The Transition of the Electrical Energy Systems: Perspectives, Challenges and Research Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther

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1 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther BEST Summer Course Erlangen, 12. June 2014

2 Source: The Economist, Source: The Guardian, Source: NY Times, Source: Spiegel, Page 2 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

3 Overview Introduction: Why to Change the Systems? Current and Future Challenges Safe, economic und environmentally friendly Transformation of electrical grids Integration of renewable energy sources Security of supply und system stability Solutions and Research Projects at FAU Transmission Distribution Storage Summary and Conclusion Page 3 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

4 Introduction: Why to Change the Systems? Page 4 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

5 Global Growth: Population, Energy Demand und CO 2 Concentration 13 kwh / billion ppm World Energy Demand CO 2 Concentration in the Atmosphere World Population Page 5 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

6 Reserves, Resources and Ranges* of the Energy Sources Reserven Reserves Resourcen Resources Remarks Oil conventional conventional + non-conv Limited reserves which are located mainly in politically sensible regions, higher price Utilization associated with high CO 2 -emissions Reservation practical for transport and chemical industry Natural gas conventional conventional + non-conv High dependence on import, volatile price Usage linked with relatively lower CO 2 -emissions Combustion in less complex processes like in heating units and decentralised small units Hard coal Lignite Relative equal, global distribution and great range High CO 2 -emissions during combustion which appears however controllable with new technologies Uranium Years Less exploration in the past Used significantly in the power generation Economic exploitation of costlier resources with global distribution due to lower influence on production costs Range extension possible (fast breader reactor) * considering unchanging consumption as in 2012 Source: BGR - Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Energiestudie 2013 Page 6 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

7 Energy Policy Goals of the German Federal Government Nuclear Energy CO 2 -Targets (Basis 1990) Renewable Energy Gross End Energy Electricity Generation Primary Energy Reduction of Consumption Building Heating End Energy Traffic Electricity Consumption % % % % 18% 35% -20% -20% -10% -10% % % % 30% 50% % 45% 65% bis 95% 60% 80% -50% -80% -40% -25% Source: Treibhausgas-Emissionsprojektionen bis zum Jahr 2020 für das BMU und UBA (Öko-Institut 2011) Page 7 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

8 Current and Future Challenges Page 8 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

9 Principle Structure of the Power Systems 380 kv 110/220 kv 110 kv 110 kv 220/380 V 20 kv 20 kv 220/380 V Page 9 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

10 New Boundary Conditions for Electrical Energy Systems in Germany 20 th Century 21 st Century Regional responsibility of the electricity supply companies Vertically integrated companies, generation and grid operation in one hand Transmission capacities fulfil exchange facility for system security Production on the basis of fossil and nuclear power plant park Common european market, power trading, growing need of transmission capacities Unbundling of the electricity supply companies, regulation of the grid business CO 2 -reduction and integration of renewable energy sources Decision for shutdown of all the nuclear power plants Page 10 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

11 Changes in Transmission Systems Consumer centres Conventional Surplus in generation power plants Deficit Wind energy in generation onshore/offshore Reinforcement Photovoltaic private of transmission system Photovoltaic commercial Reserve power plants Page 11 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

12 Grid and System Development A Complex Environment Climate Protection Market and Business System Security and Quality of Supply Energy Policy safe Energy Requirement Regulation environmentally friendly economic Generation Mix Legislation IT and Communication efficient consumer-friendly Costs Public Acceptance Technology and Innovation Page 12 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

13 Average Composition of Electricity Price for Private Households in Germany (2013) 1,67 6% 0,33 1% 0,25 1% Gross Electricity Price: 29,38 ct/kwh Power procurement, distribution 4,69 16% 9,15 31% Grid price Electricity tax 0,13 0% RES act CHP act 5,28 18% 2,05 7% 5,83 20% VAT (19%) Consession 19 StromNEV Contribution Offshore-liabilities Data in ct/kwh % (rounded) Source: Bundesnetzagentur Monitoringbericht 2013 Page 13 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

14 0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0 Electricity Prices in Europe (First Half-year 2012) 0,23 0,16 BE 0,15 0,30 0,26 0,21 0,14 0,18 0,14 0,22 0,07 0,08 0,12 0,13 0,14 0,08 0,11 0,18 0,11 0,15 0,10 0,15 BG CZ 0,28 0,23 0,14 0,13 0,17 0,16 0,17 0,19 0,20 0,14 0,20 0,11 0,15 0,17 0,15 0,20 0,17 0,11 0,19 0,09 0,12 0,13 0,12 0,08 0,11 0,10 0,15 0,12 0,16 0,13 0,14 0,11 0,11 0,08 0,12 0,14 0,11 0,13 0,16 0,09 0,14 0,08 0,10 0,11 0,10 0,07 DK DE EE IE GR ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS NO ME HR TR AL BA ohne without staatliche government Sonderlasten special charges Households, kwh < Consumption < kwh Total price mit with staatlichen government Sonderlasten special charges Source: eurostat Page 14 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

