AUTHOR INDEX. Abu-Arabi M. Alarcon D. Khaydarov R.A. Khaydarov R.R. Kopsch O Koschikowski J. 247 Lallai A. Maalej A.Y. Manolakos D.

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1 ABBREVIATIONS BW Brackish water BWRO Brackish water reverse osmosis COP Coefficient of performance DC Direct current ED Electrodialysis EU European Union FPC Flat plate collector GH Green house GOR Gain output ratio HDH Humidification dehumidification HP Heat pump MED Multiple effect evaporation MEH Multi Effect humidification process MENA Middle East and North Africa MES Multiple effect stack MD Membrane distillation MF Microfiltration MSF Multistage flash desalination MVC Mechanical vapor compression NF Nanofiltration PTC Parabolic trough collector PV Photovoltaic PX Pressure exchanger RO Reverse Osmosis ST Solar thermal STH Solar thermal heat generation STP Solar thermal power generation SW Seawater SWRO Seawater reverse osmosis UF Ultrafiltration WEC Wind energy conversion 371

2 AUTHOR INDEX Abu-Arabi M. Alarcon D Alonso D. 259 Aybar H. S. 207 Banat F. 271 Beccali M. 179 Ben Bacha H. Ben Dhia H. Blanco J. Bogle D.L Bourouni K. 19, 83 Braccio G. 33 Chaibi M.T. 19, 83 Cipollina A. 43 De Almeida A. T. Elmidaoui A El-Nashar A. M. 93 Epp C. Ettouney H. M Fiorenza G. 33 Fois E. Galletto J Gapurova O. 153 Garcia-Rodriguez L. 355 Gramatikov P. 139 Hornut J.M. 259 Kafi F. 259 Khaydarov R.A. Khaydarov R.R. Kopsch O Koschikowski J. 247 Lallai A. Maalej A.Y. Manolakos D Micale G. 43 Mohamed E.S.H. 293 Moura P.S. Müller-Holst H Mura G. Papadakis G Papapetrou M. 343 Qiblawey H. 271 Renaudin V. 259 Rheiländer J. 111 Rizzuti L. 1 Rommel M. 247 Sharma V. K. 33 Sorce M. 179 Thiesen S. 227 Tzen E. Wieghaus M Yuldashev B. 153 Zejli D

3 SUBJECT INDEX Abu-Dhabi Solar Desalination Plant, 93 Autonomous Desalination, 216, 308, 343 Electricity production, 146, 170 MEH, 223 Small RO and PV, 229 Biomass Electricity production, 131 Renewable energy, 6 RES in Bulgaria, 150 RES in Sicily, 180, 184 Direct Osmosis Process, 154 Direct Solar Desalination, 3, 173, 272 Dynamic Modeling HDH Condensation chamber, 74 HDH Evaporation chamber, 73 Industrial Scale MSF, 56 Lab Scale MSF, 59 MSF, 51 Numerical Solution, 55 Solar collector, 72 Brackish water Aral Sea desalination, 153 Cost analysis, 223 De-centralized desalination, 111 Desalination in MENA, 164 Desalination in Morocco, 129 Desalination in Sicily, 185 Electrodialysis, 283, 307, 358 Energy requirements, 295 Geothermal, 83 Green house irrigation, 22 HDH desalination, 6, 69, 83 Membrane distillation, 247, 285 PV ED, 296 PV RO, 228, 296, 359 RO desalination, 2, 174, 278, 306 Solar still, 240 Solar thermal systems, 346 Thermodynamic cycles, 358 Wind energy RO, 296, 305 Computational Tools, 45, 75 Condensation EasyMED, 260 Green house, 21 HDH, 6, 10, 12, 69, 83 Membrane distillation, 250, 286 MSF model, 51 Multiple effect HDH, 215 Solar stills, 168, 239 Solar thermal RO, 300 Cogeneration, 2, 8, 36, 197, 327, 328, Economics HDH, 89 RES desalination, 186, 293 RO/MSF with RDF, 327 Solar powered, 33, 175 Electrodialysis Membrane desalination, 283, 294 Solar desalination in MENA, 172 Wind and wave power, 307 Electricity consumption Desalination in Sicily, 182 Membrane distillation, 366 Solar MED, 198 Wind powered, 136 Electricity production PV, 186 RES in Sicily, 180 RO, 358 Solar pond, 169 Solar thermal, 192 Wave power, 311 Wind turbine, 131, 191 Evacuated tube collector Decentralized desalination plants, 111 MED, 93, 357 Solar collector, 268, 275 Solar thermal desalination, 173, 192, 196 Evaporation HDH, 69, 73, 83 MED, 2

