAQS became effective in At that time, the 24-hour PM10 standard of 150 µg/m 3 was retained, but the annual PM10 standard of 50 µg/m 3 was revoked. The Ohio Air Monitoring Network was expanded to include 21 PM10 sites in 1986, 45 in 1988, and a high of 91 sites in Since 1997, the PM10 network has been substantially reduced, as monitoring of particulates has been focused to sampling of PM2.5 fine particulates. Table 4 on the following pages summarizes key data statistics in 2017 for the 31 PM10 sites in Ohio. Sampling Method Dayton Moraine PM10 Site PM10 is measured by the filtered air sampler method for non-continuous instruments. These instruments are refined beyond the traditional TSP sampler to limit the size of particle collected on the filter. Measured volumes of air are similarly drawn through a quartz fiber filter for 24 hours. PM10 matter trapped on the filter is weighed to determine the mass collected per volume of air. Results are reported as micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter of air (µg/m 3 ). Continuous instruments collect real-time PM10 concentrations by various other measurement techniques. Page 29

37 Table 4. PM10 Summary Statistics Page 30 PM10 Total 0-10um 24-hour (micrograms/cubic meter) County Site ID POC City Valid Days Obs % Obs Obs Req 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Days > NAAQS Max > NAAQS Belmont Shadyside Belmont Shadyside Butler Middletown Butler Middletown * Butler Middletown Columbiana East Liverpool Columbiana East Liverpool Columbiana East Liverpool Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland * Cuyahoga Newburgh Heights Cuyahoga Brook Park Franklin Columbus Franklin Columbus Greene Yellow Springs Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Lockland Hamilton Lockland Jefferson Brilliant Jefferson Steubenville Mean

38 PM10 Total 0-10um 24-hour (micrograms/cubic meter) County Site ID POC City Valid Days Obs % Obs Obs Req 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Days > NAAQS Max > NAAQS Jefferson Steubenville Lake Fairport Harbor Lake Fairport Harbor Lawrence Ironton Lorain Sheffield Mahoning Youngstown Mahoning Youngstown Mahoning Youngstown Montgomery Moraine Montgomery Moraine Scioto Portsmouth Scioto Portsmouth * Scioto Portsmouth Scioto Franklin Furnace Scioto Franklin Furnace Scioto Franklin Furnace Trumbull Warren * Trumbull Warren Trumbull Warren Note: * indicates one or more quarters do not meet 75% capture rate. Mean Page 31

39 C. Particulate Matter 2.5µm (PM2.5) In 1997, the U.S. EPA promulgated revisions to the NAAQS for particulate matter. The primary standard includes only those particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5, particulate matter 2.5 micrometers). The annual standard was 15.0 µg/m 3 annual arithmetic mean, averaged over three consecutive years. The annual NAAQS was changed from 15.0 µg/m 3 to 12.0 µg/m 3, effective January The 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS was changed from 65 µg/m 3 to 35 µg/m 3 effective in December The 24-hour standard is met when the 98th percentile concentration, averaged over three consecutive years, is less than or equal to 35 µg/m 3. Because of U.S. EPA s final action to set the fine particulate PM2.5 standards to supplement the PM10, the Ohio Air Monitoring Network had a peak of 52 sites in In 2017, there were 47 PM2.5 sites with 79 total monitors. Most are filter-based Federal Reference Method (FRM) instruments collecting 24-hour average concentrations either every three days or every six days. Additionally, several are chemical speciation monitors operating on an every three- or six-day schedule with filters analyzed for chemical composition of PM2.5 matter, and some monitors collect hourly concentrations 24 hours per day. The FRM monitors and a limited number of continuous monitors are used to determine compliance with the NAAQS. Speciation monitors are used to determine the composition of the particulates. The continuous monitors are primarily used for the Air Quality Index and for real time reporting of particulate data to the public. Cincinnati's PM2.5 Fairfield Site Table 5 through Table 8 on the following pages summarize key data statistics in 2017 for the 47 PM2.5 sites in Ohio. Sampling Method PM2.5 is measured by the filtered air sampler method for non-continuous instruments. These instruments are refined beyond the PM10 sampler to further limit the size of particle collected on the filter. Measured volumes of air are similarly drawn through a filter for 24 hours. PM2.5 matter trapped on the filter is weighed to determine the mass collected per volume of air. Results are reported as micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter of air (µg/m 3 ). Continuous instruments collect real-time PM2.5 concentrations by various other measurement techniques. Page 32

40 PM hour (micrograms/cubic meter) Page 33 Table 5. PM2.5 Summary Statistics County Site ID POC City Valid Days 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max 98th percentile Allen Lima Allen Lima Athens Sharpsburg Athens Sharpsburg * Belmont Shadyside Butler Middletown Butler Middletown Butler Fairfield Butler Fairfield Butler Middletown Butler Middletown Butler Middletown Butler Middletown * Clark Springfield Clark Springfield Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland * Cuyahoga Newburgh Heights Cuyahoga Warrensville * Cuyahoga Heights Brook Park Franklin Columbus Franklin Columbus Franklin Columbus Franklin Columbus Franklin Columbus Greene Yellow Springs Greene Yellow Springs Greene Yellow Springs Hamilton Blue Ash Hamilton Blue Ash Hamilton Cleves Hamilton Cleves Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati * Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Mean

41 PM hour (micrograms/cubic meter) County Site ID POC City Valid Days 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max 98th percentile Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Jefferson Steubenville Jefferson Steubenville Jefferson Mingo Junction Lake Painesville Lake Painesville Lawrence Ironton Lorain Sheffield Lorain Sheffield Lucas Toledo Lucas Toledo * Lucas Toledo Lucas Toledo * Lucas Toledo * Mahoning Youngstown Mahoning Youngstown Mahoning Youngstown Medina Westfield Township Medina Westfield Township Montgomery Dayton Montgomery Dayton Portage Ravenna Preble New Paris Scioto Portsmouth * Scioto Portsmouth * Stark Canton Stark Canton Stark Canton Stark Canton * Summit Akron Summit Akron Summit Akron Summit Akron Trumbull Warren * Trumbull Warren * Note: * indicates that one or more quarters do not meet 75% capture rate. Mean Page 34

42 Page 35 Table 6. PM2.5 Continuous Monitor Data (µ/m 3 ) County Site ID POC City Duration Obs 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Mean Adams West Union 1-hr hr Allen Lima 1-hr hr Clark Springfield 1-hr hr Clermont Batavia 1-hr hr Cuyahoga Cleveland 1-hr hr Franklin New Albany 1-hr hr Columbus 1-hr hr hr Greene Yellow Springs 24-hr Blue Ash 1-hr hr Hamilton Cleves 1-hr hr Cincinnati 1-hr hr * Cincinnati 1-hr hr Jefferson Steubenville 1-hr hr Lake Painesville 1-hr hr Lawrence Ironton 1-hr hr Lorain Sheffield 1-hr hr Lucas Toledo 1-hr hr Mahoning Youngstown 1-hr hr Medina Westfield Township Montgomery Dayton 1-hr hr hr hr

