Green Mobility: The Future of Transportation in Denmark and in the EU Grøn Mobilitet: Fremtidens Transport i Danmark og EU

Transcription

1 Green Mobility: The Future of Transportation in Denmark and in the EU Grøn Mobilitet: Fremtidens Transport i Danmark og EU Nordisk Folkecenter for Vedvarende Energi, 7760 Hurup Thy, Danmark Overview of Alternatives for Danish and European Green Transport Transition Oversigt over alternativer for dansk og europeisk grøn transport transition Daniele Pagani, Nordic Folkecenter Partners: The event is supported by /Arrangementet er støttet af

2 Overview of Alternatives for Danish Green Transport Transition Daniele Pagani 2

3 Agenda Why Fossil-free Transportation? Technologies Available; Present situation: EU & DK; Conclusions 3

4 Goals for the Future (2050) Europe No more conventional-fuels cars in cities; 40% aviation with renewable energies; 40% cut in shipping emissions; 50% of road traffic through rail or water; Denmark -60% of transport emissions; -60% of dependence from oil; 100% Energy coming from renewable energies (including transportation); 4

5 VW Scandal Who Hasn t Heard about it? 5

6 EU Directive Phasing Out Combustion Engines? Combustion Engines! A range of alternative renewable fuels and a mix of targeted policy measures building on the Transport White Paper are needed to address the challenges of the transport sector in a 2030 perspective and beyond. The focus of policy development should be on improving the efficiency of the transport system, further development and deployment of electric vehicles, second and third generation biofuels and other alternative, sustainable fuels as part of a more holistic and integrated approach. This is in line with the alternative fuels strategy COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS A policy framework for climate and energy in the period from 2020 to , A Renewable energy target at EU level 6

7 EU Directive Phasing Out Combustion Engines? In October 2016, Germany s Federal Council passed a resolution for banning the sale of internal combustion engines by 2030; India is planning to have 100% of their mobility covered by electricity; The Dutch government approved a motion to ban the sales of new gasoline & diesel vehicles from 2025; Norway has introduced instruments to favour sustainable mobility and phaseout not 0-emission vehicles after 2025; Experts are convinced that car manufactures will phase-out diesel engines themselves: the increasingly stringent environmental requirements will make the diesel engines simply not price-competitive; 7

8 CO2 and energy consumption 8

9 Consequences on Health Total Amount of Vehicles (2014) World Europe Denmark 1.2 Billions 287 Millions 2.28 Millions 9

10 Emissions not only CO2 Tailpipe Composition Element Effect Carbon Monoxide (CO) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Oxides of Nitrogen (No x ) Particulate Matter (PM) Ammonia (NH 3 ) Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Cardiovascular problems Problems at immune functions, kidney & liver damage, skin inflammation, breathing problems, skin & lung cancer Smog, acid rains, PM, ground level ozone, breathing and hearth problems, damage of lungs, premature death, greenhouse effect, creation of toxic products when combined with common organic chemicals (even mutations!) Lungs and respiratory problems, premature death Creation of PM, soil acidification, production of algae, injure & burn repiratory apparat (when mixed with water), alteration of oxygen haemoglobin Respiratory and cardiovascular problems, smog, acid rain Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) 298 times more greenhouse effect than CO 2 5,5 Million People in the world die every year due to pollution Health cost in Europe: US$ 1,6 trillion/year Health cost in Denmark: 4,5 billions Euro/year 10

11 Possible Solution: Biofuels Advantages: Several possibilities available (Corn, Plant oil, Sugarcane, etc.) ; Dual fuel mode or interchangeable fuels; Easy to adapt to old cars; Reduced tailpipe emissions; Reduce dependence on foreign oil; Possibility of increasing local employment; Roughly same cost as conventional fuels; Disadvantages: Risk of monoculture development; Increased pollution through fertilizers; Reduced area for food production; Not sufficient land for filling all the cars circulating; Pollution during the synthesizing process; Big amounts of water needed; Toyota Hilux, 2,4 L, Diesel (Converted at plant oil), Nordic Folkecenter 11

12 Possible Solution: Gas Fossil Methane Renewable Methane Conventional Natural Gas Synthetic Natural Gas Biomethane R.E. Methane Coal Peat Oil Biogas Synthetic Biogas Shale Gas 1 m 3 CH 4 = 1,01 L gasoline or 1,1 L Diesel Solar Wind Other R.E 12