4 376 SUBJECT INDEX MEH, 215 Membrane distillation, 250, 285 Membrane osmosis, 155 MSF model, 50 Multi effect solar still, 15 Plate evaporator, 259 RO Rankine cycle, 361 Solar dryer, 205 Solar still, 10, 131, 209, 239 Solar thermal, 346 Flat plate solar collector Cleaning, 100 Decentralized desalination, 111 Dynamic model, 72 HDH, 70, 84 MEH, 220 MSF and MED, 362 Solar still, 211 Solar thermal, 192, 196, 275, 357 Freezing Solar desalination, 358 Thermal desalination, 294 Working substance, 155 Fuel consumption Desalination in Sicily, 182 Gain output ratio EasyMED, 266 Geothermal Energy Brackish water, 83 Desalination in Sicily, 185 Economic analysis, 89 HDH, 86 Membrane distillation, 257 RES desalination, 272, 296 RES in Bulgaria, 150 RO Rankin cycle, 361 Green House Crop yield, 26 Economic analysis, 24 Gas emissions, 140, 183 Irrigation, 27 Solar desalination, 20 Heat pumps Absorption, 10, 173, 195 Adsorption, 9 MED and MSF, 362 Membrane distillation, 366 Rankin cycle, 10 Thermal storage, 202 Humidification Dehumidification Absorption heat pump, 12 Conventional process, 11 Dynamic model, 72 Economics, 89 Installation, 86 Membrane air drying, 13 Modeling, 87 Multiple effect, 15, 215 Operating modes, 76 Plant performance, 87 Software, 75 Vapor compression, 12 Humidity chart MEH, 15 Hydropower RO-PX, 119 RES in Sicily, 185 Wave dragon, 320 Indirect Solar Desalination, 4, 173, 196, 274, 355, 356, 358 Levelized water cost Green house still, 24 HDH, 89 MED, 2 MSF, 2 Multi effect solar stills, 223 MVC, 135 PV/RO, 37, 137, 174 RES desalination, 113 RO, 2, 135 ST/MEE, 37, 174 Lithium bromide heat pump, MED, 203 Novel cycles, 10 Mechanical Vapor compression Hybrid desalination, 172 Low temperature, 165 Wind powered, 135 Membrane distillation Novel cycles, 10 Process description, 248

5 SUBJECT INDEX 377 Flat plate collector, 275 Dish engine, 276 Membrane processes, 285 Coupling with solar energy, 287 Coupling to MED or MSF, 365 Overall heat transfer coefficient EasyMED, 265 HDH, 16, 73 MSF, 332 Solar still, 211 Multiple effect evaporation Parabolic trough Desalination in Sicily, 179 Absorption heat pump, 364 Energy consumption, 275, 295 MED, 131, 173, 357 Flat plate collector, 275 MSF, 173, 357 Absorption heat pump, 364 Nanofiltration pretreatment, 365 Hybrid desalination, 9 PV/RO, 41 Optimization, 95 Rankin Cycle, 361 Plate evaporator/condenser, 261 RES, 112, 276 Power consumption, 2 Solar still, 169 RDF combustion, 327 Solar thermal, 197, 274 RES desalination, 297, 345 Solar plant performance, 100 Performance ratio Solar pond, 356 Absorption heat pumps, 9, 364 Solar thermal, 112, 131, 170, 197 MED vertical stack, 96 Vertical stack, 94 Membrane distillation and MSF/MED, 365 Multiple regression MED solar plant performance, 103 Membrane distillation, 366 MSF/MED, 3, 197, 331, 364 Nanofiltration pretreatment, 364 Multistage Flash Desalination Cost calculations, 334 Decentralized desalination, 112 Desalination in Sicily, 181 Dynamic modeling, 51 Flat plate, 357 Market share, 2, 166 Mathematical model, 329 Parabolic trough, 357 Power consumption, 2, 182, 279, 295 Process capacity, 2 Process description, 51, 294, 329 RES desalination, 172, 185, 296, 346 RO/MSF with RDF, 327 Solar ponds, 357 Solar powered, 35, 170 Solar thermal, 131, 172, 192, 273 Nanofiltration MSF/MED hybrids, 363, 365 Optimization, Dynamic modeling, 49 Economics optimization, 36 HDH, 83 MED flat plate collector, 93 MED Solar desalination, 95 RO/MSF and RDF, 327 Photovoltaic, 170, 186, 188, 272, 296 Decentralized desalination, 113 Economics, 188, 224, 234 Economics, 36, 301 Hybrids, 8 PV/ED, 185 PV/RO, 36, 171, 280, 224, 234 PV-Wind hybrid, 232 RES, 184 Solar energy in Bulgaria, 144, 146 SWRO/PV, 114 Rankin Cycle, 8 Economics, 301 Indirect solar desalination, 356 Nanofiltration pretreatment, 364 Solar pond, 169 Solar thermal RO, 300, 361 Refuse derived fuel, 327 Renewable energy, 2, Decentralized desalination, 111 MED, 131 MSF dynamics, 51 Potential in Morocco, 133 Solar stills, 130 SWRO, 123