43 County Site ID POC City Duration Obs 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Mean Preble New Paris 1-hr hr * Stark Canton 1-hr hr * Summit Akron 1-hr hr Trumbull Warren 1-hr hr Warren Lebanon 1-hr hr = site not used in comparison with NAAQS Note: The * indicates one or more quarters do not meet 75% capture rate. Page 36

44 Page 37 Table 7. PM hour 98th Percentile Averages (µ/m 3 ) Site County Year Average ' Allen Athens Belmont Butler Clark Cuyahoga Franklin Greene Hamilton Jefferson Lake Lawrence Lucas Mahoning Medina Montgomery Portage Preble Scioto Stark Summit Trumbull = one or more quarters do not meet 75% capture rate

45 Table 8. PM2.5 Average of Annual Averages (µ/m 3 ) Site County Year Average ' Allen Athens Belmont Butler Clark Cuyahoga Franklin Greene Hamilton Jefferson Lake Lawrence Lorain Lucas Mahoning Medina Montgomery Portage Preble Scioto Stark Summit Trumbull = one or more quarters do not meet 75% capture rate = site not used in comparison with annual NAAQS Page 38

46 D. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas formed through the combination of sulfur and oxygen during combustion. The major sources of SO2 are the burning of sulfur-containing fossil fuels (mainly coal), with lesser amounts caused by industrial processes such as smelting. The control of SO2 emissions can be accomplished by burning coal or oil with a relatively low sulfur content. Newer boilers may be equipped with flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems that use a caustic solution to scrub SO2 from the exhaust gas stream. In 2010, U.S. EPA revised the NAAQS for SO2 by establishing a 1-hour standard at a level of 75 ppb based on the 3-year average of the annual 99 th percentile of 1- hour daily maximum concentrations. In the same action, the primary annual and 24-hour standards in effect were revoked. The 3-hour 500 ppb secondary standard was retained. A Gavin Power Plant SO2 Site Sampling Method Sulfur dioxide is measured continuously by instruments using ultraviolet fluorescent techniques. The analyzers irradiate and air sample with ultraviolet light. Sulfur dioxide gas molecules absorb a portion of this energy, and then re-emit the energy at a characteristic wavelength of light. This light energy emitted by SO2 molecules is sensed by a photomultiplier tube and converted to an electronic signal proportional to the concentration of SO2 present. All concentrations for SO2 are reported in ppb. Table 9 on the following pages summarizes key data statistics in 2017 for the 34 SO2 sites in Ohio for the primary 1-hour standard. Page 39

47 Table 9. SO2 Summary Statistics Sulfur dioxide (42401) 1-hr Parts per billion County Site ID POC City Complete quarters Obs 1st Max 1-hr 2nd Max 1-hr 99th Percentile 1st Max 24-hr 2nd Max 24-hr Days > 24-hr standard Mean Adams West Union Allen Lima Ashtabula Conneaut Belmont Shadyside Butler Middletown Butler Middletown Butler Middletown Clark Enon Columbiana East Liverpool Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Newburgh Heights Franklin Columbus Gallia Cheshire Gallia Cheshire Gallia Cheshire Hamilton Cleves Hamilton Cincinnati Jefferson Steubenville Jefferson Wells Township Jefferson Brilliant Lake Eastlake Lake Painesville Lawrence Ironton Lucas Toledo Mahoning Youngstown Morgan Center Township Preble New Paris Scioto Portsmouth Page 40

48 Sulfur dioxide (42401) 1-hr Parts per billion County Site ID POC City Complete quarters Obs 1st Max 1-hr 2nd Max 1-hr 99th Percentile 1st Max 24-hr 2nd Max 24-hr Days > 24-hr standard Mean Scioto Franklin Furnace Scioto Franklin Furnace Summit Akron Summit Akron Page 41

49 E. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Nitrogen dioxide is formed in high temperature combustion processes, when nitrogen in the air is oxidized to nitric oxide (NO) or nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The major sources of NO2 are high temperature fuel combustion, motor vehicles, and certain chemical processes. NO2 is also a significant pollutant because the combination of NO2 and ground level hydrocarbon compounds causes the production of photochemical oxidants, primarily ozone (O3). In 2010, U.S. EPA revised the NAAQS for NO2 by adding a 1-hour standard which is the three-year average of the annual 98 th percentile values. The standard is 100 ppb, which is not to be exceeded. The annual NAAQS of 53 ppb was retained. Sampling Method Continuous monitoring of NO2 is based on a chemiluminescent reaction between NO and O3. When these two gases react, ultraviolet light at a specific wavelength is produced. In the monitor, ambient air is drawn along two paths. In the first path, the air is reacted directly with ozone, and the light energy produced is proportional to the amount of nitric oxide in the air. In the second path, the air is reacted with ozone after it passes through a catalytic reduction surface. The reduction surface converts NO2 to NO and the light energy produced is a measure of the total oxides of nitrogen in the air sample. The electronic difference of these two signals yields the concentration of NO2. All concentrations for NO2 are reported in ppb. Table 10 on the following page summarizes key data statistics in 2017 for the seven NO2 sites in Ohio. Cincinnati's NO2 Near Road Site Page 42

50 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (parts per billion) County Site ID POC City Table 10. NO2 Summary Statistics Complete Quarters Obs % Complete 1st Max 1-hour 2nd Max 1-hour 98th Percentile Belmont Shadyside Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Warrensville Heights Franklin Columbus Franklin Columbus Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Mean Page 43

51 F. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas and the most abundant and widely distributed NAAQS pollutant found in the lower atmosphere. It is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels, primarily in the internal combustion engine. The NAAQS for CO are a 1-hour limit of 35 ppm, which is not to be exceeded more than once per year. The 9 ppm, 8-hour limit is not to be exceeded more than once per year. Akron's center city CO site Sampling Method Carbon monoxide is monitored continuously by analyzers that operate on the infrared absorption principle. Air is drawn into a sample chamber and a beam of infrared light is passed through it. CO absorbs infrared radiation, and any decrease in the intensity of the beam is due to the presence of CO molecules. This decrease is directly related to the concentration of CO in the air. A special detector measures the difference in the radiation between this beam and a duplicate beam passing through a reference chamber with no CO present. This difference in intensity is electronically translated into a reading of the CO, measured in parts per million (ppm). Table 11 on the following page summarizes key data statistics in 2017 for the 14 CO sites in Ohio. Page 44

52 Carbon monoxide (parts per million) Table 11. CO Summary Statistics County Site ID POC City Obs 1st Max 1-hour 2nd Max 1-hour Obs >1-hr NAAQS 1st Max 8-hr 2nd Max 8-hr Obs >8-hr NAAQS Belmont Shadyside Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Warrensville Heights Franklin Columbus Franklin Columbus Hamilton Cincinnati Hamilton Cincinnati Lake Mentor Montgomery Dayton Preble New Paris Stark Canton Summit Akron Summit Akron Page 45

