Land Surface Hydrology, Meteorology, and Climate

Transcription

1 Water Science and Application Land Surface Hydrology, Meteorology, and Climate Observations and Modeling Venkataraman Lakshmi John Albertson John Schaake Editors American Geophysical Union Washington,

2 Published under the aegis of the AGU Books Board John E. Costa, Chair; David Bercovici, Jeffrey M. Forbes, W. Rockwell Geyer, Rebecca Lange, Douglas S. Luther, Darrell Strobel, and R. Eugene Turner, members. Land Surface Hydrology, Meteorology, and Climate: Observations and Modeling Water Science and Application 3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Land surface hydrology, meteorology, and climate: observations and modeling/ Venkataraman Lakshmi, John Albertson, John Schaake, editors. p.cm -- (Water science and application; 3) Included bibliographical references (p.) ISBN Hydrology--Mathematical models. 2. Meteorology--Mathematical models. 3. Climatology--Mathematical models. I. Lakshmi, Venkataraman, II. Albertson, John (John D.)o III. Schaake, Johnø IV. Series ISBN ISSN X Copyright 2001 by the American Geophysical Union 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC Figures, tables, and short excerpts may be reprinted in scientific books and journals if the source is properly cited. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the American Geophysical Union for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $1.50 per copy plus $0.35 per page is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Dr., Danvers, MA X/01/$ This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for creating new collective works or for resale. The reproduction of multiple copies and the use of full articles or the use of extracts, including figures and tables, for commercial purposes requires permission from the American Geophysical Union. Printed in the United States of

3 CONTENTS Preface Venkatamaran Lakshmi... v Introduction Venkatamaran Lakshmi... 1 Section 1: OBSERVATIONS Lidar Measurements of the Dimensionless Humidity Gradient in the Unstable Atmosphere Surface Layer William E. Eichinger, Marc B. Parlange, and Gabriel G Katul... 7 Time Difference Methods for Monitoring Regional Scale Heat Fluxes with Remote Sensing William P. Kustas, George R. Diak, and John M. Norman Inferring Scalar Sources and Sinks Within Canopies Using Forward and Inverse Methods Gabriel G Katul, Chun-Ta Lai, Mario Siqueira, Karina Sch ifer, John D. Albertson, Karen H. Wesson, David Ellsworth, and Ram Oren Ground-Based Soil Moisture and Soil Hydraulic Property Observations in Regional Scale Experiments Richard H. Cuenca and Shaun F. Kelly Section 2: MODELING Bounding the Parameters of Land-Surface Schemes Using Observational Data Luis A. Bastidas, Hoshin V. Gupta, and Soroosh Sorooshian A Priori Estimation of Land Surface Model Parameters Quingyun Duan, John Schaake, and Victor Koren Comparing GCM-Generated Land Surface Water Budgets Using a Simple Common Framework Randall D. Koster, Paul A. Dirmeyer, P. C. D. Milly, and Gary L. Russell Development and Application of Land Surface Models for Mesoscale Atmospheric Models: Problems and Promises Fei Chen, Roger A. Pielke St, and Kenneth Mitchell Evaluation of NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Water and Energy Budgets Using Macroscale Hydrologic Model Simulations Edwin P. Maurer, Greg M. O'Donnell, Dennis P Lettenmaier, and John O. Roads Section 3: INTEGRATION OF OBSERVATIONS AND MODELING The Effect of Sub-Grid Variability of Soil Moisture on the Simulation of Mesoscale Watershed Hydrology: A Case Study From the Southern Great Plains 1997 Hydrology Experiment Karen I. Mohr, James S. Famiglietti, and Aaron Boone Assimilation of fapar and Surface Temperature Into a Land Surface and Vegetation Model Wolfgang Knorr and Venkataraman Lakshmi...

4 CONTENTS Experimental Design and Initial Results From the Mahurangi River Variability Experiment: MARVEX Ross Woods, Roger Grayson, Andrew Western, Maurice Duncan, David Wilson, Roger Young, Richard Ibbitt, Roddy Henderson, and Tom McMahon Integration of Land Observations and Modeling: Experiences and Strategies of a Large Scale Experiment Richard G Lawford Hydrological Implications of the E! Nifio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO): Observations and Hydrologic Forecasting Thomas C. Piechota, Francis H. S. Chiew, and John A. Dracup...

5 PREFACE Land surface hydrology integrates various physical, chemical and biological processes that occur above, on, and below the surface of the Earth. As a result, it is critical to accurately account for land surface processes within predictive models of hydrology, meteorology, and climate. One of our main difficulties, however, concerns the broad range of spatial and temporal scales that characterize land surface hydrological processes. For example, we determine infiltration by pore scale physics, while soil hydraulic conductivity remains a field scale property. Photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration occur at the leaf scale. Runoff is a catchment scale process, and the variability of groundwater storage is a regional scale issue. Turbulence in land-atmospherexchanges of heat, moisture, and momentum occur on the order of seconds to minutes, while variations in land surface and air temperatures occur much more gradually: on the order of hours. The persistence of floods and droughts is seasonal to annual, and so is the effect of El Nino on regional hydrology. Long-term climate effects occur much more slowly, on the order of years to decades. Studies at each scale are vital to describing the processes just mentioned. There is also a pressing need to move information across these spatial and temporal scales to describe their aggregate effects at scales different from those by which we describe individual processes. In this respect, one of the most important issues in hydrological studies concerns process representation by parameterization and the assimilation of observations into prediction models. In recent times, spatially distribute data through remote sensing has played a major role in model development, parameter estimation, and model validation. However, in situ measurements remain both the main vehicle for theoretical advances and the only tool for validating and calibrating remote sensing tools. Even in the best of cases, with satellite remote sensing limited by inadequate, intermittentemporal coverage, we must turn to model dynamics to complete such observations. We also understand that the tools that integrate observations and models (i.e., data assimilation) are in their infancy. In response to this situation we offer this book - a unique representation of land surface hydrologic processes, observations, modeling, and the techniques now emerging that will help us to assimilate observations into models that improve our predictive capability in hydrology, meteorology, and climate. This book is divided into three sections, each discussing a general area of importance: Observations, Modeling, and Integration of Observations and Modeling. The book is designed to bring together under one roof the current state of the science used by experimentalists, modelers, and those working to bridge the two through comparison/validation studies and assimilation of observations into models. This book will be a valuable reference for working scientists in hydrology, meteorology, and climate; scientists leading graduate seminars in the area of Earth-atmosphere interaction; and graduate studentseeking a thorough introduction to the current literature. Venkataraman University of South Lakshmi