15 Development of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in Germany Source: 50Hertz, Amprion, TenneT, Transnet BW, Google Earth Page 15 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

16 Influence of RES on the Electricity Market Increasing share of RES (installed capacity of Wind + PV amounts to ca. 70 GW) Lower market prices make conv. power plants unprofitable Continuously decreasing operation duration of conv. power plants Only low peak loads, thereby threat to profitability of storage The omission of conv. power plants in the grid endangers the system security Source: Amprion Page 16 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

17 Expansion Targets of RES in Germany Installed capacity in MW maximum load ca MW minimum load ca MW Year Share of RES 25% 35% 50% 80% Source: BMU Page 17 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

18 Installed Wind Power in Europe Source: EWEA Page 18 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

19 Directional Change of Power-flow ~ 380/220 kv ~ 380/220 kv 110 kv 110 kv 10/20 kv 10/20 kv without wind/pv feed-in with wind/pv feed-in Page 19 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

20 Example: Wind and Photovoltaics Feed-in in Germany (Feb. 2011) MW Wind-Deutschland-Ist (actual) PV-Deutschland-Ist Photovoltaics (actual) MW MW Maximum wind feed-in of more than MW over 32 hours, peak load MW MW Large-scale wind generation in the North coupled with higher PV feed-in in the South MW 0 MW Source: TenneT TSO GmbH Page 20 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

21 Wind + Photovoltaics vs. Load in Germany (3. October 2013) Power in MW Wind PV Total Wind+PV Conventional Load Wind PV Summe Wind+PV Konventionell Last Deutschland 03. October 2013, 14:00 h Load ca MW Wind+PV Feed-in ca MW 67% of the load covered by Wind+PV Time in hours Source: Amprion Page 21 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

22 Photovoltaics Prognosis and Reality Solar Power in Germany - April 3th forecast and reality hzT Amprion Transnet BW Tennet DE Forecast DE Deviation from upto 9000 MW solar feed-in due to altered weather conditions (fog) Source: 50Hertz, Amprion, TenneT, Transnet BW Page 22 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

23 Photovoltaics Feed-in in Germany :15 h :15 h Source: SMA Page 23 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

24 Offshore Windparks in the North Sea In Operation (MW) Alpha Ventus 60 BorWin 1 (West) 400 Under Construction (MW) BorWin2 (West) 800 DolWin1 (West) 800 DolWin2 (Ost) 900 HelWin1 576 HelWin2 690 SylWin1 864 Riffgat 108 Nordergründe 111 DolWin3 (West) 900 Ʃ Contracted Capacity (MW) Tendered BorWin3 (Ost) 900 BorWin4 (West) 900 Ʃ Tendered Capacity (MW) Source: TenneT TSO GmbH Page 24 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

25 Offshore Windparks in the Baltic Sea Quelle: 50hertz Page 25 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

26 Offshore Connection via High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) DC AC Convertor station OWP Transformer Convertor station Substation EHV Grid Submarine cable connection Underground cable connection Source: TenneT TSO GmbH Page 26 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

27 Prognosis of Installed Wind Power Capacity in Europe Onshore: Offshore: Total: Onshore: Offshore: Total: Source: Page 27 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

28 Balance between Generation and Load via Operating Reserve Operating Reserve serves to system balance (frequency stability) primary, secondary and tertiary control is guaranteed through conventional power plants which can provide free available power (as of Feb. 2013: ca. ±5.000 MW in Germany) Page 28 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

29 Installed Capacity and Generation in Germany in 2012* Wind Photovoltaic Biomass and other RES Oil, pumped-storage and misc. Natural gas Hard coal Lignite Nuclear Water (without pump storage) *provisionally ** Installed capacity** MW (net) Production 591,9 TWh (net) Source: BDEW, as of 12/2013 Page 29 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

30 Security of Supply: Power Balance in Germany 2012 (Results report according to 12 EnWG of 4 German TSOs, as of September 2013) Net feed-in power of Netto Einspeiseleistung ca. 147 ca. GW 147 GW Guaranteed power of ca. 88 GW Gesicherte Leistung ca. 88 GW Load of ca. 82 GW Last ca. 82 GW Residual power Verbleibende Leistung (ohne (without Ausland) abroad) Hertz Amprion TenneT TransnetBW Result: Excess of ca. 6,4 GW, however shortage in the South Page 30 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