53 G. Ozone (O3) Ozone differs from other pollutants in that it is not directly emitted into the atmosphere from sources. Rather, it is created photochemically in the lower atmosphere by the reaction of volatile organic compounds and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the presence of sunlight. For this reason, it is referred to as a secondary pollutant. Ozone is the predominant oxidant component of photochemical smog. In urban areas, nitrogen oxides are emitted primarily from combustion sources such as the internal combustion engine, electric power generation units, and gas and oil-fired boilers. Volatile organic compounds, important in sustaining the reactions, are emitted in the exhausts of gasoline, diesel and jet engines, through the evaporation of gasoline and solvents such as drycleaning fluids, from industrial and non-industrial surface coating operations such as paint booths, from open burning, and other combustion sources. The ozone NAAQS has been revised frequently. Prior to 1997, the 1-hour standard was 0.12 ppm, with a violation occurring at more than three exceedances. In 1997, the standard was supplanted with an 8-hour average of 0.08 ppm where a violation occurred when the annual 4 th highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration averaged over three years exceeded the standard. In 2006, the 1-hour standard was revoked. Then, in 2008, the 8-hour standard was lowered to ppm (75 ppb). In 2015, the standard was revised to ppm, where a violation occurs when the annual 4 th highest daily maximum 8-hour average concentration averaged over three years exceeds the standard. Sampling Method Ozone is monitored continuously during the ozone season. Beginning in 2017, the ozone season begins March 1 and extends through October 31. Middletown Ozone Site An ozone analyzer operates using ultraviolet absorption. The air sample is drawn into the analyzer and irradiated with an ultraviolet light of nanometers wavelength. The amount of light absorbed is related to the amount of ozone present. Table 12 through Table 16 on the following pages summarize key data statistics in 2017 for the 51 O3 sites in Ohio. All concentrations for ozone are reported in parts per million (ppm). Page 46

54 Ozone 1-hour (parts per million) County Site ID POC City Table 12. O3 1-Hour Summary Statistics Valid Days Measured Number of Days in Season 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Exceedances Allen Lima Ashtabula Conneaut Butler Middletown Butler Hamilton Butler Oxford Township Clark Springfield Clark Enon Clermont Batavia Clinton Wilmington Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Berea Cuyahoga Mayfield Delaware Delaware Fayette Mt. Sterling Franklin New Albany Franklin Columbus Franklin Columbus Geauga Chardon Greene Xenia Hamilton Blue Ash Hamilton Cleves Hamilton Cincinnati Jefferson Steubenville Knox Centerburg Lake Eastlake Lake Painesville Lawrence Willow Wood Lawrence Ironton Page 47

55 Ozone 1-hour (parts per million) County Site ID POC City Valid Days Measured Number of Days in Season 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Exceedances Licking Heath (Fourmile Lock) Lorain Sheffield Lucas Toledo Lucas Waterville Lucas Curtice Madison Paint Township Mahoning Youngstown Medina Westfield Township Miami Casstown Montgomery Dayton Noble Wayne Township Portage Kent Preble New Paris Stark Canton Stark Brewster Stark Alliance Summit Akron Trumbull Vienna Trumbull Kinsman Warren Lebanon Washington Marietta Wood Bowling Green Page 48

56 Page 49 Ozone 8-hour (parts per million) County Site ID POC City Obs Table 13. O3 8-Hour Summary Statistics % Obs Valid Days Measured Number of Days in Season 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Exceedances Allen Lima Ashtabula Conneaut Butler Middletown Butler Hamilton Butler Oxford Township Clark Springfield Clark Enon Clermont Batavia Clinton Wilmington Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Cleveland Cuyahoga Berea Cuyahoga Mayfield Delaware Delaware Fayette Mt. Sterling Franklin New Albany Franklin Columbus Franklin Columbus Geauga Chardon Greene Xenia Hamilton Blue Ash Hamilton Cleves Hamilton Cincinnati Jefferson Steubenville Knox Centerburg Lake Eastlake Lake Painesville Lawrence Willow Wood Lawrence Ironton Licking Heath (Fourmile Lock)

57 Ozone 8-hour (parts per million) County Site ID POC City Obs % Obs Valid Days Measured Number of Days in Season 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Exceedances Lorain Sheffield Lucas Toledo Lucas Waterville Lucas Curtice Madison Paint Township Mahoning Youngstown Medina Westfield Township Miami Casstown Montgomery Dayton Noble Wayne Township Portage Kent Preble New Paris Stark Canton Stark Brewster Stark Alliance Summit Akron Trumbull Vienna Trumbull Kinsman Warren Lebanon Washington Marietta Wood Bowling Green Page 50

58 Page 51 Table 14. Three-year Average of 4 th High 8-Hour O3 Averages (ppm) 4th high in Year 3 Year Site ID County City Average Allen Lima Ashtabula Conneaut Hamilton Butler Middletown Springfield Clark Clermont Clinton Cleveland Cleveland Cuyahoga Berea Mayfield Delaware New Albany Franklin Columbus Columbus Geauga Greene Xenia Hamilton Cincinnati Jefferson Steubenville Knox Eastlake Lake Painesville Lawrence Ironton Licking Heath Lorain Lorain Toledo Waterville Lucas Toledo Toledo Madison Mahoning Youngstown Medina Miami Montgomery Dayton Portage Preble Canton Stark Brewster Alliance Summit Akron Trumbull Kinsman Warren Lebanon Washington Marietta Wood Bowling Green = insufficient data for valid statistical average data for valid statistical average

59 Table 15. Total days of 8-Hour Ozone Exceedances Statewide and Date of First Seasonal Exceedance ( ) Exceedances/Sites* Year Date 2008 standard 75 ppb 2015 standard 70 ppb April 42 / May 16 / April 45 / June 44 / May 50 / May 13 / April 10 / May 35 / April 43 / May 30 / 51 * Number of sites with exceedances during ozone monitoring season / total number of sites operated across Ohio Table 16. Last Ozone Exceedance Dates 8-Hour Standard ( ) Year Date Sites* Statewide Max on Final Day of Seasonal Exceedance 2008 Standard 2015 Standard 75 ppb 70 ppb September June October September August September July September September September 2 74 *Standard applied is 2008 NAAQS for ozone of 75ppb. Values for 2016 and 2017 apply 2015 standard 70 ppb. Page 52

60 H. Lead (Pb) Airborne lead (Pb) was historically caused by vehicles using leaded fuels. Now the primary sources of airborne lead include lead smelting facilities, lead-acid storage battery manufacturing plants and other manufacturing operations. East Liverpool Lead Site In the period from 1978 to 1991, lead concentrations at traffic-oriented sites dropped by over 90%, reflecting the removal of lead from gasoline. In 1999, the U.S. EPA eliminated the requirement for traffic-oriented sites and shifted focus to monitoring at industrial sources. Ohio EPA discontinued monitoring at traffic-oriented sites in In November of 2008, U.S. EPA changed the NAAQS for lead from 1.5 µg/m 3 as a calendar quarter average to a lower standard of 0.15 µg/m 3 as a rolling three-month average. This revised standard is designed to provide increased protection to the public, particularly children. The newest lead standard requires monitoring at lead sources that report emissions of greater than 0.5 tons per year. Lead monitoring is required at NCore sites in Core-Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of 500,000 or more persons. There are three sites in Ohio that meet these criteria: Cincinnati, Cleveland and Dayton. Sampling Method Lead concentrations in ambient air are determined by the U.S EPA reference method. Lead samples are collected as total suspended particulate matter (TSP) on glass fiber filters according to 40 CFR Part 50, Appendix B, Reference method for the Determination of Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere. These filters are then analyzed by the manual Equivalent method: EQL , Heated Nitric Acid Hot Block Digestion and ICP/MS analysis for Lead (Pb) on TSP High-volume filters. In this method, one ¾ x 8 portion or strip, of the TSP filter is dissolved in a solution of nitric acid, heated on a hot block, on which the solution is reduced to final volume for analysis. The extracted solution is then analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, (ICP/MS) to determine the amount of lead collected on the original filter. Sites that are being used to meet monitoring network requirements have individual sampling events (days) analyzed. Concentrations are reported in micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m 3 ). Table 17 on the following page summarizes key data statistics in 2017 for the 13 Lead sites in Ohio. Page 53