13 Possible Solution: Gas Advantages: Cleaner combustion; Cheap and more evenly distributed; η = 35% (+10% gasoline & Diesel); Reduced CO2 and PM; Service every km; -12% maintenance costs than a Diesel; Wide selection of vehicles; Possibility to switch to H 2 ; Disadvantages: CH4 compressed at 248 bar (1% of the volume); -10% power (H 2 available for upgrade); Accidents on the pipeline will stop the supply; Loss of available space Driving restrictions 13

14 Possible Solution: Gas What is your first thought? 14

15 Possible Solution: Electricity Advantages: Zero or limited noise; Very efficient technology (Up to 92%); Compact and simple design; No maintenance needed (lifetime: 3,000,000 km); Ideal for city-driving; High torque; Good acceleration capabilities; Disadvantages: Limited range; Optionals and weather affect the range; Expensive ( %); Slow charging time (4-13 hours); StreetScooter Work B14, Electric, Nordic Folkecenter 15

16 Aspects to be Considered Empty tank-fear; Safety; Weight; Actual impact & CO2 equivalent; Increase of electrical demand from the grid; EV CO 2 Emission Equivalent Seized illegal landfill with over 400 batteries Il Resto del Carlino, To double the range of a BEV from 161 km to 322 km might require the addition of 800 kg of batteries -Sandy Thomas- Sources: DEFRA, GHG protocol, IEA, EPA, GREET, LCA literature 16

17 Developments in the Field Ecomove: All-in-one motor; Goodyear: Tyre generating electricity; Tesla: Supercharger stations; UK: Motorway with EV lane; Betterplace: Swapping batteries; EP Tender: Range extender for EVs; V2G solutions; 17

18 Possible Solution: Hybrids 18

19 Possible Solution: Hybrids Advantages Better fuel Economy compared to a conventional car; Efficient in city driving; Low or zero emissions; Wide selection of model; Longer range than EV; Lower wear of motor and brakes; BMW i3, 127 kw (172 hp), 0,6 L/100 Km, 13 g/km CO 2, Disadvantages No relevant advantage in motorway driving; Added weight and (sometimes) reduced available space; Expensive (35% more than a the correspondent gasoline or diesel car; Handling not always brilliant; PORSCHE 918 Spyder 4.6 V8, 652 kw (887 hp), 3,1 L/100 Km, 72 g/km CO 2,

20 Possible Solution: Hybrids Gasoline + Air Air Hybrid Air + Gasoline η: +50% η: +33% Advantages No batteries = Reduction of contamination; No batteries = Reduction of initial investment; No batteries = Weight reduction; No batteries = Reduced risk of fire & explosion; Disadvantages No plans for releasing any time soon; PSA Peugeot-Citroen, 2,9 L/100 km, 69 g/km CO 2 20

21 Possible Solution: Hydrogen ICE H 2 Advantages Good knowledge of ICEs; Can be converted from a conventional engine or a gas engine; Can run on gasoline as back-up; High efficiency (Like Diesel), if direct injection is used; Low NOX and zero HC, CO and CO2; Pipelines for CH4 can be used for distribution; ICE H 2 Disadvantages Loss of space, (if double tank) and difficult to store Big amount of CO2 for producing it; (If R.E. Is not used); Few filling stations Ford Focus, 2,0 L, Gasoline + H 2, Nordic Folkecenter 21

22 Possible Solution: Hydrogen Advantages Usage of an electric engine; Lower weight compared to batteries; Longer range available; Filling up takes same time as conventional fuels; Possibility of using the car as a Portable power station (150 kw); Zero tailpipe emissions; Zero Registeringsafgift in Denmark Disadvantages High Price; Storage problems; Few filling stations; H2 production requires a lot of energy; Fuel-cells get poisoned and loose their capabilities; H 2 22

23 Present Situation - Electric Europe: Denmark: 388 DK: EVs 23

24 Present Situation - CNG Filling stations: Europe: Denmark: 9 24

25 Present Situation - Hydrogen Filling stations: Europe: 170 Denmark: 12 25

26 Conclusions No technology is without harm! Electric, Hybrids and Biogas/Biomethane on short term; Hydrogen & Fuel cells on long term; Support from the governement is crucial; 26

27 Thank you! Remember to try the cars Nordic Folkecenter for Renewable Energy Nordisk Folkecenter