31 Comparision of Quality of Supply* in Europe Cases of force majeure not considered Cases of force majeure considered In the year 2011, Germany holds second place in reliability of supply, while Switzerland ranks No. 1 * average duration of interruption min/a Source: VDE, IHK Page 31 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

32 Ten-Year Network Development Plan (TYNDP) 1/2 Structured, systematic and comprehensive vision for grid development in the coming 10 years in Europe Published every two years by ENTSO-E (41 TSOs from 34 countries) Considers the EU 2020 targets ( ) Increase in the total installed capacity from 950 GW (2012) to 1200 GW (2020) 220 GW of solar and wind generation Approx km of new or upgraded extrahigh voltage routes 30% greater than the circumference of the earth! Source: ENTSO-E Page 32 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

33 Ten-Year Network Development Plan (TYNDP) 2/2 Power exchange patters in 2020 Exporter France and Scandinavia Importer Italy, Poland, Baltic States and the UK Balanced Germany, Spain and Portugal Source: ENTSO-E Page 33 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

34 Solutions and Research Projects at FAU Page 34 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

35 Current Challenges along the Electrical Energy Chain Primary Energy Conversion Transport Distribution Usage Geothermal Earthquake, influence on the underground Fracking/CCS Possible effects on the environment Nuclear fusion Plasma enclosure Hybrid power plants Until now little spread Grid expansion Public acceptance Smart Grids Cost effectiveness Renewable energy sources Grid integration and Consequences Storage demand Power as just-in-time product not storable in techn. considerable quantity Efficiency Limits of physics E-Mobility Battery storage, area-wide infrastructure Page 35 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

36 Research Concept: An Overall System Analysis Biomass Photovoltaics Wind Energy Smart Transmission Grid Offshore Wind Energy Smart Distribution Grid Transmission Technologies Industry Storage E-mobility Households as Prosumer Smart Energy Systems Large-scale Generation Page 36 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

37 High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Investigation and system simulation in the German-European interconnected grid European stability model AC grid und HVDC Scenarios Controlling of HVDC concepts Analysis of operational as well as failure behaviour of grid System security and grid protection Example: HVDC-System Ultranet Source: Amprion Source: Netzentwicklungsplan Strom 2013 der dt. Übertragungsnetzbetreiber Page 37 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

38 Joint Research Project: Smart Grid Solar Electrical power [kw] PV PV & Storage Load Curve (local) 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 Time of day Page 38 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

39 Research Concept Grid Management - Smart Grid Solar U, I, φ Grid Modelling U, I, φ U, I, φ Verifications of Grid Calculation Measurement System Design and Storage Integration U, I, φ U, I, φ U, I, φ Measurements Overall System Optimisation Simulation, Analysis & Optimisation Calculation Page 39 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

40 A Rough Comparision of Energy Storage Capabilities Fictitious consideration for volatile storage demand: 50 GW for 2 Weeks = 16,8 TWh Available pumped-storage hydro power plants (PSP) in Germany: 7 GW with a total capacity of 0,04 TWh (Norway: 82 TWh, Sweden: 34 TWh)* 2 Million electric cars with 20 kwh = 0,04 TWh Capacity of the German natural gas grid: ca. 220 TWh (thermal) corresponds to ca. 88 TWh electrical usable energy** Conclusion: Solution for long-term storage Power-to-Gas (Disadvantge: Efficiency of ca. 60%, additional losses for the re-conversion to electricity) * Allotment of available water reserviors with PSP (Source: Fraunhofer IWES, 2010) ** Without utilisation of waste heat in the conversion of gas into electrical energy Page 40 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

41 Interdisciplinary System Consideration: Electrical and Chemical Energy Transport New Neue Non-fossil nicht-fossile Energy Energieketten: Chains: Electrical Strom- and und Gasnetze Grids Electrical grid Gas grid Wind Sun CCGT / CHP Convertion into electricity Electrical storage - for heat - for transport Gas storage - Biogas - Power plant - Other sources Convertion into methane Quelle: ZSW, SolarFuel GmbH, mod. Page 41 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

42 Summary and Conclusion Page 42 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

43 Page 43 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

44 Conclusion: 7 Theses for a Sustainable Electricity Supply of Future Climate change and shortage of resources account for new, sustainable and affordable energy concepts. The energy transition in Germany is a combined task of politics, society, industry and research. The changes in electrical energy systems (power plant-grid-storageusage) are at the centre of the transition process. The today s level of reliability of supply has to be preserved. The volatile RES require reserve power and storage. Impartiality over individual interests: The overall system concept is of main importance. The training of young professionals finger on the pulse is more than ever of a great significance. Page 44 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

45 Contact Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg Chair for Electrical Energy Systems Konrad-Zuse-Str Erlangen Tel: Fax: Web: Page 45 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Luther 12 June 2014

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