61 Lead (micrograms/cubic meter) County Site ID City Table 17. Lead Summary Statistics Max 3-Month Average Month of Max Valid Months Columbiana East Liverpool.02 January 12 Columbiana East Liverpool.01 January 12 Columbiana East Liverpool.01 January 12 Cuyahoga Cleveland.01 January 12 Cuyahoga Cleveland.01 January 12 Cuyahoga Cleveland.02 September 12 Cuyahoga Cleveland.03 October 11 Franklin Columbus.01 January 12 Fulton Delta.11 January 11 Marion Marion.02 February 12 Marion Marion.01 January 12 Stark Canton.14 June 7 Washington Marietta 0 January 11 Page 54

62 V. AIR TOXICS MONITORING 2016 A. Introduction Ohio EPA operates a network of air toxics monitors as part of a state-wide Air Toxics Monitoring Program (ATMP). This sampling network is modeled after programs and methods recommended by U.S. EPA. The emphasis has been on urban toxics monitoring for volatile organic compounds and heavy metals. Following this introduction, there are brief sections describing sampling and analytical procedures for the pollutants monitored. The principle focus of the ATMP is urban monitoring looking for risks in areas where people live. In support of this effort, air toxics monitoring has concentrated on the following groups of compounds: volatile organic compounds (VOC) o examples: benzene, chloroform, styrene, toluene heavy metals o examples: beryllium, manganese Intermittent air sampling has been conducted at semi-permanent monitoring sites (where monitoring extends beyond a six-month period) for VOCs and heavy metals. Page 55

63 Past sampling efforts have included: Cross Media pollution monitoring Urban air toxics Great Lakes deposition monitoring Source monitoring Post-remediation Monitoring Complaint investigation Emergency Episode Monitoring Emissions verification During 2017, DAPC was involved in several minor monitoring projects throughout the state. The sampling and analytical methods for VOCs and heavy metals are described below. B. Volatile Organic Compound Sampling and Analysis Sampling Method A major component of the Air Toxics Monitoring Program is ambient sampling for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are compounds that are generally found in the vapor state. Most VOC samples were collected using a whole air sampling system that pumps ambient air into a stainless-steel canister, which allows an air sample to be maintained virtually unchanged until it is analyzed. Samples can also be collected using only the vacuum of the canister to draw in an air sample. These vacuum-filled grab samples usually take only a few minutes to collect and are useful for collecting transient odors or potentially high concentration samples. Ohio EPA is now capable of collecting specific samples for 1-, 3-, 8-, and 24-hours using this grab sampling method. Samples at the semi-permanent sampling sites are collected consistent with the national air toxics monitoring schedule of once every 12 th day or every 6 th day over a 24-hour sampling period. Specific procedures for this type of sampling can be found in U.S. EPA s Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compound in Ambient Air in the section TO-15. Analysis The volatile tendency of VOCs allows them to be vaporized when heated, if not already in a gaseous state, and injected into an analytical device called a gas chromatograph (GC). As a sample passes through a GC column, various compounds separate out of the sample mixture. As the individual compounds exit the column, a detector records a response. That response is illustrated on a chromatogram as a peak, the area of which indicates the concentration of the compound. Compound identification is accomplished by comparing peak retention times with those from a chromatogram of a known mixture of compounds. Retention time is the time it takes for a particular compound to reach the detector. As long as analytical conditions remain the same, a compound from one analysis to the next will have the same retention time. The GC is combined with a special detector called a mass spectrometer (MS). The combination, GC/MS, analyzes a sample by separating it into its individual components which form a fingerprint by which a compound can be identified. Page 56

64 Most canister samples collected by DAPC were analyzed by the Ohio EPA Division of Environmental Services (DES). Canister samples from counties under jurisdiction of Southwest Ohio Air Quality Agency were analyzed by a third-party lab. Laboratory analytical methods for VOC detection must follow procedures outlined in 40 CFR Part 136 for determining the analytical equipment's Method Detection Limit (MDL) for each compound. A separate Reporting Limit (RL) is based on the equipment's practical quantitation limits. Any amount below the MDL is considered noise and is reported as a non-detection (ND). Any amount equal to or greater than the MDL and less than the RL is reported, but the value is flagged and considered positive detection of the compound with an estimated concentration. Concentrations equal to or above the RL are reported without caveat, unless otherwise qualified. Most VOC target compounds' RL is 0.1 ppbv. Table 18 on the following page lists target compounds for VOC analysis. Table 19 summarizes state-wide results for 24-hour samples of each target compound. Non-detections or zero values are not included in the calculated averages reported in the tables below, i.e., the reported average is the mean of all detected values equal to or above the MDL. Table 20 on page 61 has information about VOC sites operating in 2017, and Table 21 provides a summary of all VOC parameters for each site. Page 57

65 Table 18. DES VOC Target Compound List For TO-15 Analysis CAS # Compound Name CAS # Compound Name CAS # Compound Name ,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Bromoform Methyl ethyl ketone ,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Bromomethane Methyl isobutyl ketone ,1,2-Trichloroethane Carbon disulfide Methyl methacrylate ,1-Dichloroethane Carbon tetrachloride Methyl tert-butyl ether ,1-Dichloroethylene Chlorobenzene Naphthalene ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Chloroethane n-butane ,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Chloroform n-heptane ,2-Dichlorobenzene Chloromethane n-hexane ,2-Dichloropropane cis-1,2-dichloroethene n-nonane ,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Cyclohexane n-pentane ,3-Butadiene Dibromochloromethane n-propylbenzene ,3-Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodifluoromethane o-xylene ,3-Dichloropropene(total) Dichloromethane p-ethyltoluene ,4-Dichlorobenzene Ethyl acetate Propylene ,4-Dioxane Ethyl alcohol Styrene ,2,4-Trimethylpentane Ethylbenzene tert-butyl alcohol chlorotoluene Ethylene dibromide Tetrachloroethylene Proponol Ethylene dichloride Toluene Chloropropene Freon trans-1,2-dichloroethylene Acetone Furan, tetrahydro trans-1,3-dichloropropene Acrolein - Unverified Hexachlorobutadiene Trichloroethylene Acrylonitrile Isopropylbenzene Trichlorofluoromethane Benzene 48 No CAS m/p Xylene Vinyl acetate Benzyl chloride Methyl Butyl Ketone Vinyl bromide Bromodichloromethane Methyl chloroform Vinyl chloride Page 58