6 378 SUBJECT INDEX Reverse osmosis Desalination in MENA, 164 Desalination in Morocco, 131 Modeling RO-WEC, 116 PV-RO, 36 SWRO-RES, 123 System integration, 119 Wind powered, 135 Energy recovery Desalination in MENA, 166 Membrane osmosis, 160 Software gproms, 49 HDH, 75 RESYSproDESAL, 111 SOLDES, 79 Solar Desalination Decentralization, 112 Irrigation, 20 Solar Pond, 169, 274, 356 Desalination in MENA, 173 Desalination in Morocco, 131 Membrane distillation, 288, 366 MSF/MED, 260 RO, 361 Solar Stills, 5 Barometric, 10 Basin still, 5, 35, 71 Green house, 20, 23 Heat pumps, 10 Horizontal, 5 MEH, 84, 113, 215 Membrane Distillation, 10 Modeling, 217 MSF/MED Hybrids, 7 Performance, 5, 6, 70 Rankin Cycle, 10 Single effect, 22 Vertical, 6 Wick still, 5, 211, 240, 294 Solar thermal Decentralized desalination, 112 Desalination in MENA, 174 Desalination in Sicily, 182 Desalination, 35, 192, 197, 248 MED, 131 MEH, 215 Membrane osmosis, 160 Solar energy in Bulgaria, 141 Technology transfer, 227 Thermal Storage Desalination in MENA, 175 Membrane distillation, 256 MSF/MED desalination, 362 PSA desalination experience, 197, 202 Tidal energy, 313 Training Community water management, 235 Desalination in MENA, 176 Know how transfer, 245 Technical aspects, 230 Vapor compression Desalination in MENA, 165, 172 HDH, 12 Process, 308 Solar energy, 280 Wind powered MVC, 135, 296 Water Quality, 210, 234, 245, 278, 287 Requirements, 26, 34, 35, 176 Resources in Bulgaria, 149 Resources in Morocco, 128 Resources in Sicily, 180 Resources, 2, 129, 139, 170, 328 World Desalination capacity, 2, 167, 175, 295 Installed wind power, 133 Population, 2, 34 Solar belt, 142 Wave power, 313 Wind Atlas, 309 Wave Power, 313 AquaBuoy, 323 Archimedes Wave Swing, 317 Floating Wave Power Vessel, 318 IPS Buoy, 321 McCabe Wave Pump, 318 Mighty Whale, 320 Oscillating Water Column, 314 Osprey, 317 Pelamis, 320

7 SUBJECT INDEX 379 Pendulor, 316 PS Frog, 323 Salter Duck, 321 Tapchan, 315 Wave Dragon, 319 Wind energy Desalination and wind, 190 Desalination in Sicily, 185 Horizontal axis turbine, 319 RES, 296 SWRO-RES, 123 System integration, 119 Wind energy conversion, 119 Wind energy MVC, 350 Wind energy RO, 348 Wind power, 113, 309