66 Compound Table 19. VOC Summary of Statewide Canister Data Concentration* (ppbv) Reporting Limit Average Maximum Frequency Detected 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane /280 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane /280 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 0.1 0/280 1,1-Dichloroethane /280 1,1-Dichloroethylene /280 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene /280 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene /280 1,2-Dichlorobenzene /280 1,2-Dichloropropane /280 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene /280 1,3-Butadiene /280 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 0.1 0/280 1,3-Dichloropropene(total) /280 1,4-Dichlorobenzene /280 1,4-Dioxane /201 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane /201 2-chlorotoluene /201 2-Proponol /201 3-Chloropropene /201 Acetone /279 Acrolein - Unverified /200 Acrylonitrile /249 Benzene /279 Benzyl chloride /201 Bromodichloromethane 0.1 0/280 Bromoform /280 Bromomethane 0.1 0/280 Carbon disulfide /280 Carbon tetrachloride /280 Chlorobenzene /280 Chloroethane /280 Chloroform /280 Chloromethane /280 cis-1,2-dichloroethene /280 Cyclohexane /280 Dibromochloromethane 0.1 0/280 Dichlorodifluoromethane /280 Dichloromethane /280 Ethyl acetate /280 Ethyl alcohol /201 Ethylbenzene /280 Page 59

67 Compound Concentration* (ppbv) Reporting Limit Average Maximum Frequency Detected Ethylene dibromide 0.1 0/280 Ethylene dichloride /280 Freon /280 Furan, tetrahydro /280 Hexachlorobutadiene /280 Isopropylbenzene /201 m/p Xylene /280 Methyl Butyl Ketone /280 Methyl chloroform /280 Methyl ethyl ketone /280 Methyl isobutyl ketone /280 Methyl methacrylate /201 Methyl tert-butyl ether /280 Naphthalene /280 n-butane /201 n-heptane /280 n-hexane /280 n-nonane /201 n-pentane /201 n-propylbenzene /201 o-xylene /280 p-ethyltoluene /280 Propylene /280 Styrene /280 tert-butyl alcohol /201 Tetrachloroethylene /280 Toluene /280 trans-1,2-dichloroethylene /280 trans-1,3-dichloropropene /280 Trichloroethylene /280 Trichlorofluoromethane /280 Vinyl acetate /280 Vinyl bromide /201 Vinyl chloride 0.1 0/280 *Concentrations that fall under the RL are valid detections equal to or greater than the MDL Page 60

68 Table 20. VOC Sampling Site Identification AQS # City County* Address Cleveland Cuyahoga St. Tikhon Ave Cleveland Cuyahoga Holland Rd Columbus Franklin - 1 Korbel Ave Columbus Franklin E. Woodrow Ave Cincinnati Hamilton - 1 Seymour & Vine St Cincinnati Hamilton Gracely Dr Steubenville Jefferson 618 Logan St. * Counties with multiple sites are referenced by county - # in the following summary table. Canister inventory used for VOC sampling Page 61

69 Table 21. Summary of VOC results Average; Maximum (ppbv) Number of detections / total samples Compound list Cuyahoga - 1 Cuyahoga - 2 Franklin - 1 Franklin - 2 Hamilton - 1 Hamilton - 2 Jefferson 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 0.06; ; ; 0.19 (0/31) (0/29) (0/28) (1/55) (2/30) (1/49) (0/58) 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 0.07; 0.09 (21/31) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (0/31) 1,1-Dichloroethane (0/31) 1,1-Dichloroethylene (0/31) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (0/31) 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 0.06; 0.17 (28/31) 1,2-Dichlorobenzene (0/31) 1,2-Dichloropropane (0/31) 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 0.02; 0.04 (7/31) 1,3-Butadiene (0/31) 1,3-Dichlorobenzene (0/31) 1,3-Dichloropropene(total) (0/31) 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (0/31) 1,4-Dioxane 0.02; 0.02 (1/31) 0.07; 0.09 (19/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) 0.06; 0.15 (23/29) (0/29) (0/29) 0.02; 0.03 (3/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) 0.08; 0.1 (21/28) (0/28) (0/28) (0/28) (0/28) 0.11; 0.3 (21/28) (0/28) (0/28) 0.03; 0.05 (11/28) 0.1; 0.1 (1/28) (0/28) (0/28) (0/28) (0/28) 0.08; 0.12 (43/55) (0/55) 0.06; 0.06 (1/55) 0.06; 0.06 (1/55) (0/55) 0.1; 0.32 (45/55) 0.06; 0.06 (1/55) 0.06; 0.06 (1/55) 0.04; 0.08 (21/55) 0.13; 0.26 (4/55) (0/55) 0.05; 0.05 (1/55) 0.06; 0.06 (1/55) (0/30) (0/30) 0.24; 0.24 (1/30) (0/30) 0.6; 0.6 (1/30) 0.38; 1.1 (10/30) (0/30) (0/30) 0.36; 0.36 (1/30) (0/30) (0/30) (0/30) 3.6; 3.6 (1/30) 0.07; 0.13 (30/49) (0/49) (0/49) 0.11; 0.11 (1/49) 0.31; 0.33 (3/49) 0.32; 2.2 (16/49) (0/49) (0/49) 0.2; 0.36 (4/49) 0.54; 2 (5/49) (0/49) (0/49) 0.14; 0.14 (1/49) (0/55) DNS DNS 0.08; 0.12 (42/58) (0/58) 0.04; 0.04 (1/58) 0.04; 0.04 (1/58) (0/58) 0.11; 0.32 (56/58) (0/58) (0/58) 0.04; 0.16 (35/58) 0.16; 0.31 (22/58) (0/58) 0.03; 0.03 (1/58) (0/58) (0/58) Page 62

70 Average; Maximum (ppbv) Number of detections / total samples Compound list Cuyahoga - 1 Cuyahoga - 2 Franklin - 1 Franklin - 2 Hamilton - 1 Hamilton - 2 Jefferson 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 0.21; ; ; ; ; 0.26 (30/31) (21/29) (25/28) (47/55) DNS DNS (43/58) 2-chlorotoluene (0/31) 2-Proponol 0.36; 0.86 (29/31) 3-Chloropropene (0/31) Acetone 4.14; 9.47 (31/31) Acrolein - Unverified 0.34; 0.73 (31/31) Acrylonitrile (0/31) Benzene 0.21; 0.35 (31/31) Benzyl chloride (0/31) Bromodichloromethane (0/31) Bromoform (0/31) Bromomethane (0/31) Carbon disulfide 0.04; 0.07 (15/31) Carbon tetrachloride 0.1; 0.12 (24/31) Chlorobenzene (0/31) Chloroethane (0/31) (0/29) 0.33; 0.88 (27/29) 0.08; 0.08 (1/29) 3.62; 7.59 (29/29) 0.41; 1.29 (29/29) (0/29) 0.19; 0.42 (29/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) 0.03; 0.04 (8/29) 0.09; 0.11 (20/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/28) 0.8; 7.92 (27/28) (0/28) 4.14; (28/28) 0.39; 1.06 (27/28) 0.05; 0.05 (1/28) 0.23; 0.59 (28/28) (0/28) (0/28) (0/28) (0/28) 0.05; 0.09 (12/28) 0.09; 0.12 (19/28) (0/28) (0/28) 0.05; 0.05 (1/55) DNS DNS 0.5; 3.53 (50/55) DNS DNS (0/55) DNS DNS 3.81; (54/55) 7.79; 30.7 (29/30) 3.33; 8.6 (46/49) 0.32; 1.27 (53/55) DNS DNS 0.05; 0.05 (1/55) DNS 0.23; 1.05 (54/55) 0.28; 0.62 (29/30) 1.38; 4.7 (21/49) 0.15; 0.31 (42/49) 0.07; 0.07 (1/55) DNS DNS (0/55) (0/55) (0/55) 0.04; 0.08 (11/55) 0.09; 0.12 (37/55) 0.07; 0.07 (1/55) (0/55) (0/30) 3.95; 5.1 (2/30) (0/30) 0.41; 0.41 (1/30) (0/30) 5.65; 6.6 (2/30) (0/30) (0/49) 0.25; 0.25 (1/49) (0/49) 6.19; 24.3 (4/49) 0.09; 0.27 (40/49) 0.49; 0.49 (1/49) 0.11; 0.11 (1/49) (0/58) 19.21; (55/58) (0/58) 5.86; (57/57) 0.62; 2.97 (57/57) 0.05; 0.06 (4/57) 1.63; 13.4 (57/57) 0.08; 0.08 (2/58) (0/58) (0/58) (0/58) 0.06; 0.45 (35/58) 0.09; 0.13 (45/58) 0.07; 0.07 (1/58) (0/58) Page 63

71 Average; Maximum (ppbv) Number of detections / total samples Compound list Cuyahoga - 1 Cuyahoga - 2 Franklin - 1 Franklin - 2 Hamilton - 1 Hamilton - 2 Jefferson Chloroform 0.13; ; ; ; ; 0.09 (0/31) (0/29) (7/28) (2/55) (9/30) (2/49) (1/58) Chloromethane 0.64; 0.83 (31/31) cis-1,2-dichloroethene (0/31) Cyclohexane 0.04; 0.07 (16/31) Dibromochloromethane (0/31) Dichlorodifluoromethane 0.55; 0.75 (31/31) Dichloromethane 0.15; 0.67 (31/31) Ethyl acetate 0.17; 0.29 (3/31) Ethyl alcohol 3.34; 7.6 (31/31) Ethylbenzene 0.06; 0.12 (18/31) Ethylene dibromide (0/31) Ethylene dichloride (0/31) Freon 114 (0/31) Furan, tetrahydro- 0.1; 0.42 (19/31) Hexachlorobutadiene (0/31) Isopropylbenzene (0/31) 0.62; 0.85 (29/29) (0/29) 0.04; 0.06 (7/29) (0/29) 0.53; 0.76 (29/29) 0.1; 0.22 (29/29) 0.11; 0.12 (2/29) 4.18; 8.96 (29/29) 0.06; 0.1 (11/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) 0.09; 0.28 (11/29) (0/29) (0/29) 0.63; 0.83 (28/28) (0/28) 0.07; 0.26 (16/28) (0/28) 0.54; 0.71 (28/28) 0.13; 0.54 (28/28) 0.14; 0.24 (4/28) 10.13; (28/28) 0.08; 0.37 (23/28) (0/28) (0/28) (0/28) 0.05; 0.07 (11/28) (0/28) 0.04; 0.07 (4/28) 0.63; 1 (54/55) 0.03; 0.06 (3/55) 0.09; 0.56 (36/55) (0/55) 0.53; 0.7 (54/55) 0.15; 0.77 (54/55) 0.15; 0.34 (5/55) 0.41; 0.52 (29/30) (0/30) 0.27; 0.43 (9/30) (0/30) 0.46; 0.97 (28/30) 1.46; 2 (5/30) 0.79; 2.3 (16/30) 0.39; 0.76 (49/49) (0/49) 0.17; 0.46 (10/49) (0/49) 0.42; 0.58 (49/49) 1.29; 4.1 (8/49) 0.16; 0.2 (2/49) 5.54; 34.4 (55/55) DNS DNS 0.09; 0.36 (39/55) (0/55) 0.06; 0.06 (1/55) (0/55) 0.05; 0.1 (19/55) (0/55) 0.29; 0.45 (6/30) (0/30) (0/30) (0/30) 0.6; 0.6 (1/30) (0/30) 0.27; 1.4 (22/49) (0/49) (0/49) (0/49) 0.17; 0.17 (1/49) 0.13; 0.13 (1/49) 0.03; 0.06 (12/55) DNS DNS 0.63; 0.93 (58/58) 0.04; 0.04 (1/58) 0.11; 0.58 (47/58) (0/58) 0.53; 0.75 (58/58) 0.1; 0.22 (57/58) 0.2; 0.32 (6/58) 8.46; (58/58) 0.11; 0.41 (50/58) (0/58) 0.06; 0.06 (1/58) (0/58) 0.16; 2.12 (22/58) (0/58) 0.02; 0.04 (10/58) Page 64

72 Average; Maximum (ppbv) Number of detections / total samples Compound list Cuyahoga - 1 Cuyahoga - 2 Franklin - 1 Franklin - 2 Hamilton - 1 Hamilton - 2 Jefferson m/p Xylene 0.15; ; ; ; ; ; ; 1.42 (23/31) (13/29) (27/28) (46/55) (14/30) (20/49) (53/58) Methyl Butyl Ketone (0/31) Methyl chloroform (0/31) Methyl ethyl ketone 0.62; 1.94 (31/31) Methyl isobutyl ketone 0.06; 0.12 (8/31) Methyl methacrylate (0/31) Methyl tert-butyl ether (0/31) Naphthalene 0.14; 0.14 (2/31) n-butane 2.17; 6.6 (31/31) n-heptane 0.07; 0.19 (28/31) n-hexane 0.19; 0.44 (31/31) n-nonane 0.03; 0.08 (23/31) n-pentane 0.72; 1.99 (30/31) n-propylbenzene 0.02; 0.02 (1/31) o-xylene 0.06; 0.16 (28/31) p-ethyltoluene 0.09; 0.09 (1/31) 0.08; 0.08 (1/29) (0/29) 0.45; 0.88 (29/29) 0.07; 0.15 (24/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) 1.11; 2.94 (29/29) 0.05; 0.12 (21/29) 0.14; 0.39 (28/29) 0.03; 0.08 (18/29) 0.4; 1.24 (27/29) (0/29) 0.06; 0.12 (12/29) (0/29) 0.17; 0.36 (4/28) (0/28) 0.85; 6.22 (28/28) 0.05; 0.15 (14/28) 0.05; 0.1 (5/28) (0/28) 0.12; 0.12 (3/28) 1.2; 2.55 (28/28) 0.07; 0.22 (25/28) 0.27; 0.87 (27/28) 0.04; 0.24 (20/28) 0.6; 1.8 (28/28) 0.03; 0.06 (5/28) 0.09; 0.37 (23/28) 0.05; 0.08 (5/28) 0.07; 0.12 (7/55) 0.06; 0.06 (1/55) 0.44; 2.06 (55/55) 0.03; 0.12 (21/55) (0/30) (0/30) 1.28; 1.5 (4/30) (0/30) 0.38; 0.58 (3/49) (0/49) 0.79; 3.6 (36/49) (0/49) 0.04; 0.05 (4/55) DNS DNS 0.05; 0.05 (1/55) 0.1; 0.12 (3/55) (0/30) 0.62; 0.68 (4/30) (0/49) 0.72; 5 (13/49) 1.52; (54/55) DNS DNS 0.13; 0.78 (45/55) 0.64; 2.34 (52/55) 0.31; 0.67 (10/30) 0.44; 0.7 (22/30) 0.15; 0.46 (13/49) 0.23; 0.7 (39/49) 0.11; 2.65 (40/55) DNS DNS 0.93; 5.35 (54/55) DNS DNS 0.05; 0.07 (7/55) DNS DNS 0.1; 0.45 (43/55) 0.06; 0.1 (10/55) 0.35; 0.5 (9/30) 0.34; 0.34 (1/30) 0.21; 0.95 (11/49) 0.29; 0.62 (4/49) 0.09; 0.17 (7/58) (0/58) 0.41; 1.21 (58/58) 0.05; 0.37 (33/58) 0.03; 0.03 (1/58) (0/58) 0.81; 3.28 (55/58) 4.22; 43.5 (58/58) 0.15; 0.95 (52/58) 0.46; 3.5 (56/58) 0.04; 0.29 (46/58) 1.34; (58/58) 0.03; 0.08 (17/58) 0.12; 0.35 (49/58) 0.05; 0.1 (16/58) Page 65

73 Average; Maximum (ppbv) Number of detections / total samples Compound list Cuyahoga - 1 Cuyahoga - 2 Franklin - 1 Franklin - 2 Hamilton - 1 Hamilton - 2 Jefferson Propylene 0.61; ; ; ; ; ; ; 5.41 (31/31) (29/29) (28/28) (54/55) (7/30) (9/49) (58/58) Styrene 0.05; 0.05 (2/31) tert-butyl alcohol 0.1; 0.13 (7/31) Tetrachloroethylene 0.12; 0.14 (2/31) Toluene 0.32; 1.15 (31/31) trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (0/31) trans-1,3-dichloropropene (0/31) Trichloroethylene 0.14; 0.14 (1/31) Trichlorofluoromethane 0.23; 0.32 (31/31) Vinyl acetate 0.17; 0.37 (16/31) Vinyl bromide (0/31) Vinyl chloride (0/31) (0/29) 0.11; 0.15 (5/29) 0.1; 0.1 (1/29) 0.27; 1.44 (29/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) 0.22; 0.29 (29/29) 0.17; 0.37 (11/29) (0/29) (0/29) 0.03; 0.04 (4/28) 0.2; 0.5 (11/28) 0.15; 0.15 (1/28) 0.41; 1.72 (28/28) (0/28) (0/28) (0/28) 0.22; 0.3 (28/28) 0.28; 0.87 (18/28) (0/28) (0/28) 0.05; 0.08 (6/55) 0.32; 0.53 (4/30) 1.77; 16 (31/49) 0.13; 0.29 (11/55) DNS DNS 0.12; 0.12 (1/55) 0.55; 3.04 (54/55) 0.06; 0.06 (1/55) 0.05; 0.05 (1/55) (0/55) 0.24; 0.49 (54/55) 0.56; 1.99 (34/55) 0.17; 0.17 (1/30) 0.82; 3.1 (30/30) (0/30) (0/30) 0.2; 0.2 (1/30) 0.27; 0.46 (20/30) 0.33; 0.61 (9/30) 0.47; 1.3 (3/49) 0.36; 2.7 (44/49) (0/49) (0/49) 0.08; 0.1 (4/49) 0.21; 0.33 (47/49) 0.31; 1.5 (18/49) 0.05; 0.05 (1/55) DNS DNS (0/55) (0/30) (0/49) 0.08; 0.33 (40/58) 0.13; 0.7 (22/58) (0/58) 0.78; 4.31 (58/58) 0.04; 0.04 (1/58) (0/58) 0.45; 0.45 (1/58) 0.22; 0.31 (58/58) 0.3; 0.95 (34/58) 0.03; 0.03 (1/58) (0/58) Page 66

74 C. Heavy Metals Sampling and Analysis Sampling Method Ambient air toxic monitoring by Ohio EPA DAPC for heavy metals other than lead was initiated in Since that time, all of DAPC s air filter samples have been analyzed by the Ohio EPA Division of Environmental Services (DES). A summary of results can be found in tables on the following pages. Sampling for heavy metals is conducted using a high volume total suspended particulate (TSP) sampler with a glass fiber filter. Sampling is conducted by 24-hour samples collected once every six days. The operating procedures for lead can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR, Part 50, Appendix G. These basic procedures are also used for other metals. Analysis For this report, filters collected at each site were analyzed as a monthly composite. Typically, there are 5 sampling days in which a filter is collected. One strip is cut from the individual filter and combined with strips from all the filters collected that month and analyzed as one sample for the month. These composite samples are acid extracted with the resulting solution analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP/MS) similar to the method used for the determination of Lead from TSP filters. The method measures element-emitted light by optical spectrometry. D. Heavy Metals Parameters Lead was the first NAAQS criteria pollutant for a metal in ambient air. Over the years, DAPC added other metals to the analysis program. As lead was phased out of gasoline, other metals have risen to greater concern. With establishment of a new NAAQS for lead, 0.15 µg/m³, from the previous standard of 1.5 µg/m³ and the requirement to monitor near specific sources, lead has been reestablished as a pollutant of concern. Since 2010, DAPC has had all TSP sampler filters collected analyzed for lead. For this section, data presented is from the monthly composite samples collected and analyzed for eight metals: Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Beryllium Lead 2 Nickel Zinc Manganese 2 Lead is the only parameter being monitored in the ATMP that has a National Ambient Air Quality Standard. See Section IV, page 54. Page 67

75 From each sample, most parameters are analyzed using a very sensitive ICP/MS analytical system. The following parameters, typically detected in higher concentrations, are still analyzed with the ICP method only: Iron Potassium Zinc Manganese Particulate mercury that can be detected from a glass or quartz fiber filter has been added to the parameter list for few samples from sites in communities with specific concerns about potential mercury sources. Mercury analysis for each sample is performed separately from the other metals. Total mercury is determined using a cold vapor method developed by DES. Table 22 below identifies monitoring sites' locations and references the respective tables that follow summarizing each site s results. Table 22. Metals Sampling Site Identification AQS # City County Address Table (page #) E. Liverpool - 1 Columbiana 1250 St. George St. Table 23 (69) E. Liverpool - 2 Columbiana 2220 Michigan Ave. Table 24 (69) E. Liverpool - 3 Columbiana 500 Maryland Ave. Table 25 (69) Cleveland - 1 Cuyahoga 2547 Tikhon Ave. Table 26 (70) Cleveland - 2 Cuyahoga 3136 Lorain Ave. Table 27 (70) Cleveland - 3 Cuyahoga 4150 East 56 th St. Table 28 (70) Cleveland - 4 Cuyahoga West 3 rd St. Table 29 (71) Columbus Franklin 580 E. Woodrow Ave. Table 30 (71) Delta Fulton 200 Van Buren St. Table 31 (71) Marion - 1 Marion Hawthorne Ave. Table 32 (72) Marion - 2 Marion 640 Bellefontaine Table 33 (72) AQS not assigned Marion - 3 Marion 363 West Fairgrounds Table 34 (72) Elmore Ottawa W. St. Rt. 105 Table 34 (72) Marietta Washington Lancaster Rd. Table 35 (73) Canton Summit 3159 Georgetown Rd. NE Table 37 (73) Page 68

76 Table 23. Heavy Metals: E. Liverpool - 1 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium Cadmium chromium iron lead manganese zinc mercury January 0.70 < February 3.41 < March April May June July August September October November December Table 24. Heavy Metals: E. Liverpool - 2 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium iron lead manganese zinc mercury January 0.74 < February 1.77 < March 0.93 < April 2.36 < May 1.34 < June 1.12 < < July 1.44 < August 1.37 < September 1.90 < October 1.77 < November 1.36 < December 2.37 < Table 25. Heavy metals: E. Liverpool - 3 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium iron lead manganese nickel zinc mercury January 0.54 < February 4.26 < March 0.91 < April 1.81 < May 1.11 < June 1.02 < < July 1.44 < August 1.91 < September 3.83 < October 2.54 < November 1.36 < December 1.39 < Page 69

77 Table 26. Heavy Metals: Cleveland - 1 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc January 0.53 < February March 0.70 < April May 0.70 < June 0.64 < July 1.38 < August 1.19 < September October November 1.47 < December 1.57 < Table 27. Heavy Metals: Cleveland - 2 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc January 0.48 < February 1.17 < March 0.64 < April 0.87 < May 1.40 < June 0.93 < July 1.11 < August 1.29 < September 2.36 < October 1.99 < November 0.57 < December 1.36 < Table 28. Heavy Metals: Cleveland - 3 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc January 0.75 < February 1.45 < March 1.06 < April May 1.12 < June 1.28 < July August 1.65 < September 2.13 < October November 1.79 < December 1.66 < Page 70

78 Table 29. Heavy Metals: Cleveland - 4 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc January 0.50 < February 1.36 < March April < May June July August September October November December Table 30. Heavy Metals: Columbus ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc January <0.51 < February 0.85 < March 0.62 < April 1.28 < May 1.36 < June 0.84 < July 1.69 < August 1.64 < September 2.06 < October 1.69 < November 1.19 < December 1.48 < Table 31. Heavy Metals: Delta ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc January <0.49 < February 0.88 < March 0.57 < April <0.75 < < < May 1.00 < June 0.71 < July 1.21 < August 1.35 < September 1.53 < October 0.59 < November 0.77 < December 0.98 < Page 71

79 Page 72 Table 32. Heavy Metals: Marion - 1 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc mercury January 2.00 < February 1.43 < March 2.81 < April 1.04 < May 1.61 < June 2.42 < July 1.61 < August 1.60 < September 1.47 < October 1.61 < November 1.88 < December 2.03 < Table 33. Heavy Metals: Marion - 2 ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc mercury January 0.46 < February 1.27 < March 0.99 < April 0.63 < May 1.00 < June 0.92 < July 1.93 < August 1.46 < September 1.63 < October 2.63 < November 1.13 < December 1.48 < Table 34. Heavy Metals: Marion - 3 (AQS not assigned) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium iron lead manganese nickel zinc January <2.542 <0.254 < < February <2.303 <0.230 < < March <3.114 <0.227 <0.285 < < April <3.286 <0.228 <0.306 < < May 3.22 <0.232 <0.232 < < June 4.24 <0.249 < < July <3.08 <0.242 <0.275 < < August <2.566 <0.257 <0.291 < < September <2.69 <0.253 <0.287 < < October <2.612 <0.257 <0.298 < < November <2.194 <0.262 <0.350 < < December <2.824 <0.229 <0.319 < <

80 Table 35. Heavy Metals: Elmore ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc January February March April May June July August September October November December Table 36. Heavy Metals: Marietta ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc mercury January 0.47 < February 0.72 < < March <0.47 < < April 0.71 < < May <0.58 < < June 0.62 < July 2.13 < August 0.72 < Septembe 1.29 < <0.44 < r October 1.00 < < November 0.68 < < December 0.77 < < January February March April May Table 37. Heavy Metals: Canton ( ) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium iron lead manganese nickel selenium zinc June 2.14 < July 2.15 < August 1.85 < Septembe 3.09 < r October 1.58 < November 2.30 < December 1.94 < Page 73

81 VI. AIR QUALITY INDEX (AQI) There has been a daily reporting of ambient air quality in Ohio's major metropolitan areas in some form since A national Pollution Standards Index (PSI) was established in 1977 to report air quality. This index was adopted by Ohio EPA's District Offices and the local air agencies (LAAs) to inform the public of daily air quality. The AQI is a uniform "scaling" of five pollutants: particulate (PM10 and PM2.5), SO2, O3, NO2, and CO. The concentration level of each of these is calculated every day to determine the AQI. The pollutant with the highest AQI is reported to the media. A summary of AQI index values per pollutant is found in Page 74

82 Table 38 below. When the AQI exceeds, or is expected to exceed, 100 in a major city, the agency concerned issues a "health advisory". When pollution levels exceed an AQI of 200 and are projected to persist, an "air pollution episode" exists and the Governor declares an "alert." This initiates mandatory cutbacks of emissions from specified facilities to alleviate the situation. If the AQI were to surpass 300, 400 or 500, progressively greater cutbacks would be implemented to reduce pollutants to an acceptable level. The AQI trend shows that Ohio's air quality has improved significantly. Although alerts were commonplace in the early 1970's, none have happened in over twenty years, and the number of health advisories has been greatly reduced. Page 75

83 Index Value PM 10 (µg/m 3 ) PM 2.5 (µg/m 3 ) CO (ppm) SO 2 (ppm) Table 38. Comparison of AQI Values Ozone (ppm) 1 NO 2 (ppm) 24-hr 24-hr 8-hr 24-hr 8-hr 1-hr 1-hr Color Category Green Good Yellow Moderate Orange Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups Red Unhealthy Purple Very Unhealthy (2) Maroon Hazardous 1 Areas are generally required to report the AQI based on 8-hour ozone values. The maximum of the 8-hour or 1-hour is used. 2 8-hour ozone values do not define AQI values >301. AQI values of 301 or higher then become calculated with 1-hour ozone concentrations. Page 76

84 VII MONITORING SITES Ohio's Regional Transport NCore Site The following pages provide details on the 2017 monitoring network, including sites where VOC air toxics air monitoring is conducted. Parameters monitored at these sites are labeled as follows: Pb Lead PM10 Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 µm (PM10) PM25 Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm (PM2.5) PM25c PM2.5 Continuous PMsp PM2.5 Speciation PMc Coarse particulate matter, i.e., PM10 - PM2.5 = PMcoarse TSP Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) O3 Ozone SO Sulfur Dioxide CO Carbon Monoxide NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide VOC Volatile Organic Compounds Met Meteorological data 3 The first column of the table provides AQS codes, which have the following format: XX state code (the state code for Ohio is 39) XXX county code (odd numbers, alphabetical) XXXX site code 3 Many sites have meteorological components, e.g., wind speed and direction and ambient temperature, that accompany monitoring for pollutants of concern. The table below only lists "Met" for sites that have only meteorological equipment and no other screening devices. Page 77